DEFENCE SERVICES TECHNOLGICAL ACADEMY

A FORMAT GUIDELINE FOR

MASTER AND

DOCTORIAL THESES

NOVENBER, 2015
PYIN OO LWIN
 1

DEFENCE SERVICES TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEMY

A FORMAT GUIDELINE FOR MASTER AND DOCTORIAL THESES
(NOVEMBER 2015)

1. Arrangement of a Thesis
A thesis should be arranged in the following order. See Appendices for
sample parts of a thesis.
(a) Front hardcover page.
(b) Gold printed cover page.
(c) Title page. No page number appears on these pages.
(d) Approval sheet. No page number appears on this page.
(e) Acknowledgements sheet with lowercase Roman numerals page
number.
(f) Abstract sheet with lowercase Roman numerals page number.
(g) Table of contents sheet with lowercase Roman numerals page number.
(h) List of figures, list of tables and list of abbreviations etc. with
lowercase Roman numerals page number.
(i) Thesis chapters, followed by an extra colored paper at the end of each
chapter.
(j) These extra colored papers are not included in the counting of the
pagination.
(k) References/ Bibliography.
(l) Appendices.
(m) Extra blank sheet of unnumbered paper before back hardcover.
(n) Back hardcover.

2. Front Hard Cover

(a) Use blue colored hard cover for Master thesis.
(b) Use red colored hard cover for Ph.D. thesis.
(c) Use all capital letters (Font Size-14) on cover page.
(d) All letters must be printed in gold color.

3. Cover Page
(a) Use all capital letters on cover page. ·
 2

(b) All letters must be printed in gold color.

(c) All letters must be printed by Times New Roman (Font Size-14).
(d) Use A-4 size paper.
(e) See Sample Cover Page in Appendix A.

4. Title Page
(a) Use capital letters for all letters on title page.
(b) Only the title appears in bold type.
(c) See Sample Title Page in Appendix B.

5. Approval Sheet
(a) Name of the Institution and Department must be in bold faced capital
letters.
(b) The title of the thesis must be printed in bold faced capital letters
and is enclosed in quotation marks (“ ”).
(c) Candidate's name, roll number and date of enrollment must be identified in
bold face.
(d) Personal seal is not allowed to stamp under the signature of each
member of the Board of Examiners.
(e) See Appendix C for Sample Approval Sheet.

6. Acknowledgements
(a) The generic heading ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS must be in capital
letters, center alignment and bold face.
(b) The acknowledgements page is numbered as ‘i’ in lowercase Roman
numerals with top-centered position.
(c) See Appendix D for Sample Acknowledgement Sheet.

7. Abstract
(a) Explain briefly the motivation for making the study, the background for
the project, the scope of the research, the purpose of the thesis, the results
and. the outcomes.
(b) The abstract appears in the same format as an acknowledgements
section.
(c) The abstract should have 500 words maximum.
 3

(d) Number this page with a lowercase Roman numerals ‘ii’, ‘iii’ etc.
(e) See Appendix E for Sample Abstract Sheet and follow the instructions.

8. Table of Contents
(a) The table of contents lists all the parts of the thesis except the title page,
approval sheet, and blank page. No page numbers appear on any of these
pages.
(b) The headings for Table of Contents, Chapter and Title must be capitalized
and appear in bold type.
(c) For chapter titles, use all capital letters but not in bold.
(d) For section headings use Headline-Style Capitalization (Title
Capitalization).
(e) Words used as articles, propositions, the word ‘to’ used as part of
an infinitive, and coordinate conjunctions ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘nor’,
‘for’, ‘at’, and ‘the’ are not capitalized unless they are the first word in the
title.
(f) Number Chapter titles in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.).
(g) Number the Table of Contents page(s) with lowercase Roman numbers (iv,
v, vi and etc.).
(h) See Appendix F for sample style and layout.

