Chapter 1.

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS & SIGNALS

There are numerous basic electronic components that are used for building electronic circuits.
Without these components, circuit designs are never complete or didn't function well. These
components include resistors, diodes, capacitors, integrated circuits, and so on. Some of these
components consists of two or more terminals which are soldered to circuit boards. Some may be
packaged type like integrated circuits in which different semiconductor devices are integrated

Electronic Components mainly classified in to two types:

Active Components:
The component which required external source for their operation is called as Active
Components.
Or

The component which control the flow of electricity is called as active component.
e.g. Diodes, Transistors, SCR etc.

Passive Components:
The component which do not required external source for their operation is called as passive
components.
Or

The component which don't control the flow of electricity is called as Passive component.
e.g. Resistor, Capacitor & Inductor

Resistors:
A resistor isan electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in
an electronic circuit.

Unit of resistance is ohm (2).

Types of resistor:
There are two types of resistors:
1. Fixed resistor: 2. Variable resistor:
 Fig. Symbol of fixed & Variable resistor
Classification of Resistors:

Resistor

Linear Non-Linear

Fixed Type Variable Type

-Carbon Composition
-Wire Wound -Thermistor
-Thin Film
-Potentiometer -LDR (Light Dependent
-Thick Film -Trimmers Resistor)
-Wire Wound -Photo Resistor
-Varistor

Working Principle of Resistor:

A resistor is passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as acircuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses.

Color code of resistor:

Components and wires are coded with colors to identify their value and function.
 Color Digit Multiplier Toerance (%)
Black 10° (1)
Brown 1 10 1
Red 2 10 2
10
Orange 3
Yellow 4 10
Green 5 10 0.5
Blue 6 10 0.25
Violet 7 10 0.1

Grey 108
White 10
Gold 10 5
Silver 102 10

(none) 20

To remember all colors there is one sentence *BBROY of Great Britain, have Very Good Hife"
Procedure to Find out Value of resistor:

1) Take first & second color band values as it is.

2) Third color band is multiplier
3) Fourth color band is tolerance i.e. + or -.
 Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance

4-band code

Digit Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance

5-band code

For e.g.

Q. Determine the value of resistance with the following colour code:

) Red, Red, Orange, Gold (ii) Brown, Black, Black, Silver
) Red, Red, Orange, Gold
Ans.
() Red, Red, Orange, Gold

2
Rgd
2
Orage
x 1000
Got
± 5%

= 22 x 1000+ S%

Value of resistor is 22 KO + 5% OR 22000N + 5%

(ii) Brown, Black, Black, Silver

Brown Blck Blck Silver

±10%

= 10 x 1+ 10%
Value of resistor is 10 2 + 10%
Specifications of Resistor:

Resistance Value /Resistivity

" Tolerance
Power Rating
Thermal Stability
Maximum operating temperature
Maximum operating voltage

Applications of Resistor:

Current limiting resistors

Transistor biasing resistors
For Audio control
For Speed Control of Fans
Feedback networks
Potential dividers
Amplifier circuits
Voltage regulators
SMPS
Radio & TV

Inductors:
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic
field.

Unit of Inductance is Henry (H).

Magnetic Magnetic
field field

Current Current Current

Functions of Inductor:

1) Itopposes the flow of ACthrough it.

2) It bypasses the DC through it easily.
3) It stores the magnetic Field.
Types of Inductor:

Mainly there are two types of inductors

1) Fixed Inductor 2) Variable Inductor

(a) Fixed (b) Variable

Specifications of Inductors:
1. Inductance Value
2. D.C. Resistance
3. Frquen cy range
4. O Factor
5. Power losses
6. Temperature coefficient
7. Current Rating
Applications of Inductor:
1. Trans fo mers
2. Inductive tuned circuits
3. Relay
4. Choke
5. Induction motors
6. Induction sensors

Capacitors
Capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a electric charge.
Unit of Capacitance is Farad (F).
Functions of Capacitors:
1. It opposes the flow of DCthrough it.
2. It bypasses AC through it easily.
3. It stores the electric energy.
4. It allows the high frequency current through it easily.
Types of Capacitors:
1) Fixed 2) Variable

