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Bridging Math Matrix

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. The order of a matrix refers to the number of rows and columns, written as m x n. Matrices can be added, subtracted, multiplied by a constant, and transposed. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix. The identity matrix I satisfies the properties AI = IA = A and AA-1 = A-1A = I. The inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix can be calculated. Simultaneous equations can be written and solved using matrix notation by setting up the equations as AX = B and solving for X = A-1B.

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38 views4 pages

Bridging Math Matrix

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. The order of a matrix refers to the number of rows and columns, written as m x n. Matrices can be added, subtracted, multiplied by a constant, and transposed. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix. The identity matrix I satisfies the properties AI = IA = A and AA-1 = A-1A = I. The inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix can be calculated. Simultaneous equations can be written and solved using matrix notation by setting up the equations as AX = B and solving for X = A-1B.

Uploaded by

Htoo Kyaw Hlaing
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices

Definitions
A Matrix is a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array.

The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix.

If there are m rows and n columns in a matrix, the order of the matrix is said to be an “m by n”
matrix, written “ m  n ”.

p q r
 s t u
 1 3 1 3 8
Example: (i)   , (ii)   , (iii)   .
 −2 6 22  2 −4 5 23 v w z
 
 2 5 8  43

Addition and Subtraction Matrices


In addition of matrices, the matrices must be in the same order.

5 9  3 4
Example: If A =   and B =   , find A + B, B + A, B − A and A − B.
 2 1  −2 1 

Multiplication with a Constant


When a matrix is multiplied by a constant number, all the entries in the matrix must be
multiplied by that constant number.

5 9 1
Example: If a matrix A =   , find 3 A, −6 A and A.
 2 1 2

Transpose of Matirces
The transpose of a matrix A is changing the entries of the row to the column and m  n matrix
A becomes n  m matrix AT or A.
Example: Find the transpose of each matrices:

p q r
 s t u
 1 3 1 3 8
(i)   , (ii)   , (iii)   .
 −2 6 22  2 −4 5 23 v w z
 
 2 5 8  43

Multiplication of Matrices
When the two matrices are multiplying, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal
to the number of rows in the second matrix and multiply the correspondence entries of nth row
from the 1st matrix by the correspondence entries of nth column from the 2nd matrix.

 2 −3 1
 2 4 2 3 1  1 2 4 
Example: If A =   ,B =   , C =  −1 1 1 and D = 
3 1 −2
, check
5 1  1 −2 −3  4 2 1 

the following that there is a multiplication exist or not.


(i) AB (ii) BA (iii) AD (iv) DA (iv) CB (v) CB (vi) AA (v) CD (vi) DC
Identities Matrix (I)

1 0 
The identities matrix is I =   and it has the following properties:
 0 1 
(i) AI = IA = A

(ii) AA−1 = A−1 A = I

2 4 5 9
Example: Prove the above (i) and (ii) when (a) A =   (b) B =  
5 1   2 1

Inverse of a 2 × 2 Matrix

a b 
The inverse of a matrix A =   is defined as
c d 

1  d −b 
A−1 =
det A  −c a 
,

1  d −b 
det A = ad − bc  A−1 =
ad − bc  −c a 
.

Example: Find the inverse of the following matrices:

2 4 5 9  1 3
(i) A =   (ii) B =   (iii)  
5 1   2 1  −2 6 

Solving Simultaneous Equations


When the two simultaneous equations are: ax + by = r , px + qy = t

 a b   x  r 
The matrices equation form as    =  
 p q  y  t 

 a b  x r 
By letting A =   , X =   , B =   , the equation becomes
 p q  y t 
AX = B
AA−1 X = A−1B
IX = A−1B
X = A −1 B

Exercises
Solve the following by changing matrix form:
(i) 2 x + 3 y = 7,3 x + 4 y = 10.
(ii) 2 x + 3 y = 9, x + y = 4
(iii) 2m − 4n = −20,3n − 3m = 12
(iv) 6 g + 5h = 40,3 g − 2h = 11

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