5 WALL SYSTEMS 5.02 Wal ystems 5.04 Concrete Columns 5.06 Concrete Walls 5.07 Concrete Formwork 5.09 Concrete Surfacing 5.10 Precast Concrete Walls 5.11 Precast Concrete Wall Panels & Columns 5.12 Precast Concrete Connections 5.13 TiltUp Construction 5.14 Mosonry Walls 5.16 Unreinforced Masonry Walls 5.18 Reinforced Masonry Walls 5.19 Masonry Columns & Pilasters 5.20 Masonry Arches 5.21 Masonry Lintls 5.22 Expansion & Contra Joints 5.23 Masonry Wall Sections 5.26 Masonry Bonding 5.28 Structural Clay Tle 5.29 Glass Block 5.31 Adobe Construction 5.32 Rommed-forth Construction 5.33 Stone Masonry 5.35. Stuctura Stel Framing 5.37 Stel Columns 5.39 Light-Gauge Steel Studs 5.40 Light Gouge Std Froming 541 Ballon Froming 5.42 Platform Froming 5.43 Wood Stud Froming 5.46 Stud Wall Sheathing 5.47 Wood Columns 5.48 Wood Post-and-Beam Framing 5,49 Wood Post-Beam Connections5.02 WALL SYSTEMS Walls are the vertical constructions ofa building that enclose, separate, and protects interior spaces. They may beloadbrarng structures ot homoenenus or compete construction desianed to supportimposed leads from flor and roofs. or consist of framework of columns and beams wth nonstructral panels attached ta origin between chem. The patter ofthese adbearing walls and column shoul be coordinated wth he layout of the interior spaces ofa bulding. Inadtion to supporting vertical leads exterior nll constructions must be abe to withstand arora ind loading, igi rough, they can serve as shear walls and transfer ater wind and seismic forces tothe ground foundation Because exteror nll serve asa protective shield againecthe weather forthe interior spaces o abun, their constraction should contro the passage ofheat, Inflating a sound, moisture, and water vapor. The exterior ln, mich may be eter app toe negra th ‘he wall structure, shoul be durable and resistant tothe weathering efecto unwind, and rain Building codes specify te fire resistanca rating of exterior walls, leadbering wal, and interior partion, Theintarior walls or partitions, whch subdivide the pace within a building may eter stroctural or ‘onlosdberina Their construction howd be able to apport the desired ish materials, provde the required degree of acoustical eparation, and accommodate when necessary te cistiution and outlets of mechanical and letra services (Openings for doors and widows mst e constructed #0 ‘hat any vertical lads from above are disrbted around ‘the openings and rt transferred tothe door and window units themselves. Ter size and lation re determina by therequrement for aturalight, entiation, vw, and physical acces, as nl asthe constraints ofthe structural ystem and modular wall material,WALL SYSTEMS 5).03 ‘Structural Frames * Concrete frames ae typically rid frames and qualify asnonconbuste, re tesistive cotton. + Nonconbustibe tel frames may tive momen comecios and regi repoaing to quay as fire-esistive constriction. + Tinker frames eqire diagonal rach or shea plans for lateral stably and may qualify as heavy inber construction used wth norconbuste Fre-eslotie eteriorwalis andi the membersmeet the minimum sie requirements specie inthe buldng cde, + Sted and concrete frames are able to span arater distances and cary hear lads than inher structures + Structural frames cn support and accept varlety of onbearing or curtain wal ystems. The detaling of comectonsis tal for structural and visa reason hen the rail xgsed. {nro ond Masonry Bering Walls + Concrete and masonry wal qualify a noncombustible construction and lyon her mass forte ladcaryng capt + Whiston in compression. concrete ard masonry equ rainforrg than tense stress, + Height-to-with rat, provisions for ateal stably and rope placement of expansion ots are cata actors inal desig and construction. + Wallsurtacesmay beet exposed. etal ond Wood Sud Walls * Studs of caldormed metal or wood ae normally spaced (© 6 er 24" (406 er610) oc: this spacgis related vo he wth and nat of common sheathing rater. + Studs cam vertical lads whl sheathing or digo bracing sien the pan ofthe wal + Caves inthe al ame can acconmedate thermal Insulation, apo retards, ard rectal stv andutlets of mechanical and etic services + Stud framing cn accept avast of iter and exter val fishes, some fishes rau a ral-ase sheathing Teinish materials determine tefe-redstance ating of the wal assembly. + Stud nal rames ray be ascembled on ster packed offsite Stud walls ae ible inform de tothe wrkblity of reatiely sal leces andthe various means of fasterng avaCONCRETE COLUMNS + Daveloticlur to ‘supported beans ad sa + Inca bars shoul nat cnceeda\6slope. Concrete cums are designed to act together with \ertial and ater enforcement incesitng applied forces, Consulta structural enger and te buldrg code fo the equa ie, pacng and placement of al reinforcement. Lateral Reinforcement restrains the Wert reinforcement augments the ably ofa vertical forcement and strengthens concrete column tarry compres ads ests the column aginst bucking Hf tens forces when he colar subject ater loads and reduces the effects of creep and shrinkage in + Literati shold havea minimum 9 | thecolumn, oF54°(10) spaced apart ner 48 | + Yerical reinforcement should ot be less tha Tor ‘ea 16 vertical ar oor theleast more than 8% of 0 ross sectional area four No. dimension of he column section Sarsminima or ed columns osx No.5 kars Eachcomerandalterate longitudinal | minimum for pra clus. barshuldbe ateralysuportedty |. Reccanqular celumns + Bnraties maybe requed at suppor: pits, ‘the endofatiehainganincuded — | 9(205) ism ange of ot ore than T5'withno | deh anda minimum [> 148 (86) minimum cover for stzl enforcement barheingmorethan6"(50) car | gues arsof 9659 ar ‘from such a supported bar. | (e1935 nm’) + Splices may be made by lapping the ends of vertical + Spialrenforcement consists ofan coeny spaced continues pal eld ‘ely in place by vertical spacers * Spiral rentorcenent shoul havea minum of (1) wth a maxirum canterto-cente spacing beoween spirals ofthe cor dameter and aclar space between sal ot ore ‘han 3 (75) ors than" (26) or ext sie of the coarse aayegate + Extend pial) tus for anchorage at ends + Roun colar 10" (258) iim 3103200 Concete Reinforcement (5103300 Castine Conte 5103310 Struct! Concrete bas bya gt speci in bar cameters or by butting the ns of erticlbars and either connecting them witha sleeve clamy or ac-elding ‘hebutt okt, Donel veriap vertical ars AO bar diameters or 24"(6\0) extend down int footing or pec far rough to develop adequate rath or archorage. Concrete columns may e supported by solated footings, ya mat or combined fotng, ory pl caps 5003.093nd3 6 7 BB) minum cove for ste reinforceent when concrete cas galas and permanently eps ‘wear Ry Below fostline Contacarea of oon dstrbtes column load to ‘ensure thatthe llowabe bearing capacity ofthe supporting gl isnot exceeded: 8" (510) rininumCONCRETE COLUMNS = 5).05 Reinforced concrete columns ae usually cask wth concrete beams and slabs to forma monolithic structure. se4.04-405 + Reinforced concrete two-way slabs 20406-4017 Calum spacing = beam or sib span + Galune spacing deterines imposed loads + 12°05) column can support upto 2000 si (15m of or and rot ava. +16" 405) column can suppert upto ‘3000 s(280 nf foo and rot are. + 20° (G10) column can support upto 4000 sf (872 mf flor an roar Lay out columns along argu rid or economic forming of beans ana sas, + Gols shuld be continous tothe building foundation + Whenever posible vary equed tel reinfoncement rather than column size wher necessary vary ony one dimension of acca ata tine. Withheld of variety of steel conectors, reinforced concrete columns can ls support ‘gid of inter nse beams, ~— Timber ar tet beams — Stee connectorsare req to suport ad achor wood or tel ans to concrete columns.5.06 CONCRETE WALLS Anchor telnorced concrete wallsto lor sibs, clans, atincersecing al with Ne Bianmimin BE 2 oct” ach ayer of val foram Berdoraotl weer at carers and wal intersections for structural cantly. 