OVERVIEW

Module 1 introduces the students to Load Classification, the Concept of Stress, its
units, calculation and measurement. Through discussions and presentations, the student
will learn the load classification, concept of stress, its types and how to calculate it based
on free-body diagrams of the problem. The module end with activities to assess and
evaluate the knowledge learned by the student.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the student should be able to:

1. Explain the definitions of each branch of engineering science.

2. Describe similarities and differences between mechanics of rigid bodies and
deformable bodies.

Module Guide

This module is an introduction to this course and so, you should take note of the
following:

➢ A review of your previous mathematics subjects will help you greatly in

understanding the topic at hand.
➢ Read the learning outcomes of this module for you to determine the focus of our
topic.
➢ The illustrative problems discuss the technique of solution as well as the
application of principles.
➢ Solve the exercises that are provided for you after every subtopic.
➢ Studying the example problems helps, but the most effective way of learning the
principles of the topic is to solve problems.
➢ To be successful at this, it is important to always present the work in a logical and
orderly manner, as suggested by the following sequence of steps:
• Read the problem carefully and try to correlate the actual physical situation
with the theory studied.
• Tabulate the problem data and draw to a large scale any necessary
diagrams.
• Apply the relevant principles, generally in mathematical form. When writing
any equations, be sure they are dimensionally homogeneous.
• Solve the necessary equations, and report the answer with no more than
three significant figures.
• Study the answer with technical judgment and common sense to determine
whether or not it seems reasonable.

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
Module Requirements

➢ Solve the exercises and write them in an A4 bond paper with 1” x 1” borderline for
uniformity.
➢ Have it stapled at the upper left hand corner of the bond paper. Please do not use
folder, however you can place it inside an envelope to avoid from getting lost during
its transportation.
➢ Activities with erasures will not be accepted.
➢ Take a picture of your solution/s and send it thru messenger. This serves as your
initial submission.

LEARNING PLAN

LOAD CLASSIFICATION AND CONCEPT OF STRESSES

KEY TERMS

Before we proceed with our topic, let us first define some important terms so that you will
better understand the lesson well. Stress is defined as the strength of a material per
unit area. It is the internal resistance of a material to the action of external forces. Stress
is the perpendicular force acting on a surface divided by the area of the surface.

Tensile stress – stress caused by an external force applied which tends to elongate the
body.

Compressive stress – stress due to an applied force which tends to shorten the body.

Shear stress – stress due to a force applied in such a way as to cause a portion of the
body to move past over another portion.

Bearing stress – Bearing stress is stress which is compressive in nature, produced or

induced between two surfaces in contact.

Activating Student’s Schemata

The study of deformable bodies involves force equilibrium, material behavior and
specimen geometry. We must determine the strength, stiffness, and stability of a body.
This laboratory will involve a number of experiments that will help determine the
properties of various materials, as well as the response (strength, stiffness, and stability)
of different components under various loads. Understanding and applying the topics of
Mechanics of Materials requires the integration of physics, statics, mathematics,
computer skills, laboratory analyses, and written communication skills.

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
Fundamental Concepts

Engineering science is usually subdivided into number of topics such as

1. Solid Mechanics
2. Fluid Mechanics

Properties of materials and soon Although there are close links between them in terms of
the physical principles involved and methods of analysis employed.
The solid mechanics as a subject may be defined as a branch of applied mechanics that
deals with behaviors of solid bodies subjected to various types of loadings. This is usually
subdivided into further two streams i.e. Mechanics of rigid bodies or simply Mechanics
and Mechanics of deformable solids.

The mechanics of deformable solids which is branch of applied mechanics is known by

several names i.e. strength of materials, mechanics of materials etc.

Mechanics of rigid bodies:

The mechanics of rigid bodies is primarily concerned with the static and dynamic behavior
under external forces of engineering components and systems which are treated as
infinitely strong and undeformable Primarily we deal here with the forces and motions
associated with particles and rigid bodies.

Mechanics of deformable solids:

The mechanics of deformable solids is more concerned with the internal forces and
associated changes in the geometry of the components involved. Of particular importance
are the properties of the materials used, the strength of which will determine whether the
components fail by breaking in service, and the stiffness of which will determine whether
the amount of deformation they suffer is acceptable. Therefore, the subject of mechanics
of materials or strength of materials is central to the whole activity of engineering design.
Usually, the objectives in analysis here will be the determination of the stresses, strains,
and deflections produced by loads. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have
an equal role in this field.

Analysis of stress and strain:

Concept of stress: Let us introduce the concept of stress as we know that the main
problem of engineering mechanics of material is the investigation of the internal
resistance of the body, i.e. the nature of forces set up within a body to balance the effect
of the externally applied forces.

The externally applied forces are termed as loads. These externally applied forces may
be due to any one of the reasons.

(i) due to service conditions

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
 (ii) due to environment in which the component works
(iii) through contact with other members
(iv) due to fluid pressures
(v) due to gravity or inertia forces.

As we know that in mechanics of deformable solids, externally applied forces act on a

body and body suffers a deformation. From equilibrium point of view, this action should
be opposed or reacted by internal forces which are set up within the particles of material
due to cohesion.

These internal forces give rise to a concept of stress. Therefore, let us define a stress
Therefore, let us define a term stress.

Stress: Stress is defined as the force intensity or force per unit area. Here we use a
symbol 𝜎 to represent the stress.