9. List of Figures, List of Tables and List of Abbreviations

See Appendix G, Appendix H and Appendix I.
'

10. Thesis Chapters (The Text)

(a) Each chapter begins on a new page.
(b) Each chapter has a generic heading and a title, both centered in uppercase
above the text in boldface. See Appendix J.
(c) Traditional thesis chapter titles include:
(i) Introduction
(ii) Literature Review
(iii) Methodology I Model Formulation
(iv) Results and Discussions(to be treated a, two separate sections)
(v) Conclusion and Recommendations (to be treated as two
separate sections)
 4

(d) Subheadings in each chapter are differentiated and designated respectively

(first-, second- and third-level subheadings as follows).

(i) First-level Subheading

3.1. Rationale for the Research Method
(in boldface, capitalized headline style, beginning at the left
margin)

(ii) Second-level Subheading

3.4.1. Local Approximations
(not in boldface, capitalized headline style, beginning at the left
margin)

(iii) Third-level Subheading

3.4.1.1. Approximation methods
(not in boldface, capitalized sentenced style, beginning at the left
margin)

11. Text, Font and Font Size

The whole thesis must be printed by computer word processing. Use a
point size of 12 with Times New Roman font, with the 1.5 line spacing.

12. Margins
(a) Left margin - 1.5 inch
(b) Right margin - 1.0 inch
(c) Top margin - 1.0 inch
(d) Bottom margin - 1.0 inch

13. Page Numbers

.
Pages before the Introduction (Acknowledgement, Abstract, Table of
. . ' .

Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures and List of Abbreviations, etc.) are
.
numbered with lowercase Roman numerals (e.g. i, ii, iii, iv). Starting with the first
page of the introduction, number pages with Arabic numerals consecutively
through to the last page of the thesis, including any appendices. Place page
numbers at the top center of each page.
 5

14. Style

(a) Spelling: Use the British English for spelling throughout the whole
text.

(b) Units and Measures: Units and Measures may be either British or
American or Metric or International System of Units (SI). SI unit is more
preferable whichever system the author chooses should be used
consistently throughout the text. It is not necessary to place an Imperial
conversion in parentheses after other systems of units as in:
The depth of the bore hole was 3.4m (11ft. 2 in.)

(c) Numbers: Do not begin a sentence with number. A number must be

written in words if it begins a sentence. If this is not practical or awkward;
rephrase the sentence so it does not begin with a number.
Example:
Incorrect Correct
4 trials were run. Four trials were run.
· :. : ··:. .

42 trials were run. Forty-two trials were run.

It is commonly accepted style to write numbers less than 10 in words.
Incorrect Correct
Total of 4 trials were Total of four trials were
run over a 6 days period. run over a six days period.
Incorrect Correct
In a test given 6 months later, In a test given six months later,
64 made 1to 2 errors; 64 made one or two errors;
"
97 made 3 to 4 errors. 97 made three to four errors.

(d) Tables, Figures and

... .·Equations:
·.· . .. . .
:
Tables, figures and
.
equations
.
should be
p1aced into the text as closed as possible to their first ·mention in the text.
Tales, figures and equations should be given the Arabic numbers to
indicate the chapter and sequence in the text. Each table or figure must be
given a title.
Example:
Table 5.9. Smokers and Nonsmokers, by Age
Figure 3.4. Layers of Rock
 6

Place the table number at the upper of the table. The table title should
be within the width of the illustration. Short titles are centered. The title
may be capitalized headline style.
Example:
Table 5.9. Smokers and Nonsmokers, by Age
Age Smokers (%) Nonsmokers (%) Total (%)
18- 32 30.6 69.4 100
33-47 37.1 62.9 100
48-62 35.2 66.8 100
63* 30.5 69.5 100

Figures are titled at the bottom of the illustrations. The figure title
should be within the width of the illustration. Short titles are centered.

Figure 3.4. Layers of Rock

Large tables or figures would appear on the following page. When
referring to a numbered table: figure or equation, use a capital letter.
Abbreviations may be used for ‘Figure’ and ‘Equation’ if they are
followed by numbers only and are used consistently throughout the text.
‘Table’ is not normally abbreviated.
Example:
Among the three elements tested, Cd was the most toxic (Table 4.1).
The concentrations of three metals are shown in Fig. 3.4.
The concentrations of the three metals are shown in Fig. 3.4 and
Fig. 3.5.
If tables, figures and equations are taken from other sources, the
. .. . . .
source must be cited and listed in the References section.