24.19) mien cover when concrete is q |» Wells more than 10" (255) thick require reforemert nw layers paced paral ith he aces of the al [== No Basin spaced ot ore than Sena tines o (465) cc + Nirimum ratio o vertical enforcement ross concrete area: 0.0012 + Mirimum ato ofhorzontalrtorcement to gross concrete area, 0.0020 * Minimum wal hikresses: ‘not exposed to ground or weather, ————~— + 6" (150) minimum for bearing walls or ‘4 (38) minimum cover when concrete 1 “ns of the unsupported height or length iseaposed to carthor nether = betuen sien ements Zo X.| 2 (t)ninimu forN 6 bars and larger ——“] fp + 4° (100) minimum for ronbearng walls or at ‘scot uneuportd beg ornath 1 + 2 (6 nrimum or nonearingntror t arto rat wsed a shea ements r + (150) minimum fo pain (unreinfrce) I vals witha height to-thicnesoratoof | less than 22 : + 8°(205) minimum fr basement, Pr foundation fire, ary walls I i Reinforce door and window opeings b + Concrete walls usualy rest ona continuous tha minimum fb he. 5 ars I stp fctng: 2609-310. cedending at east 24*(610) 1 Lt} Wallis ted tots footing wth mel erin beyond te comers the peg 1 aiteate rections 2 (5N) dear | * Diagonal bars optional F 6 (150) minimum above enforcement 3103200 Conte Reiforces (5103300 Costin loce Concrete (3103310 Stra! Concete 2B (TB)miniem cover when concreve's «ast again and permanently exposed to theearth + Consulta stucturalengneer and the buldng code forthe required sve. spacing, snd placerert.of al reinforcement. + 91e1204-12.05 fora discussion of concrete 38a construction materia.CONCRETE FORMWORK Sar Concret ormnor for cours and walls ay D> (luna Forms becustonrbuit fora spect jb but prefaicated reusable panes areused = Fier forms havea smooth spiral patter ‘mhenerer posible The framework td racing finish an ar posable nustbe ate tomaintan the poston and + 1-0" ta3-6" (505 to 1066) ndameter shape ofthe forms unt the concrete seta + Sonotubeisa trademark fo abrand of cqlindral column form made of compressed, resiinpregnated paper Wood foro + Reasale forms mayhavea square or rectangular cross section, ‘Yokes are clamping devices for keping column Toms and the tops of wall forms from opreading ander the uid pressure ofnenly Paced concrete. ‘Wall Forms: ~ Spreaders. usaly of wood. space and kep the valor forms apart Forties: ee 508 Piyroo sheathing Inner surface of yan eaves an impression ot theconcete Wond suds > Horaoita Wale reinforce the vera rrees of formwork + necessary, stongbacks provide vertical support for aligning and reinforcing wales. Bil plate racing + Thecontact surfaces of forms are coated witha paring compound ~ way opasti~taaid inthe renal. Frm sign stardpst, the a concrete section must allow for the remo othe oro Tapered secon aroused where thefornmork mht there betrappedby the surounding concrete Sharp extra comers are usualy etl or onde ‘ad chipping and ragged ees. 5103100 ConceteFormwark5.08 CONCRETE FORMWORK Fortis are required tote wal forms from spreading under the id preceure of newly placed cone. Wil varus proprctar forms are alae thre are ovo basi types: sap tes and shebolts Sraptles kav otches or chp that alow teirends tobe snapped ff below the concrete src after strppg ofthe forms iter cones cor washers ae sed to maintain the corect wal thickness }—— Smal truncated cones of wod, steel or plastic attached Yo for esto pace and spread wall forms, ave nett fished deprssioanthe concrete surface tobe filed ret exotic [a Shebats consist of wale rods that reinserted ‘trough the form and threaded nt the ends ofan ier tod. After ping. the wale rds are reno for ese while Pe ner od remain theconerete. ‘Avarety of wedges and slotted devices tighten the ‘ormwork ana trator the force ina form tie tothe weal. Te holes may be Fatched to match the surrounding fish Leftespused wth the exposed te end epied Filled tha plastic cap When expe orl the ticle ction shuld be coordinated withthe walls | surface design. Wath ves 'h'to'e' Bt06) 2) "pto% (18t019) Linear recesses can be used to create a Chane strips of wood o other material are atteronthe surface oa conceal, stacked tothe nid oa form to produce a separate diferent wall surface eaten, sirect rnd, or beveled edge onthe outside and help conceal construction ints. come of cance member. Rustction tips of wood or ether material are tached tothe ede ace of aform a produce a rove in the surface ofa concrete member, These strips areal aval as parts of plastic formtnersystms,CONCRETE SURFACING 5 ‘Avaity of surace paterns Selection ofthe Concrete Ingredients and extures canbe produced by + The clr of concrete canbe cont with the flowing methods theuseof cored cement and agareates, + Exposed aggregate riches reproduced by sandilstng, etching witha acl, oF scrubbing concrete surlace arth ital ‘sehin onder to remove the outer ayer of cement paste and expose the aggregate, Chemicals ca be sprayed onthe forms to hep retard he setting ofthe coment paste, Expose Fine Aggregate Exposed Couse Agregote The Impressions Left by the Forms | | MI Béton brut refers to concrete that is left in its naturel state after formwork is removed, specially when the concrete surface reflects ‘the texture, joints, and fasteners of aboard il Ul mt form, + Phyod forms canbe smoot, orbe sandiasted or wirebushed to accentuate ‘he ran patter ofthe face py. + Sheathinglumber produces aboard tecture. + Metal er laste forminers can produce a variety of textures and pattems BADAAAAAL bed Texte Forint Treatment ofter the Concrete Sets + Gonorete ca be pinted or dyed after it hao set + The concrete surface canbe sandblasted, rubbed or ground smooth + Both smooth and textured surfaces cn bebus-orjcthammered to praduce coarser textures + Bushammered fishes are coarse extared fishes obtained by fractrng a concrete or stone srface witha power dren harm having rectangular head with acorugated, strated, or tothe face cireseone are sear ere Busthowmerd Surface Ribbed Surface Busthommeed (5103380 Concete Fin5.A0 PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS + Upto24'(7m) igh + Upto24'(7 mn igh + BHI + State" (2010256) thick (14010 505) hick Rigi fat inelationcore + B'(2440) width ypcalfor + Wire shear es bind allpanel ypes: upto12 ——_nnerandevter (@660)witesavatsbe ——_wythes of concrete Sold Ponds Compasite Pols Precast Concrete Wall Ponls Precast Concrete Columns Frecast concrete columns are ypcaly used with precast beams to forma stractral frame See 1 Because rigid are dificult to fabricate