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Chapter 1-Basic Circuit Concept

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119 views62 pages

Chapter 1-Basic Circuit Concept

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Shubham Sharma
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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING THAPATHALI CAMPUS Basic Electronics Engineering-EX451 Chapter 1: Basic Circuit Concept Presented By Er, Ganesh Kumal Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering 1OE ,Thapathali Campus 15 December, 2021 Passive components * Passive devices or components do not supply any energy, but can store it or dissipate it a) Those which dissipate energy- Resistors b) Those which store energy- Inductors, capacitors ® Resistors, inductors, capacitors and transformers are the main passive components and basic of electronics. © Passive components are electrical components that do not require any form of electrical power to operate. © The component which exhibits no gain © The average power delivered to the device over an infinite time period is always greater than equal to Zero. capacitor resistor Figure: passive elements Active components * Active devices or components can generate energy in the form of voltage or current © In order for a circuit to be properly called electronic, it must contain at least one active device. * Semiconductor devices (Diode, Transistors, Op- amps, SCR, TRIAC) are the examples of active a components, eo operate. © The components which exhibits gain. Resistor * Basically used to oppose the flow of current through the electronic circuit. {Hitt nen © Itis two terminal device, used to reduce wv shin tn current flow, adjust signal levels, divide 7 voltages, bias active elements etc. gy i @ © Resistor is denoted by R and Unit of resistance My e a is OHM or Q Resistor Type © Linear a) Fixed b) Variable Potentiometer Linear 2) angular Rheostat © Non Linear LDR | Thermistor Color code of linear fixed resistor (cote — Wate apes Toten © AB*10° 20% in 3-band © AB#10°4 D% in 4-band-code © ABC#10° + E% in 5-band-code 100k ohms # 1% oe Determine the color code of the following 75KQ + 10% 47TKQ + 2% 249KQ. + 1% 180Q + 5% 56KQ + 20% 470MQ. + 5% 1 2 3 Red orange green silver Yellow violet gold Brown Black Gold Brown Black Black Gold SASS SRR RS Standard Resistors 102 122 152 182 222 2.72 332 3.92 472 5.62 682 822 10k2 12k2 15k2 18k2Q 22kN 2.7kX 3.3 kD 3.9k2 4.7k2 5.6k2 68 kN 8.2k2 10kQ 12kQ 15k2 18kQ 22k2 27k 33.42 39 kD 47kO 56k2 8242 100k 120kQ 150k2 180k2 220k2 270k2 330k2 470k 560 kN 820k. 10MQ 1.2MQ 15 MQ 18 MQ 22MQ 2.7M2 33MQ 39MQ 4.7MQ 5.6MQ 68 MQ 82MQ 10 MQ 12MQ 1s MQ 18 MQ 2MQ Series and parallel connection of resistor Series Series circuit _ 7 Reg = Ri +R: WVHA Rr * Parallel Parallel circuit Rz Rag Re ~ Ryt Ro Raq Power Rating © Power rating ~The power rating indicates how much power the resistor can safely tolerate, © Unit is watts. Capacitor © Itis two terminal device, has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an. electrical charge producing a potential difference(static charge) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. * Store energy in the form of electrostatic field. * Opposes any changes in voltage applied across it. '* Denoted by letter C and unit of capacitor is fared). pc % aisoc dt’ © Capacitance reactance, Xe = Capacitor type 1. Fixed capacitor a) Polar Electrolytic Super b) Non polar Ceramic Mica Paper Plastic Air 2. Variable capacitor Different Types of Capacitors WO. ir, electrolytic capacitor © Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used in DC power supply circuits due to their large capacitance’s WS and small size to help reduce the ripple voltage or for coupling and decoupling applications. y © They are able to offer high capacitance values - typically above 11F © Low frequency applications - power supplies, decoupling and audio coupling applications as they \ have a frequency limit if around 100 kHz. Ceramic capacitor * High frequency applications — resonance circuits and high frequency filters. —s printed onto their body to identify their capacitance © Ceramic types of capacitors generally have a 3-digit code | | value in pico-farads. © Generally the first two digits indicate the capacitors value and the third digit indicates the number of zero’s to be added. a * Letter codes are sometimes used to indicate their vee tolerance value such as 20% ete. © 68000 pF = 68nF = 0.06845% pF = 5%, K = 10% or M= Inductor © An inductor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that temporarily stores energy in the form of electromagnetic field when electric current flows through it. * In its most basic form, an Inductor is nothing more than a coil of wire wound around a central core. © Opposes any change in current flowing through it * Denoted by letter L, and unit of inductance is Henry(H) Inductor * Inductor tries to prevent the current flowing through it from changing. « In its most basic form, an inductor is nothing more than a coil of wire wound around a central core. dal vals = Inductance reactance , X, = wl = 2nfL Inductor 1 * According to the core material 1 Q 3 a Air cored Tron cored Ferrite cored Ferrite pot cored lypes inductor] Fired Variable Shape Air Core Iron Core Ferrite Core AUNT | MOD | 0000, Inductor types © According to the uses in electric circuit 1, Fixed value Inductors a) Filter chokes by RF chokes 2. Variable value inductors Inductor types BD same ee FILTER CHOKES RE-CHOKES