Figure 3.5. Joint and Joint Set Number [5]

 7

Numbered equations should be displayed either by centering on the

line below the text or with a standard indentation from the left margin. The
equation number is usually placed so it is flush with the right margin. It is
not necessary to bracket equation numbers as in ‘Equation (3.2)’.
Example:
If Ai and Bi can be written as in Equation 3.2 and Equation 3.3, model
response can be expressed as:
Yi (t) = F0 / Ki [ Ai sin(bt) + Bi cos (bt)] (3.4)

(e) Abbreviations:
·. . ..
The international
·. . standard of abbreviations
. . should be
used throughout the text. .The author who must new abbreviation for the
purposes of a paper should place them in a list of abbreviations. When
abbreviating the names of organizations or specific terms, write the full
name of term the first time it is used, fo1lowed by the abbreviation in
parentheses.
Example:
Some household used electricity and most households used 1iquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) in all urban areas. There were a relatively smaller
number of households in Chengmai using LPG.
The use of period may be omitted especially in uppercase
abbreviations.
In the example above, there are no periods in the abbreviation LPG. .
However it is still common practice to use after lowercase
abbreviations. (e.g., Fig., etc., Eqn., vs., no., Co., Corp., Ltd.).
Scholarly degrees and professional and honorary of designations can
be abbreviated by the use of internal periods (e.g., B.A., B.S., M.B.A.,
M.A., M.A.Sc., M.I.Sc., M.Sc., M.S.., Ph.D.)
The names of government agencies, organizations and other groups are
-
often abbreviated, even in text, preferably after one spelled-out use. Such
abbreviations are set in uppercase with no periods. (e.g., MRTV, NATO,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, YMBA, ASEAN)

.
Within the
.
text, spell
·.
out. the names of countries,
.
states, provinces,
territories, bodies of water, mountains and the lake. In lists, tabular matter,
notes, bibliographies, and indexes, the abbreviations may be used.
 8

Spell out and do not capitalized (Unless in a heading or at the

beginning of a sentence) the words except in cases when such a term is
following abbreviations should be used.
Book chapter Part Volume section column page figure
bk(s) chap(s) pt(s) vol(s) sec(s) col(s) p.(pp.) fig(s)

In the text, do not abbreviate ordinary wards such as ‘Approximately’

and ‘versus’.
Do not use the ampersand ‘&’ in place of ‘and’. Do not use a slash ‘/’
. .
in place of ‘and’ or ‘or’. An abbreviation should begin with a capital when
it is the first word of note and wherever the usual rules for capitalization
apply.

15. References
The reference section is a list of all works the writer has cited or referred to in
the text. The bibliography is the list of works the writer read or consulted but did not
cite directly in the text. There are many acceptable variations in referencing style.
The following information should be included.

(a) Books
(i) Name of author(s), editor(s) or organization responsible for book or
document.
(ii) Date of publication.
(iii) Full title including subtitle if any, title of series if any and volume
number in series, volume number or total number of volumes in
multi-volume work.
(iv) Edition if not the original.
(v) Publisher’s name if given, City of publication and Country.
Example:
Hoffmann, E. D. and Stroobant, V., 2002, “Mass Spectroscopy Principles
and Application”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons.
Britten, R.J. and Davidson, E.H., 1969, “Gene Regulation for Higher
Cells: A Theory”, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York.
 9

(b) Journal Articles

(i) Name of author(s).
(ii) Date of publication.
(iii) Title of article.
(iv) Name of journal or periodical.
(v) Volume number, issue number.
(vi) First and last page number.
Example:
Chtillon, C., Malheiros, Luis, F., Rocabolis, P., Jeymond, M., 2002 (May),
“High Temperature Mass Spectrometry with the Knudsen Cell: II.
Technical Constraints in the Multiple- Cell Method for Activity
Determination”, High Temp. High Pressure, 34 (2), 213- 233.