na precast stuctural frame, shear walls or dagonal bracing are ronal eed upon to stabize the structure aginst lateral feces, (3103400 Pacst Concrete (3103430 Strcurl Precast Concrete + Uptoso (Mem ih + eto (205 to) eh Precast concrete wal panels are cast and steam-cared in plant sit, transported tothe construction ite, and ‘cin place with cranes as iid components Fabrication ina factory enfronmenterables the us to area consistent quay of strength abit. and fish and clminates the ned for onsite formwork. The precast all panes may be comentonaly reinforced or prestesed for greater structural eile redvced pan thickness, andlange pans Inadon tothe required tena, srnkge, and temperatare reinforcement, extra enforcement may be necessary to resist the stresses of transportation and erection recast peels maybe of sl, compositor ribbed constuction Window ad door openings cores and anchoring devices arecast into the wall panes + variety of uaty-controled surface textures and patterns are avalabe consult manuactare. Rbbed Pnels + 10"x10 (255x255) column wl support appronratily 2000 (165m) 12x 12"(905 x05) clu wl support apposinatly 2750 (255?) + 16°16" (405 +405) column wl suport appronimatly 4500 418m). For prininary design purposes, the above sas af precast clunns can be assumed to support the indcat lor and ot ares.PRECAST CONCRETE WALL PANELS & COLUMNS, 5.11 Frecast concrete wall panels may seve a arti als capable of supporting stecast concrete or steel Foot sn oo ystems. ogether wth precast concrete Colurs, eas, and slabs the wal paneform an entirely recast stractrl sys thats inherently molar ad fire-resiste. Seago and, For ronstractral precast concrete panels, see 725, The lateral stably ofa precast concrete strucare requires that those floors and rok that zee as horteontal diaphragms be ate to trans tii tral forest shearreitng wal panels. The nal pnd, in ‘tum, must be stablized by columns or cross walls 35 they transfer the lateral forcast the ground foundation. ‘Alors are transfered ya combination fgrovted ots, shear kes, mechanical canectos sted reinforcement, and reinforced concrete topping, Buling design should take advartage of standard pana sees sand configurations. Coordinate hight of wal panes snd desired for-toror hight, Frecastcolums and beams Precast aadbearng wal pans + See725 for nonbearng precast wallpanls, Corbels maybe castinto walls and colums ta provide addtional bearing for oor and rot stabs. Continuous footing or rade beam supported by perso plesSay PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS ~ 7 Procest Concrete Slab Concrete Footings ~ Steel angle nelded to pates anchored in wal and slab urits Bult-up or membrane rating system, see 713-714, Neoprene bearing stp Corel roviesrequired bearingarea Minera bearing ength shouldbe atleast eo ofthe lear span: 2(51})miniru {or sold orhalow core slabs: 3" (5) minimum for beams stemmed members. Stee base pate cast with upper wal panels and secured with anchor bot castinto lower all ans Grout pocket aftr bated conectionis made, Dowelsinwnforced concrete topping or grouted shear keys tie labs across supporting wallpanes parle welded vo anchor plate ‘Aichor bt ‘Shim pds and nonsink rout Continuous strip footing ‘esttensoned rod Shim pads and onstrnk grout ‘oettensoned anchor Conon spanning elemertsinclue opened stl its, timber orstel anand stecast or precast concrete slab, Plastarsstiffen masonry wall against lateral forces and bucking and prove support forlarge concentrated ads, > Openings maybe arched or span wit ints, 47 Modular dimersons LF Exterior masonry nll must be weather-esistant and contolhet fo + Water poteration must be controled through the we cf tele jes cavity paces, fasting and caulking + Cavlywallare preted for their icreased resistance + Relatiely smal uit sis toate peerationad igre thermal performace rake crear and + Diferetalmoveents masonry wals veto charges imeglar forms posse. Intemperstue or moisture content, orto stress concentrations require he use of expansion ad conte its + For instalation of thernl insulin, ses 742 + Forfiresresitance ratings of noncombustible masonry wal 3104200 Unt Masonry see AI2-ALB. (3104210 Clay Unit Masonry 5104220 Concrete Unit MosoaryMASONRY WALLS 5.15 Lotro Support for Masomy Walls Type of Masonry Moximum Lor 7 Bearing Walls Soldorgrouted 20 ‘Alother 8 Nonbering lls Extetor 6 Interior 6 + Lt= rato of wallengh to thickness; lateral support may be provided by ross weal clus, or plasters. Hit= ratio of al ight to thickness; lateral support may be provided by floors, beans o rots. + More stringent reqement eit for Seismic Zones Band 4 Consulta profesional engine andthe buildin cade for he structural reguroments ofall masonry wal, Wore Type TpeK Tes Tye Sil brick masonry 4500+ pst 0 25 200 2500-100ps) 75D HO Sold emeete masonry GradeN % 60 M0 Grades 100 Grated masonry 4600+ pi 0 ON 2600-4500psi 275215 paitad (oy rats Soh nits wot 0 Hollow units ” 6 50 Holoruntmasory = 10500 Nate stone “om © 100 + \psi=6.2940 * Sold masonry units havea net surface area at east ‘Botte gros rs sectional area paral tothe beading plane. * Holow masomy units havea et surface are ees ‘han Tt ofthe gross cross secvnal are paral to ‘he edna plane. Minimo Wall Thickness 8205) rnin onal hikes fo + Masonry bearing als + Nasonry hear nals “+ Nasonry parapets: eight of parapet nt to exceed 3x parapet thickness + 6° (150) minum nonin hikes for + Reinforced masonry bearing wals + Sold mazonywalin one-story bldg not more tan (245) gh + Masonry wal eld upon forresistance to lateral oadin are lnted to 5 (10 m)n height Norter ortaris plastic mixture of cement rime, ora combiation of both wich sand and water, used aa bonding agncn masonry constuction. + C3104100 Mortarand Masonry Grout + Cement nrtar'smade ty ming porta cement, sand, andwater + Lime mortar is amour of me, and and water tat is rarelyused because of ts slow rate of hardening anion compressive strength + Cement-lme morarisa cement mortar to wich ies added tonereac pasty and water rete, + Masonry cement propia mixof portland cement and crheingredonts, a hydrated line, plasticizers a- entesing agents, and gypsum, requiring oly the _adaton of sand and water tomake emer mortar + TypeM martar high-strength mortar recommended forusein reinforced masonry below grade rin contact withthe earth, undation and reaing wall subject tofrstactin ora high ater or compres loads, compressive strength of 2500 ps (12238 Kf). Type Sorta isa medium-high strength mortar recommended for usein masonry where ond and lateral eng are ore mportant than comprescve strength compressive strength of 1800 pl (24k, Type mortar isa mediumstrngth mortar recommended for general sein exposed masonry above ade nhere igh compressive an lateral strength ae ‘io eqited compressive strength of 50 psi (517 Ka), Type mortar is alow-srengt mortar suitable for we ‘nnterornonosdbearing walls and partons, TypeK mortar isa very lowstength mortar suitable nly for use in interior noloadbeatng walls where erie by the lng cde5.16 UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS “Trusstesor ladder ties + Wythes may be bonded by masonry headers orby metal ts + Masonry headers shod compose atleast hot posed