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Chapter 2 Separation of Variables

This document provides examples of solving first order differential equations using separation of variables. It begins by introducing the separation of variables method for equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0. It then works through 5 examples of applying this method to solve different types of first order differential equations. The examples involve algebraic, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric differential equations. It concludes by listing 3 practice exercises for readers to solve on their own.

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97 views12 pages

Chapter 2 Separation of Variables

This document provides examples of solving first order differential equations using separation of variables. It begins by introducing the separation of variables method for equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0. It then works through 5 examples of applying this method to solve different types of first order differential equations. The examples involve algebraic, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric differential equations. It concludes by listing 3 practice exercises for readers to solve on their own.

Uploaded by

Rianjess
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Equations of Order One


Glee Ann R. Lumauag
2.1 Separation of Variables
• 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1), where M and N may
be function of both x and y.

• Equation 1 , can be put in the form


𝐴 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 2
i.e, the variables can be separated.

• Then the solution can be written as 𝐹 = 𝑐,


where 𝑐 is an arbitrary constant.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
Example 1. Solve the equation = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
⟹ =
𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
⟹ =
𝑦 𝑥

⟹ ln 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 +𝑐

⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑒𝑐
Let 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑐1 . We get 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐1 . Since, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0, then 𝑐1 > 0.
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐1 , 𝑐1 > 0 ∎
Example 2: Solve the equation
1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0, with the initial condition
that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1.

Solution:
1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⟹ + =0
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑦 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⟹ + =0
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑦 2

⟹ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑦 = 𝑐 1

⟹ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 0 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan −1 = 𝑐


Continuation…

𝜋
⟹ 0+ − =𝑐
4

𝜋
⟹ 𝑐= −
4
From 1 , we have
𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑦 = −
4

𝜋
⟹ tan 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑦 = −
4

tan 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 +tan 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑦 𝜋


⟹ = tan −
1−tan 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑦 4
Con’t…

𝑥+𝑦
⟹ = −1
1−𝑥𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0 ∎
Example 3. Solve the differential equation
𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 ′
Solution:
⟹ 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⟹ =
4+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦

1 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⟹ =
2 4+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦

1
⟹ ln 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = ln 𝑦 + 𝑐
2

⟹ ln 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = 2 ln 𝑦 + 𝑐

⟹ 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑐 2 ∎
Example 4. Solve for the general solution of the D.E
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

⟹ − ln cos 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑦 = 𝑐

sin 𝑦
⟹ ln =𝑐
cos 𝑥
Continuation…

sin 𝑦
⟹ = 𝑒𝑐
cos 𝑥

sin 𝑦
⟹ =𝑐
cos 𝑥

⟹ sin 𝑦 = 𝑐 cos 𝑥 ∎
Example 5. Solve the D.E

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 𝑦 ′
Solution:

⟹ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2𝑦2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 1 𝑑𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1 𝑑𝑦

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 +1
⟹ = 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +1 𝑦+1
Continuation…

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
⟹ = 𝑦−1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +1 𝑦+1

1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
⟹ = 𝑦−1+ 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥 2 +1 𝑦+1

1 𝑦2
⟹ ln 𝑥2 + 1 = − 𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑐
2 2

⟹ ln 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 4 ln 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑐
Or
ln 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 4 ln 𝑐(𝑦 + 1)

∎
Practice Exercises
Solve the following differential equations.
a. 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Ans. 𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 = 𝑐 2

b. 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 1 1
Ans. 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 = + 2 + 𝑐
𝑦 2𝑦

′ 𝑦−𝑥 2
c. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
2
Ans. 𝑦 = ln −𝑥2
1+𝑒

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