Chapter (14)

Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

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14.1 The Work of a Force
The force F acting on the particle in Fig, if the particle moves
along the path s from position r to a new position r  the displacement
is then dr . The magnitude of dr is ds .

The Work dU  F cos  ds (N  m  J )

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Work of a Variable Force
If the particle undergoes a finite displacement along its path from
r1 to r2 or s1to s2 , in Figure, the work is determined by integration.
If F is expressed as a function of position, F  F (s).

r2 s2
U12   F .dr   F cos  ds
r1 s1

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Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line
If the force Fc has a constant magnitude and acts at a constant angle 
from its straight-line path, Fig (a), then the component of Fc in the
direction of displacement is always Fc cos  .The work done by Fc when
the particle is displaced from s1 to s2 is determined .

(a) (b)

U12  F cos  (s2  s1 )

s2
U12  F cos   ds
s1

The work of Fc represents the area of the rectangle in Fig (b). 4

 Work of a Weight
Consider a particle of weight W, which moves up along the path s
shown in Figure from position s1to position s2. At an intermediate point, the
displacement dr  dxi  dyj  dzk .Since W  W j

U12   F . dr    W j 
. dx i  dy j  dz k 
r2

r1
y2
   W dy  W ( y2  y1 )
y1

U12  W y

-Weight and displacement are same direction, positive work results

-Weight and displacement are opposite to one another, negative work results
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Work of a Spring Force
s2 s2
U1 2   Fs ds   k s ds
s1 s1

1 2 1 2
 k s2  k s1
2 2

1 2 1 2
U12   k s2  k s1 
2 2 

# Both (Force & displacement) are same direction, positive work results
# Force and displacement are opposite to one another, negative work results 6
Example(14.1)
The 10-kg block shown in Figure rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done by all the forces acting on the
block when a horizontal force P  400 N pushes the block up the plane s  2 m.
Solution:
m  10 kg
W  m g  10(9.81)  98.1 N
P  400 N , k  30 N / m ,
s1  0.5 m, s2  0.5  2  2.5 m
Total work done, U T  ?
Horizontal Force P,
U P  400 N (2 cos 30 )  692.82 N  m( J )
Another method,
U P  (400 cos 30 )2  692.82 N  m( J ) 7
Example(14.1)
Spring Force FS ,
1 1 
U S   k s22  k s12 
2 2 
1 2
  302.5  300.5   90 J
2 1
2 2 
Weight W ,
UW  W y  98.1 2 sin 30  98.1 J
Another method,
 
UW  W y   98.1 sin 30  2  98.1 J
Normal Force N B ,
NB  0
Total work done U T ,
U T  U P  U S  UW  N B
U T  692.82  90  98.1  0  505 J Ans
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14.2 Principle of Work and Energy
If the particle has a mass m and is subjected to a system of
external forces represented by the resultant FR   F ,then the equation of
motion for the particle in the tangential direction is Ft  m at , kinematic
equation at ds  v dv , s  s1 , v  v1 , s  s2 , v  v2
 F  ma
t t

 F  mv dv ds
t

  F ds  
s2 v2
t mv dv
s1 v1

1 1
 s1 t 2 2 2 1
s2
F ds  m v 2
 m v 2

1 1
m v1    Ft ds  m v22
s2
2

2 s1 2

T1  U12  T2 
 1 2
T , T 
1
m v 2
 Initial & final kinetic energy


 2  9
Example(14.4)
The platform P, shown in Fig.(a), has negligible mass and is tied down so that the
0.4-m-long cords keep a 1-m-long spring compressed 0.6 m when nothing is on the platform.
If a 2-kg block is placed on the platform and released from rest after the platform is pushed
down 0.1 m, Fig.(b), determine the maximum height h the block rises in the air, measured
from the ground.

Solution:
m  2 kg
W  m g  2(9.81)  19.62 N
k  200 N / m ,
Initial Compression in spring , (a) (b)
s1  0.6  0.1  0.7 m,
Final Compression in spring ,
s2  0.6 m

Maximum height, h  ?
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Example(14.4)

Principle of Work and Energy,

T1  U12  T2
1 1
m v1  U12  m v22
2

2 2
1 1 1  1 (a) (b)
m v12   k s22  k s12   W y  m v22
2 2 2  2
1 2
0    200  0.6   200  0.7    19.62 h  0.3  0
2 1
2 2 
13  19.62 h  0.3  0

Maximum height, h  0.963 m Ans

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14.4 Power and Efficiency
Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of
time. The power generated by a machine or engine that performs an
amount of work dU within the time interval dt is

dU
Power P J / s  watt (W )
dt
dU F .dr dr
P   F .  F .v P  F .v
dt dt dt
Efficiency N.m / s  J / s  watt
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is defined as the
ratio of the output of useful power produced by the machine to the
input of power supplied to the machine.
power output 1W  1 J / s  1N  m / s

power input 1hp  746W 12
Example(14.7)
The motor M of the hoist shown in Figure operates with an efficiency of ℇ = 0.85.
Determine the power that must be supplied to the motor to lifts the 400 N crate C at the
instant point P on the cable has a acceleration of 1 m/s2 and velocity of 0.5 m/s .Neglect
the mass of the pulley and cable .

Solution:
WC  400 N
aP  1 m / s 2 , vP  0.5 m /s 0.85
  0.85
Power input = ?
Form the free body diagram,

  Fy  may
400
 2T  400 N  aC ...........(1)
9.81 400 N 13
Example(14.7)
2sC  sP  l
d (2sC  sP ) dl
 , 2aC  aP
dt dt
aP
aC    0.5 m / s 2 ..........(2)
2
400
 2T  400 N  aC
9.81
 2T  400 N 
400
 0.5 T  210 N
9.81
The power output, measured in units of horsepower,
required to draw the cable in at a rate of 0.5m/s,
P  T .v  210 N 0.5 m / s   105W
power output 105 400 N
power input    123.5W Ans
 0.85
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14.6 Conservation of Energy

T1  V1  T2  V2

 1 
 1 2
T , T  m v 2
 Initial & final kinetic energy 
 2 
 1 2 
 1 2
V , V  k s  m g y  Initial & final Potential Energy 
 2 
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Example(14.11)
A smooth 2-kg collar C, shown in Figure, fits loosely on the vertical shaft. If
the spring is unstretched when the collar is in the position A, determine the speed at
which the collar is moving when y = 1 m, if (a) it is released from rest at A, and (b)
it is released at A with an upward velocity v A  2 m / s.
Solution:
m  2 kg
W  m g  2(9.81)  19.62 N
k  3 N / m,
(a) If v A  0 , vC  ?
(b) If v A  2 m / s , vC  ?

(a) If v A  0 , vC  ?

CB  12  0.752  1.25 m
sCB  1.25  0.75  0.5 m
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Example(14.11)
Conservation of energy,
TA  VA  TC  VC
1 1 2 
00  m vC2   k sCB  m g y
2 2 
1 
0  0  2 vC   30.5  2  9.811
1 2 2

2 2 

vC  4.39 m / s  Ans
(b) If v A  2 m / s , vC  ?
Conservation of energy,
TA  VA  TC  VC
1 1 1 2 
m v A2  0  m vC2   k sCB  m g y
2 2 2 
1
222  0  1 2vC2   1 30.52  2  9.811 vC  4.82 m / s Ans
2 2 2 
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End

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