face area witha Vera orton pacing ofrotless tan 24 (610) + Metals stold conform to regener for cavity nal. (5104240 Nor Reinforced Unit Masonry Solid Masomny Sold masonry walls mayb constructed a ether sold ‘orholow masonry units Lad contiguusly with al ints scl led wth mortar She the wal ae typical of concrete masomy units (CMU) toned wich aint oi reinforcemert Concrete masonry units (CMU) Herel jt enforcement ily embedded inbed pint nortan + Werticszacig of joint renforcoment nt to exc 16 (405) Vertical clio the concrete locks may be reinforced with sta bars embedded in grout. Saldmasonry was may also consist of mile wthes bode ny grout corosion resistant metal wal ties, or horizontal joint reinforcement. + Composite walls are sold masomy wallshavinga ‘cing ythe and backup wythe of ifferent sold or hlow masomy ois Facing wythe Backipwythe 5)! (1) minim mortar coer etween tes cr eit reinforcement and any expose face * le (@)rinimum mortar thickness between masonry an tis oi reinfrcementGrouted Masonry Groxted masonry walshave aliments filed entirely with rut asthe wrk proaresses, The rout sed to consolidate the aining materials ina sold mass afd portend cement mortar that wil ow easy without segregation ofthe ingredients + Alito joints are led entirely w grout. (oviy Walls Cartywals are constructed of facing anda backing mythe of ether sli orllow masonry nit, compel separated by continous air space and bonded wit metal nals orhortzontal pit reinforcement Cav walls have to advantages over other types of masonry wal |. The cavity enhances the thermal insulation value cf the wall and permits the instalation of dation thermal inclation materi 2.The airspace acts asa bare agaist water pereration the cavyis ep cleat ad adequate weep oles and fasting ace proved + Adjustable op te + Ladder lop tle + Diptoprevent water fromruming across Uitolmer mie 24 (9) minimum for low i rot construction Low ic grouting exouted ints not ececing Guxthewith of the rout space ora masirum of 8° (208mm) asthe walls constructed 2375) minimum for igh it grouting High gratings completed a story at atime inl no exceding 6 (1890), High routing requles.a wider grout space and gid metal ies ‘tobord the two ters together. ya! (6) minima eo corsin-resstant mrtal foreach 2 5f (0.19?) wal area 16" (405) maximum vertical spacing of tes (Only Type Mor Type S mortars permitted. Cavity tobenotless than 2 (51) rormore ‘han (18) wide Sold orl masonry units Both facing and backing thes to havea (100) mininum nomial thickness, When computing the rabioof uneupperted height or lengthto ‘hikes th alu for ticks equal tothe umf the rina thicknesses of the mer and cuter wythes 3fg! (6) ininum ti of coosion resistant metal for each4-"V st (042m of wal area for cartes upto" (5) wide for wide cat, rode meta tie fr each 3 (0.26 m' of vallara ‘Stagger tien alternate courses w a maxinun vertical distance between tie of 16" (405) anda rmaximurntorizontal spacing of 36" (985). J] + Pléceadltionl ties at3'(915) oc. maximum around openings within 12" (305) ofthe edges of ‘heopenngs. ad [oy (16) minim mortar cover for ont reinforcement5.18 REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS + Reinforcing tel ar are uly bedded in portland coment grout. + 548 (75) minimum masonry cover ‘or reinforcement: (86) wher exposed to weather, 2 (51) when expose to sal + 56 (16) mir coer for horizontal cin reinforcement (3104230 Reiforced Unit Masonry Reinforced masonry wall use steel enforcing bars placed in thickened ints or caves wth a Fuld grout mio portland cement, gareaate, and water for qreater strength in carrying Vertical lads and increased reestance to bung and lateral {ones tis esential hata strong bord dl between the reinforcing steel rut, ad masonry unit. Reinforced Grovied Mosonry + Rehforcad grouted masonry shuld conform tothe requirement for plain gruted masonry See 517. Maal allies — 'y'(6) minimum between reinforcement and masonry for fie grout" (13) intra cover for coarse gout Reinforced Concrete Unit Masonry Horzontal ond beam ‘Allcallscontating reinforcement are filed soll with rot. + Gels are aigned vertical to form a 23" (51x75) minimum clear contuous vertical pace. + Reisorcenert continues dow tareinforced concrete footing. Horaontal jon erforcement Fallbed mortar end walls and crocs wes frm rota cs only ype M or Type 6 mortars permitted + Where aro it exceeds 4 (1220), provide cleanout at bottom couse of cls tobe grouted: inspect and seal before grating Generel Requirements + Prodde horizontal rnforcement ]_ Aetop oF parapet walls ot. [—— estructural connected floors and rools eee ‘stop of wal peings | + Athetapot foundations 1 Lf 1016050) maemum spac | — Vertical enforcement tobe)" (10) a miima, witha maximum pacing o (1220). + Thesum feral and torontalanforcement tobe at ast (0.000 the gross coss-sectional are ofthe al |_— One No.4 or two No.3 ars around openings, extending atleast 24" (610) beyond comers * Consult struct ener and the building code forthe _strctaalrequementorelnforced masonry wallsMASONRY COLUMNS & PILASTERS 5.19 + Minima nominal width = 12" (205). — + Mian nominal ingth = 12" (305); asm = 3 xcalumn wth + Lateral supporto clus = 30 column width + Theleast dimension cfrenorced masonry columns Vertical care of portland ‘abe 12*(305) witha maximum ursupportad cement grout height of 20 the east dimension, Vertical enforcement bars extend down and are * Minimum of four No 3 bars with tied to donels embedded lateral bs atleast 18" (455) 02. 00.005 incolunn footing of effective area of masonry Lateral ties + Maximum renfrcement = 0 05 of fictive + Embed erat ora areacfmasoney portion of required lateral + Mri ater eeforcement = 0.0018 ot reinforcement in rortar fective area of masonry joints, Masonry Columns Plaster backs + Vertical core of prtand cement grout . Vertical enforcement in + Vertical enforcement bars extend down and are spouted core tied to dowels embedded in plaster footing, —_ oS Laeltes lateralis + Concrete masonry units (amu) + Plates are rectangular colums ebeddedin and rojctng slighty rm one obo faces of a wal. In addon to crying vertical concentrated lands, lasers provide lateral support for masonry walls Vertical enforcement in rot ied cores Lateral meta ties embeded Masonry Pls innrtaroins5.20 MASONRY ARCHES + Asegmentalarchis struck roma center below the springing ine. + AGotic archi apinted arch having two Centers and sual equal radi + lance archi pointed arch having two centers and rai greater than the span + Adoparchis a pointed arch having two centers and rails than the span YD + ARoman archhas a semiccularintrados. * Sandel ees tothe angular shaped area between the extrados of two adjoing arches, or between the let or ght extrados cofanarch andthe rectangular framework sarounding + Ashe hand arch ia thee centered archhavig a crown wth radius much areater than tat of the cuter pair of cues + ATaorarchisafour centered arch having an inner pai of cures witha much peter than that ofthe outer par + Alpckarch as ahorzortal oft wth voussois idan frm center elon, coften bl witha sight camber to allow forsetting the eight ofan arch fromthe springing dome rises fom ts support line tothe highest point ofthe sft