DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
LEC 1 : INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS
LECTURER MEHREEN JAVAID
General Rules & Regulations
• No Late Arrivals.
• No disturbance in Class
• No use of Mobile Phones(Keep them Silent and in your
pockets)
• No Retake of Quizzes/Assignments
• No late submissions
• Student is responsible for his/her short attendance.
100% attendance policy
Google Classroom
• Class: Digital Logic Design (Fall 2023)
• Joining Code: x5jo5xt
Office: C110C
Objective
• To introduce the concepts and fundamental principles
of digital systems.
• To analyze & design different practical digital circuits.
Books
Textbook:
Digital design with an introduction to the Verilog HDL by: M. Morris
Mano
Reference Book:
Digital Fundamentals by: Thomas L. Floyd
Grading Policy
• Quizzes 15%
• Assignments 10%
• Mid-Terms 30%
• Final Exam 45%
• Absolute Grading
CHAPTER 1
DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND
BINARY NUMBERS
Analog & Digital Signals
• Signal is a quantity that is used to represent any
information or data.
• Signals are classified as analog or digital.
Analog & Digital Signals
• Analog refers to something that is continuous- a set of
data and all possible/infinite points between.
• Digital refers to something that is discrete –a set of
specific/finite points of data with no other points in
between.
Analog & Digital Signals
Analog Examples
• Human voice/sound
• Time
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Distance
• Speed
• Fan regulator
• Volume control
• Analog watch
• Audio video cassettes
Digital Examples
• Switch
• Digital watch
• PC
• Cell phone
• CD,DVD
• Electronic Instruments (Oscilloscope, Function generator,
multi-meter)
Analog & Digital Signals
Analog System
• A basic audio public address system
Digital & analog system
• CD player
Digital Systems
•Two States
• On/Off
• Black/White
• Hot/Cold
• Stationary/Moving
The Two State Number System is
Binary Number System
• Binary Numbers
• Two Digits are 0 and 1. A binary digit is called bit
• Representing Multiple Values
Merits of Digital Systems
• Efficient Processing & Data Storage
• Efficient & Reliable Transmission
• Detection and Correction of Errors
• Precise & Accurate Reproduction
• Easy Design and Implementation
• Occupy minimum space
Information Processing
• Numbers
• Text
• Formula and Equations
• Drawings and Pictures
• Sound and Music
Test and Measuring Instruments
Test and Measuring Instruments
• Analog Oscilloscope
• Digital Oscilloscope
• Logic Analyzer
• Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current Probe
• DC Power Supply
• Function Generator
• Digital Multimeter
DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
LEC 1: NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CONVERSIONS
Number Systems
• A number system defines how a number can be
represented using distinct symbols. A number can be
represented differently in different system.
Positional Number System
• In positional number system, there are only few symbols called
digits, and these symbols represent different values depending on
the position they occupy in the number.
Commonly used number systems are:
• Decimal
• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal
Number System
Why do we need more number systems?
• Humans understand decimal
• Digital electronics (computers) understand binary
• Since computers have 32, 64, and even 128 bit busses, displaying
numbers in binary is cumbersome
• Data on a 32 bit data bus would look like the following:
0110 1001 0111 0001 0011 0100 1100 1010
• Hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) number systems are
used to represent binary data in a more compact form.
Decimal Number System
• The word decimal is a derivative of decem, which is the Latin word
for ten.
• The number system that we use day-to-day life is called the
Decimal number system.
• The most popular & commonly used number system is the Decimal
number system as it supports the entire mathematical &
accounting concept in the world.
• The base is equal to ten because there are altogether ten digits
(0,1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)10
Binary Number System
• The binary number system uses two digits to represent numbers,
the values are 0 & 1. This numbering system is sometime called the
Base 2 numbering system (0,1).
• Binary digit is often referred to by the common abbreviation BIT.
Thus, a “bit” in a computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1.
• This number system is natural to an electronic machines or devices
as their mechanism based on the OFF or ON switching of the
circuits.
• Therefore, 0 represent the OFF & 1 represent ON state of the
circuit.
Octal Number System
• The octal number system uses eight values to represent numbers.
The values are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)8 and the base of this system is
eight.