(c) Internet Sources

In general, the reference is similar · in structure to references for print
materials such as books, journals, proceedings, etc. with the addition of
an access date and the name of the website. The following information
should be included in acknowledging the internet source.
(i) Name of author(s).
(ii) Date of publication, accessed date.
(iii) Title of article.
(iv) Title of publication.
(v) The name of the website.
(vi) The complete URL should be mentioned if possible.
Example:
Peter, M., 2006 (February), “Types of Data Loggers”, Neban Ltd.,
http://wwv.evidencia.biz/what is types.htm.

16. References Style

The most commonly used reference styles are:

(a) Reference List Arranged Alphabetically

Use to arrange in alphabetic order by last name of author with the date
of publication immediately following the author’s name. No serial number
required.
 10

Example:
In Text-
Anecdotes intended to associate individual radar operators’ actual
health problems with their use of radar equipment have appeared in the
literature [Fisher 1993]. These concerns have led some law enforcement
agencies to suspend the use of radar [Rehisil 1992].
Burmister [Burmister 1948] worked on such problem involving two
and three layer flexible system. This was later developed by Fox. [Fox
1948], Burmister [Burmister 1958] and Jone [Jone 1962].
In References-
Burmister, D.M., 1948, “The Theory of Stress and Displacement”,
Holland Publishing Company, New York,
Burmister, D.M., 1958, “Evaluation of Pavement System of Testing
Layered Method”, Highway Research Board Bulletin, 201, 180-186.
Fisher, D.P., 1993, “Microwave Exposure Levels Encountered by Police
Traffic Radar Operators”, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, No. 4, 40-43.
Fox. I., 1948, “Computation of Traffic Stress in a Simple Road
Structure”, Highway Research Board Bulletin, 177, 250-256.
Rehisil. P.D., 1992, “Microwave Exposure Levels Encountered by Police
Traffic Radar Operators”, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, No. 2, 40-43.
Jone, A., 1962, “Table of Stress in Three-layer Elastic Systems”,
Highway Research Board Bulletin, 342, 176-214.

(b) Reference List Arranged by Numbers

Use to arrange by number in the text rather than cite the author’s name.
The references are listed in numeral order.
Example:
In Text-
Anecdotes intended to associate individual radar operators’ actual
health problems with their use of radar equipment have appeared in the
literature [1]. These concerns have led some law enforcement agencies to
suspend the use of radar [2].
 11

Burmister [3] worked on such problem involving two and three layer
flexible system. This was later developed by Fox. [4], Burmister [5] and
Jone [6].
In References-
[1] Fisher, D.P., 1993, “Microwave Exposure Levels Encountered by
Police Traffic Radar Operators”, IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, No. 4, 40-43.
[2] Rehisil. P.D., 1992, “Microwave Exposure Levels Encountered by
Police Traffic Radar Operators”, IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, No. 2, 40-43.
[3] Burmister, D.M., 1948, “The Theory of Stress and Displacement”,
Holland Publishing Company, New York,
[4] Fox. I., 1948, “Computation of Traffic Stress in a Simple Road
Structure”, Highway Research Board Bulletin, 177, 250-256.
[5] Burmister, D.M., 1958, “Evaluation of Pavement System of Testing
Layered Method ”, Highway Research Board Bulletin, 201, 180-186.
[6] Jone, A., 1962, “Table of Stress in Three-layer Elastic Systems”,
Highway Research Board Bulletin, 342, 176-214.