minimum of 1 per fot of pan (112). Masonry arches utilize the compressive strength cilbrickand stone ta span openings by transforming the vertical for ofa supporiad loadin incined components. These outward thrusts of the arching action whch are proportional tothe total load and spar, and imversdly proportional othe rise, mstbe resisted byabetments adacet tothe opening orb equal but oposite trusts from adjring arches. For bending tobe lminated thoughout an arch the lines of thrust must cincide wth the arch xi ‘Amasony arch may consist of brick cousenark orindviual stone ousois, ‘Nernating solder and rowec courses — Two otiree rowiock courses Stenback sa stone or course of masonry hava sloping face against wich the end of segental arch ests ~~ Kejstone isthe wedge-shaped often lished vous atthe cownof an arch serving tolack the other oss pace, ousols are ary ofthe wedge-shaped nts a masonry arch having sid cat converging at on ofthe arch carters, —— Con Extradosis the erteror cure or boundary of thevisbeface of anarch. ~ Arch anis — Intradosis the inner curve ofthe vise faceof _anarch: soft eles tothe mer surface ofan ach forring the concave underside — Springs the poi at which an arch, vault or ~ Steak pr foot. pan (124) foreach” I (100) of arch dept > Camber = perf pan (1100) e\oXyMASONRY LINTELS 5,21 + Superimposed floor * Concentrated load Maleate etd Coin on £4 + +48 +o Lityy + Archingactionofmasomy above + Urtel cas les alld Unt must arya ational + Horizontal trust from any arching pening sopportswalload than ormaicad ang load concerted asd chon be resisted by the all tsi ofload rangle floor roofless fal within ase nether ide of the opening Los on Lines Sto Lntels + Untl may be visually article ear Span Exar Angle lneriorKogle witha solder couree. ‘8° (205) wall (no floor oad) oa ood) Fasting Interior angle #1220) BYyxB px hg Sex lox he Exterior angle (90x90x8) _ (90x90x8) (1525) HexBh'hy SExy (90x90x8) _(25%90x8) (1880) AxBhatlg xBox (100%90%8) (1259010) Reinforcing steal fully bedded in portand cement rt Confirm ths tructural engineer Fe Baier coe Limit deflection to Yoo of clear sian, 8", 10" and 12" (205, 255, and 305) withs Lint ood beam Bock wf portard cement rout and reinforcing steel enforcing for intl in 8° (205) Masonry Wels i aes ion intel type ear spon Wa /size <4 Tey (9)square (1220) 483 reinored concrete 61880) 484 Precast reinforced concrete 80440) 485 lines ay be used to pan bxBx16 4(120) 284 opeings inboth rick and rominl(MUlntel 6 (1850) 245 caret masomy walls (2440) 2386 + Confirm with structural engineer N Precast Concrete Lines5.22 EXPANSION & CONTROL JOINTS ovement joints should be spaced every 100'to ait 125 @Ot026n)aongubrteraliegts, —_ | —-— (0) At changes in nal hight or hicks (2). Atcolumns, plasters. and wal itersections (8). Nearcorers (8) Onbth des of openings >6 (> 1880) (©) none ofopenings <6'(<1880) avy walt Premaded compressie joint ‘er Adjistable metal es Backerrodand sealant MYR SIS Metal ties Joint sealant Premolded compress be jot filer Mortar ft Irtecocks adjacert val sections. Bouldin fet on one ‘id tobreak bond Sash locks reformat gasket Rake joint (10) andcaul * Movement joints are also equed to prove the deection of ste or concrete structural frame from placing sess ona supported masonry valor panel ce 726. ae SINK ? ST § + Brick masonry Be = + See7.46 for sizes of movement joi, Copper atersop steers Backer rod and iN + Concrete masonry shrinks, joint opens slighty. See 746 tr sizes of movement jets, Conte jon blocks Backer rod and sealant Masonry materiale expand and contact wth changes in empeature and moistare content. Clay masonry units end toabsorb mater and expand, whl concrete masonry wits usualy shrink as they dry afer maufactare. Movement joints to accomodate these dimensional changes shad be lected an constructed ss compromise the structural incegrty f the masonry wal Expansion Joins Espacio ints are continous unobstructed slots constructed to cose slightly to accommodate the incistare expansion obrickand stone masonry sarfaces. Expansion ons should prod ateral table across the jot and be sealed to revent ‘he pasage oar and mater. Cont Joints Conta ort are constructed to open sight to accommodate the shrinkage ofa concrete masonry walasie dees aftr construction. Shrinkage cracking canbe also conta by using Type 1 Inistare controled concrete magonry units ad tenor horn jit, Conte joints shuld be ele to prevent the passage of sir and water andintrock ta prevent ‘out of lane movement dor reinforcement shoud beinterupeed to allow plane movement, (Control Joint Spacing Ver Spacing of cit Rifocement 15 05) (05) Wal length (L) 50'(15m) Lira 3 €0(16m) 4MASONRY WALL SECTIONS 5.23 ‘The wal sections on this and the ‘allowing two pagesillustate how concrete steal, and woo flor and roof systems are support by and tied to varcustypesof masonry bearing wal Th bearing area of masonry shold be proportioned so asnot to oceed the allowable plates anchored wi" compressive stresecf the masonry (8) panchor bots @ no material, Al loos and roofs that ire than 6 (1880) 0 provide aera support fora Embed anchorbals at agony wal must be secured at least 15'(360) ito least 6 (1680) oc withanchors route cels or eld to cexbeddedn areinforcedgoated bond beam reinforcement structural element ofthe wal Metal lath to support ‘grout in CMU cells + Concrete masomy units (Clu) 65104220 Concrete Uni Masonry * Horizontal join enforce aoe verthaly space 16" (405) oor oe. ma “) Metal jist anchors + Neral forcing basin Minimum 3x ledger rout led cores ecard bls as + $087.42 for thermal required inelation options. ~ FALCM cals! gout + 8521 for intl options. + Rowlck i) ———— "eeecinmreese a aeeien senna ae een cents eee sane ve Sie Fab oons ee Piles mie Wood flor ost s| Widened CMU foundation wal Concrete Masonry Bering Wall Flatroot assembly, see 71, Open-neb steel joists Minium bearing length 410 6 (100 10150) fork series ‘pits: 6" to 12 (15010505) foc LHIDLH series ists Secure every jist toa stel bearing plate anchored ina continuous enforced CMU trond beame see 4.21 Word floor ost ith cut nds, angular cts that allow ‘the menbers to al without damaging the nal i they burn . ‘through somentere along theirlength Hh (82x) ited sted strap ves 66 (1630) 3 (5) minimum eaing Grosted CMU or reinforced (bond beam Secure ists paral to wal with tel straptes 6 (1820) 06. maxima extend "4 toateas thre ists and provide Hacking betneen {pits at each strap anchor —~ conpsite masorry Facing mye: C5104210 Cay Unit Masonry _> Backup wythe, (5104220 Concrete Unit Masonry 51 (19) calla joints typicak filth mortar or gt Meta wall ties @ 16" (406) 06. ypcl See 742 for thermal inslation options. Composite Masonry Beorng Woll5.24 MASONRY WALL SECTIONS Wd raters or joists Flashing wth weep oes 82 (610) ac. typical ‘Stee angle trl se 5.21, ‘or intel options. Rowck i 15" slope iia Continues ashing with eepholes ee 517 for cavity wal requirements 2 (51)net minimum cavity wth Metal wall is vertical spaced 16 (405). ‘pica adjustable wall ties aw or misaligned bed its, Rigid thermal insulation may be place inthe wal cavity, Inserted ito the CMU cores, or secured to the interior face oF the backup wythe See742 ashing