VARIABLE VALUE INDUCTORS, + Used to smooth the + Used to oppose the +The value can be changed variation of power radio frequency by moving the core supply current(allow audio & outward and inward . block radio frequencies) Transformer * A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on. Faraday's principal of “mutual induction”, ¢ EMF is induced in the transformers secondary coil by the magnetic flux generated by the voltages and currents flowing in the primary coil winding. Assignment 1 Derive the generalized expression of equivalent resistance for series and parallel connection of ‘n’ no, of Resistor. Derive the generalized expression of equivalent capacitance for series and parallel connection of ‘n’ no. of Capacitor. Derive the expression for series connection of two inductors such that 3) Their magnetomotive force (mmf’s) are additive >) Their magnetomotive force (mmf’s) are are subtractive Derive the expression for parallel connection of two inductor when mmf’s are in same direction Write the application of Resistor , Capacitor & Inductor in electronics KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS: KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL) KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) KCL/current law/point law/junction law Kirchhoff's Current Law © Sum of incoming current at the node is equal to sum of the outgoing current at that node OR © The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a point is zero Applying KCL It h-b-W-b=0 cme KVL/voltage law/mesh law/loop law © The algebraic sum of a voltage drop ina component and emf in a close path is zero, © S#i+ 1081+ 7.5%1=45 © S¥i+10%i+7.5%1-45=0 * i.e voltage drop=voltage rise in a closed circuit LINEARITY © The behavior of the circuit in which 0/p signal strength varies in direct proportion to the i/p signal strength. © Ratio of o/p signal amplitude to i/p signal amplitude is always same or constant. (Ohm's Law For Linear Circuit ReV/I Non linearity © The I-V characterstics other than straight line © Eg. Diodes, Transistors, vacuum tubes, ‘Tungsten lamps Current (mA) O02 04 04 08 10° 12 Volt (V) Gain * Ability of a circuit to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to output port, © Mean ratio of signal o/p to signal i/p amplitude. © Expressed in Db(decibels). Po Po Power gain, A, = 5, and in db,A, = 10l0g10 Voltage gain, A, = 2 and in db,A, = 20logy) since P = s = he Current gain, A; = and in db, A; = 20log1972 , since P= PR TRANSCONDUCTANCE/MUTUAL conductance Ratio of current change at output port to voltage change at input port. Symbol, g,, and unit siemens or Mho. ‘Transconductance = transfer conductance Alout Transfer ratio, Im = Gy Voltage to the current converter Transimpedance Ratio of change in o/p voltage to change in input current. Symbol, r,, and unit volt/amp or ohm. ‘Transimpadance = transfer impadance _ Vout Transfer ratio, Tm = Alin current to the voltage converter Signal sources Independent — pay Practical ae Practical voltage current Signal sources(Electrical Sources) * A device which converts some source of energy into electrical energy is called an electrical source. Eg, Battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy A solar cell converts light energy into electrical energy. A generator converts mechanical energy into mechanical energy. ‘Two types of electrical energy sources are used i.e. voltage source and current source. They are further classified into following two types: 2) Independent Source ) Dependent Source Independent signal sour: 1, Voltage source * It delivers specified amount of voltage across its terminal * Its two terminal device © It is divided into two types eal voltage source Practical voltage source Ideal voltage source ® An ideal voltage source is one which maintains a constant terminal voltage across the load over an infinite value of current through the load. * An ideal voltage source posses zero internal resistance (or impedance) © HereV, = IR, © Here if we vary R, then Talso varies accordingly making V, = IR, constant i.e. equal toV., Practical voltage source. © Realization of ideal voltage source is not possible © An actual voltage source will have some internal resistance or impedance © Hence terminal voltage across load will decreases according to load current due to voltage drop in internal resistance Ideal Voltage Source: wy vor i" v Orn ov Practical Voltage Source: 5 rae vt vi) vet co} Practical Voltage Source eens yaa cerns > When R= 0; Le short circuit, then V, = 0,80, * Plotting these information, the voltage eee eee cs eee ace 2. Independent Current Source ® It is two terminal device which provides a definite amount of a current to a circuit connected across its terminal. a) IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE © It gives a constant current to the load over an infinite value of a load voltage across the load * i.e. an ideal current source can supply infinite amount of power to the load. © For an ideal source, Load current I = I, whatever the load voltage may be. IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE..... © If'such a source could conduct current through an infinitely large resistance, the voltage drop across the load will be infinitely large, employing an infinitely large consumption of power in the load No such source exists in practice which could ever supply an infinite power Practical current source = There must be some path inside the source itself which consists the internal resistance in parallel. « As the internal