Hexadecimal Number System
• The hexadecimal number system has 16-digits or symbols (hexa
means six & decimal means 10 so sum is sixteen) are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)16, so it has the base 16.
• This system uses numerical values from 0 to 9 & alphabets from A
to F.
• Alphabets A to F represent decimal numbers from 10 to 15.
Caveman Number System
•A number system discovered by archeologists in a prehistoric cave
indicates that the caveman used a number system that has 5
distinct symbols ∑, ∆, >, Ω and ↑. (Sigma, Delta, Greater than,
Omega and Arrow)
• ∑, ∆, >, Ω and ↑
• Base – 5 Number System
Caveman Number System
Decimal Number Caveman Number Decimal Number Caveman Number
0 ∑ 10 >∑
1 ∆ 11 >∆
2 > 12 >>
3 Ω 13 >Ω
4 ↑ 14 >↑
5 ∆∑ 15 Ω∑
6 ∆∆ 16 Ω∆
7 ∆> 17 Ω>
8 ∆Ω 18 ΩΩ
9 ∆↑ 19 Ω↑
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
Conversion Among Bases
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Converting To and From Decimal
Decimal10
0123456789
Successive Weighted
Division Multiplication
Weighted Successive
Multiplication Division
Successive Weighted
Division Multiplication
Octal8 Hexadecimal16
01234567 0123456789ABCDE
F
Binary2
01
36
Quick Example
2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916
Base
Decimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Weight
12510 => 5 x 100 = 5
2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125
Base
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
• Technique
n
• Multiply each bit by 2 , where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example
Bit “0”
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Conversion Binary to Decimal
•100112 = (?)10
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= (19)10
Binary FRACTIONS to Decimal
•1011.1012 = (?)10
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
+ (1 x 2-1) + (0 x 2-2) + (1 x 2-3)
= (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
+ (1 x 1/2) + (0 x 1/4) + (1 x 1/8)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 11.625
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
• Technique
n
• Multiply each bit by 8 , where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Octal Number To Decimal
Number Conversion
( 26 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10
= (2 x 81) + (6 x 80)
= 2x8 + 6x 1
=16+ 6= (22)10
Octal Number To Decimal
Number Conversion
( 4033) 8 = ( ? ) 10
Octal Number To Decimal
Conversion
( 4033) 8 = ( ? ) 10
=(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (3 x 80)
=(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x 1)
=2048 + 0 + 24 + 3 = (2075)10
Octal FRACTIONS
To Decimal Number
( 6.35) 8 = ( ? ) 10
=(6 x 80) + (3 x 8-1) + (5 x 8-2)
=(6 x 1) + (3/8) + (5/82)
=6 + 0.375 + 5/64
=6 + 0.375 + 0.078125
= (6.453125)10
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
n
• Multiply each bit by 16 , where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
(1E) 16 = (?) 10
=(1 x 161) + (E x 160)
=1 x 16 + E x 1
=16 + 14 x1 =16 + 14
=(30) 10
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
(CA02) 16 = (?) 10
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights
(CA02) 16 = (?) 10
=(C x 163) + (A x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
=(12 x 163) + (10 x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
=(12 x 4096) + (10 x 256) + (0 x 16) + (2 x 1)
=49152 + 2560 + 0 + 2
=(51714) 10
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
• Technique
• Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
• First remainder is LSB, least-significant bit
• Last remainder is MSB, most-significant bit
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
62 1
2
31 0
2
2 15 1
7 1
2
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
12510 = 11111012
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Repeated division by 2
number Quotient after division Remainder after division
392 196 0 (b0)
196 98 0 (b1)
98 49 0 (b2)
49 24 1 (b3)
24 12 0 (b4)
12 6 0 (b5)
6 3 0 (b6)
3 1 1 (b7)
1 0 1 (b8)
Binary FRACTION to
-Decimal FRACTION
•Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Repeated Multiplication by 2
Decimal-Binary fraction conversion
•Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Repeated multiplication by 2
Number Mult. By 2 Integer
0.8125 1.625 1 (b-1)
0.625 1.250 1 (b-2)
0.250 0.500 0 (b-3)
0.500 1.000 1 (b-4)
(0.8125)10=(0.1101)2