Mortar fil Weepholes@2 (610)oc: Ye(C)orinimum _ 2 \ "1! (13) eanchor ots @6 (1820) 0c maximum, embedded at ast 5" (60) Src ate tp ate — Masonry parapet b+ 620718 for coping and fashing Minimum bearing length: 406" into masonry and welded toa (100 to 150) fork sees joists: 6° 3x6 05x45 x6) ‘0 12" (150 10306) for H/DLH steelpate series joists Secure every lst to a ste bearing plate anchored na continu reinforced CMU ond beam ee 421 Frecast conte sil ith ip Flashing wich wee holes — Metalwal ties + Wood Hor its with fesade + Precast alow cor slabs Filth grout \ Paper dam Ua xt (825) tasted . Neoprene bearing stip steal taps 06 (1620) ac : Minima bearing length at east ss rama ofthe clear span bt notes than 3°15) misma bearing 26) Grouted CMU or bond beam Grouted CMU or bond beam 1 + Secabo43. + Concrete round sis "64(9) expansion joint wal Ferimeter insulation Covty Bering Wall ) J Reinforced concrete foundation + Metal decking with concrete fil 8, (avy Bearing WalMASONRY WALL SECTIONS 5.25 2xtop late w! (51) anchor bolts #6 (1880) oc. maximum, cerbeddedat least 5" (580) Into masonry Reinforced bod beam Portland cement grout Yer enorcement Wood or its Metal ost anctors@ (120) 0c Minimum x edger secured w tots as required ‘ond beam w! horizontal reivforcements Cobels are permitted oly in soll wall at least 12" (05) hick. Movirum total poeton = wal thickness Header top course 1¥(@) minum roction eachcauree Vertical renforcament overtop sted dowels oie walta concrete fondo Reinforced Brick Masonry Wall Flat ro assembly eT Lo Open-web steel ists Minimum bearing length: 410 6 (100%0150) fork sere ists 6" +012" (160 0306) forLH/OLH series ists ‘Secure very jsctoa steel bearing Pate anchored ina continuous reinforced ond bea ee aso 421 recast holw core sab Extend steel doves into topping or routed key inorder to anchor sl unite to wall. Mnirurn bearing length teas 0 of he clear span ut not eos than 20) Neoprene bearing stip Reinforced bond beam + Seeaeo 43, Rig past oa insulation may beadhered to teimer or outer facet val + See 518 foreinorced masonry walrequirenents, Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall5.26 MASONRY BONDING + Wythe isa continuous vertical sectionof amasony wal one vninthikness, + Courseisa continous horizontal range ofmasony units. + Cola join she vertical joint between to wythes of masonry + Bed jis the horizontal joint between te masomy courses The term ed may reer tothe underside of masonry ait, oto thelaerof motarinwhich a rrasony unis id + Head ints the vertical it between two masonry wits, perpendclar to the face ofa wall + Mortar jit vary in thickness from "to (6018) but are ypcaly 21 (10 thc Tooled its are mortar joints compressed and shaped with any oo oter than atzowel Teolngcompressasthe mortar and forces tightly agains te brick suraces, proving maximum protection gains water penetra areas subec a high wnds or heavy rs, S Troweled jon are finshed by striking off cexcessmortar witha trowel. In roweled | joints the mortars ctor truck of witha eee ‘owe Themost fective of theses the Q weathered joi because it sheds mater + Fushi | ated pints made byremorngmartar ta Xx ven depth witha square edged tal before s haening Rake jolts are for interior use only + Formortartypes.se 515. Mortar Joints 5104100 Mortar & Masonry Grout Mosonry Terminology ‘he lange edge expose or paral tothe surface Headers amasoney unt ld horzotaly wth the shorter end eased or paall to the surface Rowlck ark i arzontaly on the ager edge wt the shorter end exposed Soldiers abricklid vertically wth thelonger edge face exposed _— + Bs! (60) units; S courses = 16" (405) Engineer — Norwegian + 2¢(6N units; courses = =} Roman (205) + 4° (100) units: 2 courses = (205) Ls Uilty Course Heights + Relative cours heights are nomial dimensions that include the ‘hckess ofthe mortar jit, + Forlegis, use multiples of 8% or 12100, 208.0306) + For brick types an sizes, ee 12.06. + Wal tices ary ith he typeof masonry wal see 54-515,MASONRY BONDING 5.27 + Ranting ord. commonly wed for + Common bondhasa course headers + Stack bond has sucess courses of ‘arty and veneer als, composed betwen every fu rs courses of stretchers wth al headin alge of eapping stretchers steechers: ago own as American bo. ‘eral. Because units do at ova, hereon int enforcement s required 816" (408) 0c ureinforced al or Lotro t — + Flemish ond as aterating headers and + Flenishsrossbondisa modified emiskbord + Flench lagoal ordi form of _steccher mneach core, each beac eng ini courses of alerata headers and Fmich cosbondinwlich the courses centered aboe and bow stretcher Flare stretches strate wth strecng courses areca forma damon patter, headers it darker nds ae often exposed Inpattemed ck. ei BAIS rT Scneieseseelerenen + Torin the cating of brick and Sa | atancig the appearance of being oo Ste Fao coo fabiors te nai dines ot ee i rnasory nals shouldbe based on ‘hese of he modular ants used * Garda-wal bord used for ih ded + Engich ond has alternate courses of headers boundary alas a sequence oa header and strecherin wich headers are ad the stetchersineach course, wth entered on srechers andthe ots hetuesn each ead beingcerteed evra earn stretchers ine upvertialy inal courses iterate courses.5.28 STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE Structural lay tie fshollow tl of fied clay having paral Cel or cores and se typicalyn constructing wal and partion * LB Grade leadbearing structural lay te sata for masonry vals at exposed to rst action, orin exposed masonry here pretecedby facing of (75mm) or more of ton, rck, tara cotta, ooher masonry. + UBKGradlnadbearn structural cay le stable for masonry walls exposed to weathering or frstation ‘Structural facing le structurally te having a glazed ‘srlace an wsedfor facing walls and partitions especialy inareas subject teary wear lsu problems and strict sanitation rere. + FT5 Grade: structural facing tie suitable for expel exterior and interior masonry wal and partitions where mmderate absorption, slight variation nace dimensions mine defects in surface ish, and madam clr range ar acceptable + FTX Grade-seth structural fag testable for exposed excerior and intron masonry wal and gattitions wherelow abeortion and stain resctance are requ, and where ahh degree of mechanical perfecto variation in face dersion. and narrow color range a desired + @T shapes have nominal + W shapes have nominal Sly x12 (186x305) aces Bx 16" (205 406) faces. 