17. Appendices .
Appendices may contain tables too detailed for text presentation, a large group
of illustrations, technical notes on method, schedules and forms used in collecting
materials, case studies too long to be put into the text, and sometime figures or
other illustrative materials.
Materials of different categories should be place in separate to appendices.
Where there is more than one appendix, each should be given a number or a letter e.g.
(APPENDIX l, APPENDIX 2, etc.) or (APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, etc.) the
Generic heading and the title of appendix are both centered, in uppercase and in
bold face. See in Appendix L.
 12

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A = Sample Cover Page

APPENDIX B = Sample Title Page
APPENDIX C = Sample Approval Sheet
APPENDIX D = Sample Acknowledgements Sheet
APPENDIX E = Sample Abstract Sheet
APPENDIX F = Sample Table of Contents
APPENDIX G = Sample List of Figures
APPENDIX H = Sample List of Tables
APPENDIX I = Sample List of Abbreviations
APPENDIX J = Sample Thesis Chapter
APPENDIX K = Sample References
APPENDIX L = Sample Appendix
 APPENDIX A
1 inch

1 inch

DEFENCE SERVICES TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEM Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERI NG

A = will vary with the length of title

MODELING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL ROD

DRIVE SYSTEM FOR POWER GENERATION

B = will vary with the length of title

1.5inches 1 inch
BY
MYAT MIN SAN
M-5 (DECEMBER 2013)

C= B

Ph.D. TH ESIS

D=A

NOVEMBER, 2015
PYIN OO LWIN

1 inch

1 inch
 APPENDIX B
1 inch

DEFENCE SERVICES TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A = will vary with the length of table

MODELING AND DEVELOPMENT OF

CONTROL ROD DRIVE SYSTEM FOR
POWER GENERATION

B = will vary with the length of table

BY
1.5inches CAPTAIN MYAT MIN SAN 1 inch

C=B

A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

D=A

NOVEMBER, 2015
PYIN OO LWIN

1 inch
 APPENDIX C

2 inches

DEFENCE SERVICES TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

We certify that we have examined, and recommend to the University Steering

Committee for Post Graduate Studies for acceptance the Ph.D. thesis entitled
“MODELING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL ROD DRIVE SYSTEM
FOR POWER GENERATION” submitted by Captain Myat Min San, Roll No.
Ph.D. M-5 (December, 2013) to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. (Mechanical
Engineering).

Board of Examiners:
1. Lt. Col. Myint Win (Ph.D.)
1.5inches Professor and Head of Department 1 inch
Department of Mechanical Engineering -----------------------------
Defence Services Technological Academy (Chairman)

2. Cdr. Zaw Win (Ph.D.)

Assistant Director of Studies -----------------------------
Defence Services Technological Academy (Supervisor)

3. Major Tun Than (Ph.D.)

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering -----------------------------
Defence Services Technological Academy (Co-Supervisor)

4. Major Kyaw Kyaw Tun (Ph.D.)

Lecturer -----------------------------
No. (1) Science and Technological Unit (External Examiner)

5. Major Win Myo Tun (Ph.D.)

Lecturer -----------------------------
No. (1) Science and Technological Unit (External Examiner)

1 inch
 APPENDIX D
i

2 inches

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to express his sincere thanks and appreciation to
all persons whose guidance aided directly or indirectly towards the success of this
thesis. The author's special thanks are due to his Excellency Brigadier General Zaw
Lwin Oo, Commandant, Defence Services Technological Academy, for
initiating the Post Graduate Course in Ph.D. of Engineering at Defence Services
Technological Academy (Pyin Oo Lwin).
The author deeply thanks his supervisor, Commander Zaw Win,
Assistant Director of Studies, Defence Services Technological Academy (Pyin
Oo Lwin), for his encouragement, suggestions, and supervision on the
accomplishments of this thesis.
1.5inches The author would respectfully like to acknowledge Lieutenant 1 inch
Colonel Myint Win, Professor and Head of the Mechanical Engineering
Department, Defence Services Technological Academy (Pyin Oo Lwin), for
allowing the author to develop this thesis and giving his more general guidance
during the period of study.
The author would like to express remarkably and especially thanks to his co-
supervisor Maj. Tun Than, Lecturer of the Mechanical Engineering Department,
Defence Services Technological Academy (Pyin Oo Lwin), for his excellent
guidance, enthusiastic support and management throughout the preparation of
this thesis.
The author wants to express special thanks to members of the board of
examiners, Colonel Myo Thein Kyaw, Director of Studies, Defence Services
Technological Academy (Pyin Oo Lwin), Commander Myat Lwin, Head of the
Marine Engineering Department, Defence Services Technological Academy
(Pyin Oo Lwin), Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Kyaw Moe, Head of Chemical
Engineering Department, Defence Services Technological Academy (Pyin Oo
Lwin), for their valuable comments on this thesis.