resistance increases, current through the load increases. I, =1,- = * When R,= «, then I,=0, so V,=IsRg * The entire I, flows through this path. « When R,=0, then V,=0 , So ||=I, * When finite load resistance is connected, only a part of I; flows through the path. Dependent or controlled source ® iis the source whose output depends on its input. © There are four types of dependent source a b 9 4) Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) Voltage controlled current source (VCCS) Current controlled current source (CCCS) Current controlled voltage source (CCVS) VCVS: voltage controlled voltage source © This is a four terminal network which provides an output voltage proportional to input voltage. © The relationship between output voltage and input voltage of device is expressed as follows, * Von = Hap, ‘© Where y is called voltage amplification factor or voltage gain & unit less. ‘* Eg OP-Amp, Transformer * The output voltage Vey depends only upon the input voltage Vig ‘* The input voltage Viy is called controlled voltage. VCCS: voltage controlled current source © This isa four terminal network which provides an ‘output current proportional to input voltage. The relationship between output current and input voltage of device is expressed as follows, 40 = Sa Van Where g, is called Transconductance or mutual conductance & has unit Amp/Volt or siemens or Mho An example of VCCS is junction field effect transistor (JFET), DMOS, EMOS CCCS: Current controlled current source This is a four terminal network which provides an output current proportional to input current ‘The relationship between output current and input current of device is expressed as follows, * icp = B inn Where B is called current amplification factor or current gain & unitless. Eg. I=, for CE transistor CCVS: Current controlled voltage source ‘© Thisisa four terminal network which provides an ‘output voltage proportional to input current n output voltage and input expressed as follows, called Transresistance or ‘ransimpedance, mutual resistance and its unit is volt/amp Electronie devices that produce output voltage proportional to the input current that ean be sn example of CCVS ‘constructed ean be taken Eg Solar cell, Op- Amp summer circuit Filter network Filter can be considered as frequency selective network It is required to separate an unwanted signal from mixture of both wanted and unwanted signal Depending upon the types of component used ,they are of two types a) Passive filter b) Active filter * Depending upon the function there are five types of filter a) bj ° qj °) Low pass filter (LPF) High pass filter (HPF) Band pass filter (BPF) Band stop filter (BSF) Alll pass filter (APF) eo Passive filter © Filters which use the component R, L and C © The gains of such filter are always less than or equal to unity (i.e. GSI) * It is noted that the L and C are filter components but not R © Use of inductor makes circuit bulky and it requires much more power for its operation Active Filter * Filters which used the component such as transistors, Op-Amp etc. © The gain of such filter is greater than or equal to unity (i.e. G2 1). © The filter specifications are generally given in terms of cut-off frequencies (@,), pass band (PB) and stop band (SB) regions. * Pass band is the frequency band of desired signal. © Stop band is the frequency band of unwanted signal. © Cutoff frequency is the threshold frequency between PB and SB Half Power Point The point where o/p power is one half of the i/p power SAL) bd Hence -3.02 dB is the point where the o/p becomes one half of the i/p power and called half Peg oe bandwidth © Range of frequencies that belongs to half power points © Range of frequencies that belongs to -3.02 GB gain # Range of frequencies that belongs to 0.707 voltage gain # Range of frequencies where magnitude is larger than 0.707 times of its maximum magnitude Peak -ade bandwidth fy fe fe Low Pass Filter (LPF) © A LPF characteristics is one in which the pass band extend from @=0 to = cut off frequency Gain v4 wil Low pass RC-filter * In low frequency applications (up to 100 KHZ), passive filters are generally constructed using simple RC network * Here output signal is taken across the capacitor only eae) ee es Ue eee ed Ah ee eed 7 fares) Low Pass RC Filter © Atf=0, then © At cut-off frequency, (@ = @,) a in = “out = Se "ape Gain = ye a Gain = “out = S 1 ,since X, = “7a re yi+ (RC? ool eV = Vin © Again at cut-off frequency, © It means that the capacitor is replaced © Comparing, Vout _ 1 Vin V2 by open circuit 14 (@RC)* RC = 1, Low Pass RC Filter * Athigher frequency (fo) Then, X, 30 Then, Gain = a ° Asf>o, gain > 0 © This means that V,,,, = 0 and hence capacitor is short circuited. LOW-PASS FILTER corner Fregunsy men a (cognae Sese) eo High Pass Filter (HPF) HPF is a complement of LPF Stop Band: 0 to @, Pass Band: @, to © ‘The HPF passes all the high frequency and attenuates all low pass frequencies. Gain Frequency (f) High Pass R-C Filter © The output voltage V,,, is taken across the resistor, 11 1 t We know. (X.)~ = ape AMEX p a ub Ging # Since reactance is inversely proportional to. ¥ ut | frequency, it offers high resistance at low | 2 frequency and low resistance at high vou, frequencies. = 1234 —Fiegeacy> weknow, Vour = High Pass R-C Filter ane aes Vout R Gain = 24 = = 1 _ Vin RP + (KY Atf=0, then X= oc * IF frequency, f, decreases then X, increases and Gain = Yost Ry hence gain decreases. In this case, Viyy

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