91" (250) BH 00) cane eam (95) 10" (255) Covty Wal (205) Wal 6° (150) Wa 4° (100) Wall + 4° (100) imerwythe of + Two (100) wythas + Asinale (150) wytte ora Asingl 4 (100) myth structural facing lew! an winetal ties ‘the and 24" (51 and 100) ‘tio 2 (two 5) nye a cuter wythe of rick the w metal ies, each ide etal ties may havea diferent clo. ‘pic Wel Sections + For eral asoryallquremerts e645. (5104210 Cay Unit MosonryGLASS BLOCK 5,29 ass Hocksa transucent, tll Bac of ls ith ear verted orpatverne faces, made by ising to aes together witha partial vacuum ise. lass bock ‘maybe used in onloadbearing exterior and interior wa, andin conventional famed vindew pening. Te gaes ack wits are din ype Sor Type Nort with ints atleast" (6)but not mre than (10) thick. Typically, awalparl is mortared tthe il support and proved vith pansion joints along the top and ses to allow for ‘ovement and setting, Noninal Face Dimensions + 6'x6" (150x150) + 8°xB" (205x206) + 12 x12! (805x308) + 4x8" (100205) + rou surface testes are aval 29 welas inserts and coatings to control heat gan, lar ard rights + Special end and comer Wocks ae aso aalabie. + Lateral suport prided + 4° (100) nomial thickness follow units bypanel anchors orbya + 3° (05) nomial thickness for sold units continuous channel + Decal atheadand jambs |~ shoudallowior movement, = ard set, _--—> Exterior wall ppels may obenzeed 145 (13 mn unsupported wall aes or 15 (4570) inary mension + Intron wal panes may not excod + Panel anchors securedto 250 sf (25 in unsupported wal area or adjacent construction —— 25 (7620) in any dimension + Provide hozotal jin reinforcement a5 equied Vertical sitenes and heriotal shaves can re larger wal areas inc he req red + Panels ar designed to panel ies tq) niet “1 (16 outside one urved wal panel should have apsncon joints av each change of direction, Minium Radi + 6° (150) ass bck 41220) + (205) las Hock: 6 (1850) + 12 (605) as lc: (2440) b> (5104270 Gloss Unit Masonry}0 GLASS BLOCK _-* Structural tel beam | or chanel Steel angles Backer odand sealant / Head Section ‘low for deletion: 2410} mina Expansion sep “(25 minum ap “ Hood Section Fel anchors extend into wallconstroction Sealant Expansion stip Jomb Section Jomb Section = Mortar ‘Asphatemulsion Ss concrete silor So mason ae Sil Seton Vertical Stifener Typical Glass Block Details Steel channel anchored ‘lintel construction ackerrod and sealant Expansion strip J *(25)mininu ep ‘Steel camel anchored ‘owall construction Backer od and sealant Expansion stip 1" (25) minimum ap Horizontal ot reinforcement + Gaharized dovetal anchors welded ste! tube or clunn Expansion strip ‘low fo diferent movement "(10) init ~~ Backerrod and sealant a ‘Alon for defection j 518 (0) ini L—~ Wood or metal stud ltl (Casing tim Sold locking Sealant — Pane anchors } Bpasionstnp Sur Head Section — Weod orca stud framing | Sol tacking —> Casing tom — Panel anchors (| seared tomb IP pansion strip i mb Section 7 Mortar Aalt emulsion Stel she support ip Backer rod and sealant Now for deflection; 24°10) minima Provide lateral suppor wth (25) ririmumtap or with pel anchers Horizontal Shelf SupportADOBE CONSTRUCTION 5.31 ‘Adobe and rammed-earth construction both use ee, tabla earth asthe prinary lng << material Current bling codes vary thee CVS acceptance of and requlrements for adobe and RA : rane earth constoctio. Howes the use of earth SS sabullng mata san com recess n mary areas ofthe word, andboth abe andranad- arth remain ow-cost alternative blding syste. ‘Adobe sundried cay masonry tration wen courtes wth ttle rafal Amoet.ay solhavinga 15 to 254 clay content ay be used forthe mud inure sos witha higher clay content may ei Yerpeing wth andor straw to ale satltctory bcs, Grveloroter coarse aggregate may makeup 50? the volume ofthe mi Te cng water should rot contain soled salts which an recrystalie and damage the brick upon drying -Adahe rick typically made near the pint fuse wth ol obtained fom the excavation of asters from supe from sit rain. Te mus ike by kandorby mecanical means nd castn oo or metal fos. tick are set level ground and wetted with waterto al separation of he unt ‘Aerial drying the uns are stacked on edge nt fully cred The ick units are extremely fragile urt completely dy + The dimensions of adobe ck vary according to local, bua commen iets 10 (255) x14 (855) x 2 ta4*(61 0100) hick Thier ck dy and care faster than thicker rics. Each rick can weigh 25 4030 pounds (Ito ka) * Stable or treated adobe contains an adie of portland cement, phat emulsion and other chemical compounds tithe water absorption ofthe bcs, * Alla lads for top-suported adobe calumns 10" 2050) igh + 10°428" (255x710) 120001h,(5400k3) + 16°x20" G55x510) 1,000, (5900) + 24%x24"(610x610) 28.0001. (12700) + 54e532for general rquements govering bth adobe ardrammed-earth construction Parapet ashing: ee 718 Buit-uprefing over rig ielation: see 758, Tongue ard-aroove decking beats supporting the oon adobe construction. Continuous tinker r concrete bord beam at ast 6 (150) dee, reforce concrete ram wth wo #4 bars minim, Gakanizd metal Fashng required head deal ‘ber orerorced concrete ites, (220) miu bearing esd ain locks are up wt the wal forthe tracert of oor and window jambs Bk, tle or wood sil with postive drainage 4100) concrete si ‘be rcks read wth mortar made othe sae materia vith ful sk ons only as thick as seoeeery to acommodateimeparts inthe bck ni Type M6, or mortar ma alo bused 4 (00) minum bonding length ‘Al untreated exterior walls shouldbe plastered on the tse with ortand cement stucco at east 3548 (19) thick ta protect against deterioration and less of strength de to mater loving across the val surfice. Galaized meta vce mesh enforcement Interiorplaster Mechanical tay Noisture arr to prevent heise of apllary nalsture Foundation als shouldbe alas as thick as the wal hey support, 6 (150] minimum above ish rade (5104290 Adobe Unit Mosony5,32 RAMMED-EARTH CONSTRUCTION + Ade andranmed-crta have low tensile strength ut a compressive strength of 300 pl (144¢a ormore + The strength of adobe and ranmad-earth construction es inthemass and homogeneous rata ofthe wal + We not as themaly efficent 4s other insulating materi, adobe and rammed: earths serve efectiely as thermal maze forheat storage. tT it 1 u " I lel Rammed earth also cal pls deter is another tratonal bulding material. tis essential ast mixture fc sit, sand and water that is compresced and did hin forms as wal constution. The soi mixcure shuld contain ss than 50" clay and st, anda maximum aggregate sizeof (610), Salwater should verb usedin the min, Rameed-earth walls ae constructed with slip forms 24 to 3" (610 to 91) high and 10'to 12 (5050 to 3660} lon. + Gomnersare formed frst th special foms, The damp solmicure (approximately 0% moisture content) isfuly compacted by hand or mechanical init ayers rot more than 6" (0) high before the net its placed ' Each should bond securely withthe preceding tt | + Structraloads cmot be placed ut the earth as fuly i die and cured | | General Requirements + Requirements fo adobe and rammed earth construction are simi. — Bond beams ae required to dseributerooleads and stable the tops of bearing wall, 35 wal as at each Foor level and at regular tens tomlin the required thickness: to- unsupported wal eight ratio, Bond beam shouldbe enforced against terion, especially at cones. i oo | Wood anchors for attaching door and window frames re cast vith the earth all Sound ourdations and ample ro overhangs that | tetera wa mangrove the ably af arhen traces, Minimum Wal Thickness: * 1 (456) fr the fret star of wo-story bearing wal upto 22:(6706) high and 2" (206) forthe second £ =| + 8° (205) fr intrioenoearing walls A + 12'(806) for one story bearing walls up to 12 (3660) high | Provide cross-al supprts @ 24 (756) oc. maximum ~~ Wrdow and dor openings shoud be no cose than 2-4° (Toto any come, ——— Thetatallngeh of wal openings shoud be lite to fof ‘the walletSTONE MASONRY 5,33 Natura stones durable