+
Classification of Capacitors:

Capacitor

Fixed Variable

Electrolytic Electrostatic -Ceramn ic

-Air
-Mica

-Tantalum -Mica -Plastic

-Aluminum -Ceramic
-Plastic
-Paper

Specifications of Capacitors:
1. Capacitance value
2. Operating voltage
3. Temeperature coefficeint
4. Power factor
5. Physical size
6. Dielectric material

Applications of Capacitors:
1. Used to store energy
2. Used as filter in dc regulated power supply
3. In tuning circuits to select frequency
4. In oscillatos
5. In timing circuits
6. In SMPS
7. Used in starting of motors
8. Used as coupling device
9. Used for bypassing high frequency signals
 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

The physical quantity which contains information that varies with time, frequency, space or
any other independent variable is known as electrical signal.

Types of Electrical Signals:

1) Analog Signal 2) Digital Signal

1) Analog Signal:
The electrical signal whose amplitude varies continuously over a specified
duration of time is called as Analog signal.

Examples of analog signals are:

1) Temperature 2) pressure 3) Power 4) Voltage 5) Current 6) Sound

Types of analog Signals:

1. Sinusoidal 2) Square 3) Triangular 4) Ramp

Waveforms:

Sine

Square

Triangle

Sawtooth
Digital Signal:
The signal with discrete values (ic. 0 & )is called as Digital Signal.
digitai

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC'S)

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a

microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material
that is normally silicon.

Classification of IC's:

CLASSIFICATION OF ICS

Based on Based on Based on Based on

Application Fabrication Techniques Technology Device Count
SSI
MSI
Linear Digital
IC LSI
IC
VLSI
Monolithic Hybrid ULSI
IC IC

BJT MOSFET
Scale/Level of Integration for IC's:
It is the number of electronic components which can be fabricated on a single chip of
semiconductor material is called as Scale of integration.

Level of integration Number of active devices per chip

less than 100
1. Small scale integration (SSI)
100- 10000
2. Medium scale integration (MSI)
Large scale integration (LSI) 1000- 100,000
3

Very large scale integration (VLSI) Over 100,000

4.

over 1 million
5 Ultra large scale integration (VLSI)
Table 1.2
Advantages of IC's:

Extremely small size

Very small weight owing to miniaturized circuit
Very low cost
More reliable
Lower power consumption
Easy replacement
Increased operating speed
Greater ability of operating at extreme temperatures

Disadvantages of IC"'s:
" If any component in an IC fails, the whole IC has to be replaced by a
new one.

Limited power rating as it is not possible to manufacture high power

Need of connecting inductors and transformers externally
Operation at low voltage as ICs function at fairly low voltage.
delicate in handling
Applications of IC's:
Motherboard
SMPS
LED TV
Radio
Mobiles
Electronic Gadgets
DigitalCircuits
 Sources of Energy for Electronic Circuit

The electrical device, which supplies the electrical energy required for the operation of an clectronic
circuit is called as a source.

Types of Sources:
1) Voltage Source
2) Current Source

Voltage Source:
The Source, which supplies electrical energy in the form of voltage, is known as a voltage
SOurce.

Types ofVoltage source:

1) Ideal Voltage Source
2) Practical Voltage Source

Ideal Voltage Source:

A voltage source, which produces a constant terminal/load voltage which does
not depend on the value of load resistance, is known as....

Practical Voltage Source:

A voltage source, which consists of an ideal voltage source in series
with an internal resistance is called as practical voltage source.

Ideal Voltage Source:

it)
v{1)+

V(t)
I(t)

Practical Voltage Source:

R
wit)
i(t)

i(t)
Current Source:
The Source, which supplies electrical energy in the formn of current, is known as a Current
Source.

Types of current source:

1) Ideal Curent Source
2) Practical Current Source

Ideal Current Source:

A current source, which supplies a constant current to a load even if its
resistance varies, is known as Ideal Current Source.

Practical Current Source:

Acurrent source, which consists of ldeal current source in parallel with
internal resistance is known as Practical Current source.

Ideal Current Source:

I(t)4

v(t)

VI)

Practical Current Source:

i(t)

v{)

vít)