1 inch
 APPENDIX E
ii

2 inches

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the world is being faced the energy crisis which is soaring day by
day all over the world. To solve this problem, many countries and non government
organizations are discussing and meeting to get the optimized results. It is obviously
clear that the more the population, the more the utilization of the energy. If so, where
can the world get the enough energy for the society? As already known, energy is being
gotten from the fossil fuels (such as gasoline, natural gas and coal, etc.) and from the
renewable resources. But, by utilization of the fossil fuel is very dangerous because of
the carbon dioxide emission which can destroy the ecology system.
So, to avoid the damage of eco system, many countries are considering to use
the nuclear energy which is more effective in extracting energy and safe to the society.
1.5inches So, Myanmar, as a developing country, is trying to utilize the nuclear energy for the 1 inch
development of the nation.
In Reactor application, many systems are supporting the plant including the
Fission process, Reactor Cooling System ,Thermal Hydraulic system, Emergency Core
Cooling System , Reactor Control and Safety System, etc. to be able to run in a proper
condition. The main requirement of the reactor operation is to get the required power
level in a required period without engaging any difficulty and any problem. To fulfill the
above ambition, many safety systems are set up in the plant operation. Among them,
Reactor control and safety system which has divided into two portions called Automatic
Regulation Control System and Emergency Control System, is the most important one to
maintain the reactor in a stable situation.
When the reactor is facing the abnormal situation which is beyond the
controllable conditions of the automatic regulation control system, it is essential to
apply the Emergency Control System to adjust the bad situation. If the reactor cannot be
controlled in time, it will face the overheated condition and then will lead to a reactor
melt-down situation and finally the radioactive materials will be dispersed to the
environment. So, to avoid this bad situation, applying the reliable Emergency Control
System is the best way.

1 inch
 APPENDIX F
iii 1 inch

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
CHAPTER TITLE
l INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Refectory Theory 1
1.2 System Concept 2
1.3 Pressurized Water Reactor Steam Supply System 2
1.3.l Reactor Core System 2
1.3.2 Reactor Coolant System 4
1.3.3 Instrumentation and Control System 5
1.5inches 1 inch
2 ENERGY TRANSPORT 7
2.1 The Role of Energy Transport in Reactor Design 7
2.2 Thermodynamic Viewpoint 8
2.3 Design Methods 8
2.4 Heat Sources in Reactor Systems 9
2.5 Heat Transmission Principles 10
2.5.l Conduction of Heat 10
2.5.2 Convection of Heat 11

8 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 119
REFERENCES 120
APPENDICES 122

1 inch
 APPENDIX G
vii

2 inches

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1.1. Integration of Parametric Contributions 5
2.1. Approximate Radial Temperature Distribution in a Fuel Rod of a
Water-cooled Reactor 12
3.1. Emergency Core-Cooling System of a PWR 21
3.2. Schematic Representation of Actual and Fluid-volume Models of a PWR
Coolant Loop for LOCA Calculations 27
3.3. Typical Effect of Burnable Absorber Rods (boron) on PWR First Core
soluble Boron Concentration. 29
4.1. Cross Sectional Diagram of Fuel Rod 32
4.2. Reactor Building of WWER-640 33
1.5inches 4.3. Pressurized Water Reactor 34 1 inch
4.4. Fuel Assembly 35
4.5. Coolant Flow Area 35
4.6. Temperature Distribution of Coolant 39
4.7. Temperature Distribution of Outer Surface of Fuel Cover TF_Ext (Z) 41
4.8. Temperature Distribution of Inner Surface of Fuel Cover TF_Int (Z) 42
4.9. Temperature Distribution of Inner Surface Gap TF gap (Z) 43
4.10. Maximum Temperature Distribution of the Fuel Rod TK0 (Z) 44
4.11. Overall Temperature Distribution 44
4.12. Neutron Flux Profile by Insertion of Control Rod 45
4.13. Proposed Control System 46
5.1. Transfer Function with a Open-loop System 51
5.2. Transfer Function with a Closed-loop System 52
5.3. Transfer Function with a Multi Element 53
5.4. Equivalent System for Transfer Function with a Multi Element 53
5.5. Disturbance with open-loop Control System 54
5.6. Step Response Performance Specification 57
5.7. Step Response of an under Damped System 60