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Units and conversion

The basic units of stress are:

a. English unit – psi
b. SI (metric) unit – Newtons/meter2 1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa
103 Pa = 1 kiloPascal
106 Pa = 1 MPa
109 Pa = 1 GPa
c. CGS unit – dynes (not commonly used)

TYPES OF STRESSES:

Only two basic stresses exist: (1) normal stress and (2) shear stress. Other stresses either
are similar to these basic stresses or are a combination of these e.g. bending stress is a
combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Torsional stress, as encountered
in twisting of a shaft is a shearing stress.

Let us define the normal stresses and shear stresses in the following sections.

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
Normal stresses, 𝝈: We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are
normal to the areas concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The normal
stresses are generally denoted by a Greek letter (𝜎)

This is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the stresses act only in one
direction however, such a state rarely exists, therefore we have biaxial and triaxial state
of stresses where either the two mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three
mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts as shown in the figures below:

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
Tensile or compressive stresses:

The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive whether the stresses act out of
the area or into the area

Shear stresses:

Let us consider now the situation, where the cross – sectional area of a block of material
is subject to a distribution of forces which are parallel, rather than normal, to the area
concerned. Such forces are associated with a shearing of the material, and are referred
to as shear forces. The resulting forces are known as shear stresses.

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
However, it must be borne in mind that the stress (resultant stress) at any point in a body
is basically resolved into two components 𝜎 and 𝜏 one acts perpendicular and other
parallel to the area concerned, as it is clearly defined in the following figure

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
The single shear takes place on the single plane lap joint and the shear area is the cross
𝑃
- sectional of the rivet or 𝜏 = 𝐴 whereas the double shear takes place in the case of
Butt joints of rivets and the shear area is the twice of the X - sectional area of the rivet or
𝑃
𝜏 = 2𝐴

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
Bearing Stress: When one object presses against another, it is referred to a bearing
stress (They are in fact the compressive stresses).

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM NO.1: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm
must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

SOLUTION:

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Where:

𝑃 = 400000𝑁

𝑁
𝜎 = 120
𝑚𝑚2

𝑑 = 100 𝑚𝑚

𝜋 2
𝐴= (𝐷 − 𝑑 2 )
4

Substituting,

𝑁 𝜋 2
400000 𝑁 = 120 [ (𝐷 − 1002 ]
𝑚𝑚2 4

𝑑 = 119.35 𝑚𝑚

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM N0.2: The homogeneous bar shown below is supported by
a smooth pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find
the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000lb.

SOLUTION:

𝛴𝑀𝑐 = 0

3𝑇
5𝑇 + 10 ( ) − 5(6000 𝑙𝑏) = 0
√34

𝑇 = 2957.13 𝑙𝑏

Solving for the stress,

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
 𝑇
𝜎=
𝐴

Where:
𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4
𝜋
𝐴= (0.6)2
4

𝐴 = 0.28 𝑖𝑛2

Substitute values

2957.13 𝑙𝑏
𝜎=
0.28 𝑖𝑛2

𝑙𝑏
𝜎 = 10561.2
𝑖𝑛2

= 10561.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑁
= 72774629.1
𝑚2

= 72774629.1 𝑃𝑎

= 72.77 𝑀𝑃𝑎

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM NO.3: A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a

shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a)
Compute the maximum thickness of the plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can
be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole
that can be punched.

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
SOLUTION:

(a) Maximum Thickness of Plate

Based on punching strength:

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
From which,
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
𝜋
𝑃 = 𝜎 ( 𝑑2)
4

Substitute values, we have,

𝜋
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [ (2.5 𝑖𝑛)2 ]
4

𝑃 = 78.125 𝜋 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (equivalent shear force of the plate)

based on the shear strength of the plate:

𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
From which,
𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴

Solving for area,

𝑉
𝐴=
𝜏
𝑉
𝜋𝑑𝑡 =
𝜏

Substitute values, we have

78.125 𝜋 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜋(2.5 𝑖𝑛)(𝑡) =
40 𝑘𝑠𝑖

78.125 𝜋 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑡=
(40 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(𝜋)(2.5 𝑖𝑛)

𝑡 = 0.781 𝑖𝑛

(b) Diameter of Smallest Hole:

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
Based on the compression of puncher:

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
From which,
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
𝜋
𝑃 = 𝜎 ( 𝑑2)
4

Substituting values, we have,

𝜋
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [ 𝑑2 ]
4

𝑃 = 39.27𝑑2 (equivalent shear force of the plate)

Based on the shear strength of the plate:

𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
From which,
𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴

𝑉 = 𝜏(𝜋𝑑𝑡)

Substitute values, we have

39.27 𝑑2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 40 𝑘𝑠𝑖[𝜋𝑑(0.25 𝑖𝑛)]

From which,
𝑑 = 0.81 𝑖𝑛

ASSIGNED READINGS

Read your reference books in Mechanics of Deformable Bodies. Solve more similar
problems from the exercises given above.

ASSESSMENT

Your activity will serve as your assessment for this module.

FEEDBACK

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024
You have recalled your previous lessons in your algebra, trigonometry and physics. You
have also acquired new knowledge from the discussion given and was able to solve
problems on your own. You should solve more problems because it will give you the
needed skills and understanding of the techniques in solving problems related to the topic
being discussed.

SUMMARY

SUGGESTED READINGS

You can also try to access the internet, aside from your reference books. You can access
mathalino.com. You can watch you tube, just search for our topic and you will see videos
of professors discussing about these topics that we have undertaken in this module.

REFERENCES:

Hibbeler, R.C., Mechanics of Materials, Tenth Edition

Pytel, A. & Kiusalaas, J., Strength of Materials, Philippine edition
Singer & Pytel., Strength of Materials, 3rd edition

ES 312 (Strength of Materials)

1st semester, SY 2023-2024