weatheresisant construction material that maybe an mortar much ike cla and concrete masonry uit to mak oth bearing and nonbearing wal, Some Aiferences result tower from ta eglar shapes and aes orate, the uneven coursing of ahr masonry, andthe varying physical ‘ropertis of the cfterent types of stone that ‘aay ba used inthe el contract + Random rubble is a masonry wal of broken * Coursed rubble ts amasonry wall of ‘stones having decominuousbt approinately Iron stones having approsinately Natural stone may be handed with mortar and level beds or courses, The mortar joints are love bedoints and brought at alicaner aa vara usually kt backof the stone faces to intervals to continuous level courses. hove, nphaso th natural toe shapes + Ytot (15 1986 face its store'susedasataingvreerted oa oe Seay Concrete or masonry acup alo reve Ascoli the stone, ony orang cement and noncorosie es, anchors and acing shouldbe wed. Capper brass, nd roa may tan nde cern conitions. + e072 for stone wenee walls + See12.10 fora decussion of stone asa CT + Squared rubies a masonry wal bit of + Random ashlar ib with squared stones of varying ses ad coursed ‘stones in dicontnvous cures avery hid or fourthstone + Ashlarrefersto squared buiding stone + Coursed ashlar tof stones having + Broken angework is ashlar masonry aid i finely dressed onal faces adacet to the same hight witineach course, but herinenal courses of varying ight, ary those of other stones sas ope with each course varying in eit, ne of whch may be broken at intel into very thin mortar os ‘wo ormore courses. Rsictions masonry having te vise ‘aces he dreceed stones raised otherwise contrasted wth he horizontal and oualy the vertical jit, wich may be rabetved chamfered or ele + St t0°F¢ (101019) ace fats — 5104400 Stone34 STONE MASONRY Saye capige oe any Drpomeact side 1} (88) iia enter dovel Flashing Saddle copings sone twelthersieofa center dae. Twovertical dons perstone Step ashing oinrafers toa nterioranlect amazony wal or neo the stones or rcs foring such an ange, usualy ferent from aj surtacesty materia, texture colors, or projection Lon and-shorc wor san arrangement of ecanguar quoins or jambstones set alterataly riontally and vertical. Copestnes forma coping the ishing or protective course toan exer wal sly sloped or curved to shed water Distancia stonemoling wed asad as on acomice wera window or dooray. ‘Stone facing (100) minima (MU or forced concrete ackup whe Slush fill fo solid wal or createa continuous air space for cavity wall + Concrete may be waterprooed to prevent stalin, Noncerosve metal ties or anchorsin ovetal slots + 9087128 forstone veneer wall, Stone Masonry Backup Wall Stringcurseis a horiortl masonry couse fish wth or pjectng beyond the face ofa buldng, oftenmelded to mark a dision in ‘he wll Stongcourses ar azo known a8 bet courses —~ Watertablelea projecting stringcouse, rldng or edge placed 5a to divert rainwater from abuding +—— Pith isa continuous, sully projecting course of tones fooing the base or foundation of walSTRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING 5.35 Conventional steel-ramed structures are constructed of fom ey eee orld beams and cols oper web es, and tal decking. Since structural steels cial to werk one, fo ET oumssoytisicestinccay | aczardn design spectators: tis can esltin | eae |e rately fast precise construction | | + Column spacing = beam or iderspans. + Orient the webs of columns parallel to the shat axis of | rn en im ‘he structural frame or the dection alan whch the i structures most susceptible ta lateral forces. = + Orient the flanges on perimeter columns tothe outede to facilitate attachment of curtain nalls o tothe structural ame, ( x ’ Ly + Resistance tolatral wind and seismic res rques ‘he use of shear lanes, goal racing og Framing F 1 woh monet sisting connections. es >] oe ‘ pod -teasatenaeseghsdiate. ) bar] frees assembles or coatings are equ see A12 Inunprotacted noncombustible construction, steel rang maybe le xosed ll + See A.A for steel beams and floor Framing systems. a u uy A + $4e1208 fora discussion of steel as acorsiucton rater 5105100 Stud etl Foming5,36 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING ‘Wall units incapable of sparring between columns from loro for require secondary raring of mulons and sel angles. + The curtain wal framing or pares and ‘he supporting structural frame may respon diferent to variations in ‘erperatre and to gravity or wind loads Connection deals sould alow ‘or the drei movement betwcen ‘he wall and strucarl rae 36 wall pressureand suction. ——— If dagorals are ued tobrace the structural fae, ty wl afectthe desgnof the wall units + For genera information on curtain wal systems 60722-7124 + For glazed curtain wal, see 8.31. Because the colannsina ste ane structure ‘transfer the gravity ad lateral loads down tothe foundation system the exterior walls are essentially ronladbearng curtain walls, There are tee basic relationships that may be established between a structural steel frame snd the carta wal or lading ft supports + Colunnin front of he wal plane + Column within che wl plane + Gol bend the wal plane “The traning or panes of curtain wall maybe supported oe of wo ways = By the columns alone 11 asbetweer the wal units themselves. + Thewallmay be subject both wind — ao — 11111 bythe coms as elas by pane beans or ‘the cigs of or slabs Stony height wal pare'smay be suspended from the lor above _Nterataly, thay may be supported onthe oor below ‘Spandrel wal units are supported atone lor only. \ Freie foate Below the floor [= Orabove the footSTEEL COLUMNS 57.37 Tre most frequently used section focus isthe de ange (W) shape. e's sitable for comections to beamsin two decors, and al of es surtaces a accessible for making bled or welded commection. ] Other steel shapes used for columns ae round pipes {and square or rectangdla tubing Column sections | | may aloe fabricated from a numberof hapesor ' plates tof the deste end-use of3colur, + Wage + oud pipe + Rectangular o square uting + Compound cone are sta telcos encased in concrete at least: 2-1" (64 mm] thick. 1 reinforced with wire mesh, i} + Compete cunnrestecu steel eins | roi encased concer wth eth | vertical an spiral reinforcement, —— + mlern(h pel ~ ib li Trealawateload ona steel column depends ots sros6-sectional area and its slenderness ratio (Ur), tere (1 tthe unsyported length ofthe column inches and (othe least radi of ration forthe ross sectiono the cola. Estimating Guidelines fox Sta Columns + dusted tube colmn may suport up to 50 f (10 mo flor and ro area + G16 steel tubeclurm may support yp to 2400s (228m!) of oor andoct area. + Wéx6 ay support up to 75010 mo for and re area. + WExB may support to £3000 sf 279m? Roo and of area + WiOO may suppor upto 4500 (418 mo for and oot aea + wheal may suppor upto {6000s (557 mofo andro area + Wits may support yp to 12.000 IS?) of foor androt area + Golumn spacing beam span: ee 4.16. + Clunns are assumed ta have an eect leat of 2 (3660), + Increased sizes or weights are equ for columns supporting heavy ads rising a greater heights, or contritng to te etal stably of structure + Consuta strucarlengincefrfral design requirements, 5105120 Struct! Ste!