1 inch
 APPENDIX H
ix

2 inches

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
4.1. Technical Data from Sinrninn Cement Plant 40
4.2. Existing Dimensions from Sinrninn Cement Plant 40
4.3. Comparison of Dimensions 41
4.4. Baffle Spacing and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 42
4.5. Baffle Spacing and Effective Tube Length 42
4.6. Baffle Spacing and Shell Side Pressure Drop 42
4.7. Baffle Spacing and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 44
4.8. Baffle Spacing and Effective Tube Length 44
4.9. Baffle Spacing and Shell Side Pressure Drop 45

1.5inches 4.10. Baffle Spacing and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 46 1 inch
4.11. Baffle Spacing and Effective Tube Length 46
4.12. Baffle Spacing and Shell Side Pressure Drop 47
5.1. Baffle Spacing and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 48
5.2. Baffle Spacing and Effective Tube Length 48
5.3. Baffle Spacing and Shell Side Pressure Drop 49
5.4. Baffle Spacing and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 50
5.5. Baffle Spacing and Effective Tube Length 50
5.6. Baffle Spacing and Shell Side Pressure Drop 51
5.7. Maximum Heat Transfer Rate for Each Case 52
5.8. Baffle Spacing and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 52
5.9. Baffle Spacing and Effective Tube Length 53
5.10. Comparison of Dimensions 54
6.1. Temperature for Various Types of Flow Rates 56
A 1. Typical Overall Design Coefficients for Shell and Tube
Heat Exchangers 64
A 2. Determination of din for dex=0.0 1905m 64

1 inch
 APPENDIX I
xi

2 inches

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NT = Thermal power
NElec = Electrical power
TIn = Inlet coolant temperature
TOut = Outlet coolant temperature
P1 = First loop pressure
P2 = Second loop pressure
Qv = Volumetric thermal flux
KR = Radial coefficient of reactor
do = Diameter of innermost hole in fuel rod
dchan = Diameter of channel hole for control rods
n.Rod = Number of channel holes number of fuel rods
1.5inches 1 inch
dRod = Diameter of fuel rod
S = Distance between the centre of the fuel rods
PWR = Pressurized Water Reactor
BWR = Boiling Water Reactor

1 inch
 APPENDIX J

2 inches

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger can be defined as device that transfers heat from one fluid to
another fluid and the environment. Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from one
media to another. It is most commonly used in space heating such as in the home,
refrigeration, power plants and even in air conditioning. It is also used in the radiator
in a car using an antifreeze engine cooling fluid. Heat exchangers are classified
according to their flow arrangements where there are the parallel flow, and the
counter flow. Aside from this, heat exchangers also have different types depending on
their purpose and how that heat is exchanged.
Heat exchangers in large scale industrial processes are usually custom made to
1.5inches 1 inch
suit the process, depending on the type of fluid used, the phase, temperature, pressure,
chemical composition and other thermodynamics properties.
Heat exchangers mostly can be found in industries which produce a heat
stream. In this case, heat exchangers usually circulate the output heat to put it as input
by heating a different stream in the process. The fact that it really saves a lot of
money because when the output heat no longer needed then it can be rather than
to come from an external source as heat is basically recycled. When used in
industries and in the home, it can serve to lower energy costs as it helps recover
wasted heat and recycle it for heating in another process. Typically, most heat
exchangers use fluid to store heat and heat transfer can take the form of either
absorption or dissipation.
For instance, heat exchangers are used as oil coolers, transmission and engine
coolers, boiler coolers, waste water heat recovery, condensers and evaporators in
refrigeration systems. In residential homes, heat exchangers are used for floor heating,
pool heating snow and ice melting, domestic water heater, central, solar and
geothermal heating. Of course, heat exchangers have different designs which depend
on the purpose it is intended for. Brazed heat exchangers, a collection of plates which
are brazed together, are used for hydraulic systems like swimming pools, floor heating

1 inch
 APPENDIX K
120

2 inches

REFERENCES

Christopher, T., Kilian, A., 2001. “Modem Control Technology Components and
Systems”, Delmar Thomas Learning. Inc, New York.
Emyamob, U.R., Muhaiiliu, B.U., 1982, “Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel
Materials and Coolant Moderators (Russian student edition)”, Buaman
Moscow state Technological University, Moscow.
Hoffmann, E. D., Stroobant, V., 2002, “Mass Spectroscopy Principles and
Application”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons.
Jone, A., 1962, “Table of Stress in Three-layer Elastic Systems”, Highway Research
Board Bulletin, 342, 176-214.
Kyaw Win, Maj., 2010, “Modeling and Development of Cooling System for Power
Generation”, Ph.D. Thesis, Defence Services Technological Academy, Pyin
1.5inches 1 inch
Oo Lwin, Myanmar.
Ministry of Mines, 2004 (February), “Location Map of Copper Mines”,
http://wwv.myanmar.com/ministry/mines/Mining Enterprise.

(OR)

[1] Ministry of Mines, 2004 (February), “Location Map of Copper Mines”,

http://wwv.myanmar.com/ministry/mines/Mining Enterprise.
[2] Peter, M., 2006 (February), “Types of Data Loggers”, Neban Ltd.,
http://wwv.evidencia.biz/what is types.htm.
[3] Timothy, J., Ross. A.M., 2000, “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering
Applications”, 2nd Ed., McGrew- Hill, New York.
[4] Jone, A., 1962, “Table of Stress in Three-layer Elastic Systems”, Highway
Research Board Bulletin, 342, 176-214.
[5] Kyaw Win, Maj., 2010, “Modeling and Development of Cooling System for
Power Generation”, Ph.D. Thesis, Defence Services Technological Academy,
Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar.
[6] Cuthbert, F.L., 1958, “Thorium Production Technology”, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co. Inc., Massachusetts, USA.

1 inch
 APPENDIX L
122 1 inch

APPENDIX C
MATLAB PROGRAM

%Detail Design Calculation

clear all
T1=330;%input('inlet temperature of hot fluid:');%(K)
T2=325;%input('outlet temperature of hot fluid:');%(K)
t1=304;%input('inlet temperature of cold fluid:');%(K)
ms=0.352;%input('mass flow rate in shell side:');%(m/s)
mt=0.44;%input('mass flow rate in tube side:');%(m/s)
mhus=0.21;%input('viscosity of shell side fluid:');%(kg/ms)
mhut=0.000761;%input('viscosity of tube side fluid:');%(kg/ms)
rhos=870;%input('density of shell side flui:');%(kg/m3)
rhot=995;%input('density of tube side fluid:');%(kg/m3)
Cps=2014;%input('specific heat of shell side fluid:');%(J/kgK)
Cpt=4176;%input('specific heat of tube side fluid:');%(J/kgK)
1.5inches ks=0.158;%input('thermal conductivity in shell side:');%(W/mK) 1 inch

kt=0.62;%input('therml conductivity in tube side:');%(W/mK)

kc=111;%input('enter thermal conductivity:')%(W/mK)
Rfi=0.00212;%input(total fouling resistance in tube)
Rfo=0.001;%input(total fouling resistance outside tube)
%change input
Ds=input('shell diameter:')%(m)
dex=input('tube extern! diameter:')%(m)
din=input('tube internal diameter:')%(m)
Nt=input('number of tubes');
pt=input('enter tube pitch')
Ls=input('enter baffle spacing')
Dotl=Ds/1.075;%(m)
%pn=pt
%pp=pt
%arrangement
ar = input('triangularpress one or square press any digit: '); if(ar==l)

1 inch