fe course www.gec-academy.
om
MATRICES
1
fe course www.gec-academy.om
MATRICES
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into
rows and columns.. The element aij refers to row i and
column j.
Matrix Order
The number of rows and columns that a matrix has is called
its order or its dimension
2
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Types of Matrices
Unity or Identity Matrix
Null or Zero Matrix
A null (zero) matrix is any matrix in which all the elements have zero values. It is
usually denoted as 0.
3
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Rectangular Matrix
A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if
the number of rows is not equal to the number
of columns. For example,
Square Matrix
A matrix is said to be a square matrix if the
number of rows is equal to the number of
columns. For example,
4
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Symmetric Matrix
A symmetric matrix is a square matrix in which aij = aji
Skew Symmetric
A skew-symmetric matrix is square matrix with
all values on the principal diagonal equal to
zero and with off-diagonal values given such
that aij = -aji.
5
fe course www.gec-academy.om
diagonal matrix:
A square matrix in which all elements are zero except those in the main or
principal diagonal is called a diagonal matrix. Some elements of the
principal diagonal may be zero but not all.
scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same, is called a scalar matrix
6
fe course www.gec-academy.om
An upper triangular matrix is a square
matrix where all the elements located
below the diagonal are zeros
A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where
all the elements located above the diagonal are
zeros. For example
7
fe course www.gec-academy.om
A row matrix is a matrix with only one row.
A column matrix is a matrix with only one column.
is also called a vector matrix.
Transpose
8
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Matrix Operations
The primary arithmetic operations are
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• matrix inversion
Addition
9
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Multiplication of Two Matrices
10
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Determinant of a matrix
Determinants of 2 x 2 Matrices
11
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Determinants of 3 x 3
Matrices
12
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Properties of the Determinant:
• If two rows or two columns of a
determinant are interchanged, the sign of
the determinant is changed but its absolute
value is unchanged.
• If every element of a row or column of a
determinant is zero, the value of the
determinant is zero
• The determinant of the product of two
matrices is equal to the product of the
determinants of the two matrices, that is
|AB| = |A||B|.
13
fe course www.gec-academy.om
• If every element of a row or column of a
determinant is zero, the value of the
determinant is zero. For example
• If two rows or columns of a determinant are
identical, the value of the determinant is
zero
• If every element of a row or column of a
determinant is multiplied by the same
constant K, the value of the determinant is
multiplied by that constant
• The determinant of a diagonal matrix is
equal to the product of its diagonal
elements
14
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Cofactors
15
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Inverse of a Matrix
16
fe course www.gec-academy.om
17
fe course www.gec-academy.om
18
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Properties of matrix
19
fe course www.gec-academy.om
20
fe course www.gec-academy.om
21
fe course www.gec-academy.om
22
fe course www.gec-academy.om
23
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Singular and Non-singular Matrices
A square matrix A is called singular if |A| = 0
and is non-singular if |A| ,
24
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Matrix Singularity
• If the inverse of a matrix A exists, then A is
said to be nonsingular.
• If the inverse of a matrix A does not exist, then
A is said to be singular.
25
fe course www.gec-academy.om
rank of a matrix
• The rank of a matrix is the maximum number of independent
rows (or, the maximum number of independent columns)
For an r x c matrix,
If r is less than c, then the maximum rank of the matrix is r.•
If r is greater than c, then the maximum rank of the matrix is c•
The rank of a matrix would be zero only if the matrix had no elements. If
a matrix had even one element, its minimum rank would be one.
The rank of the matrix is equal to the number of non-zero
rows after reducing a matrix to row echelon form, using
elementary matrix operations with rows and columns.
26
fe course www.gec-academy.om
echelon form
A matrix is in echelon form when:
1. All rows consisting entirely of 0 are at the bottom of the matrix.
2. For each nonzero row, the first entry is 1. The first entry is called a leading 1.
3. For two successive nonzero rows, the leading 1 in the higher row appears
farther to the left than the leading 1 in the lower row.
Elementary row operations:
(1) to multiply a row by some constant
(2) to add a scalar multiple of a row to another row;
(3) to interchange two rows
27
fe course www.gec-academy.om
28
fe course www.gec-academy.om
Full Rank Matrices
When all of the vectors in a matrix are linearly independent, the
matrix is said to be full rank. Consider the
matrices A and B below
Notice that row 2 of matrix A is a scalar multiple of row 1; that is, row 2 is
equal to twice row 1. Therefore, rows 1 and 2 are linearly dependent.
Matrix A has only one linearly independent row, so its rank is 1. Hence,
matrix A is not full rank
29
fe course www.gec-academy.om
notes
30
fe course www.gec-academy.om
31
fe course www.gec-academy.om
• The correct answer is (C). Since the matrix has more than zero
elements, its rank must be greater than zero. And since it has
fewer rows than columns, its maximum rank is equal to the
maximum number of linearly independent rows. And because
neither row is linearly dependent on the other row, the matrix
has 2 linearly independent rows; so its rank is 2
32
fe course www.gec-academy.om
33
fe course www.gec-academy.om
The correct answer is (C). Since the matrix has more than
zero elements, its rank must be greater than zero. And since
it has fewer columns than rows, its maximum rank is equal
to the maximum number of linearly independent columns.
Columns 1 and 2 are independent, because neither can be
derived as a scalar multiple of the other. However, column 3
is linearly dependent on columns 1 and 2, because column 3
is equal to column 1 plus column 2. That leaves the matrix
with a maximum of two linearly independent columns; that
is., column 1 and column 2. So the matrix rank is 2.
34
fe course www.gec-academy.om
SOLUTIONS FOR SYSTEMS OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR
EQUATIONS
Cramer's rule.
35
fe course www.gec-academy.om
36
fe course www.gec-academy.om
37
fe course www.gec-academy.om
38
fe course www.gec-academy.om
SOLUTIONS FOR SYSTEMS OF SIMULTANEOUS
LINEAR EQUATIONS
Consider the following system of linear equations: Ax = b where A is a (m x n) matrix
of known coefficients, x is a (n x 1) vector of unknown variables, and b is a (m x 1)
vector of known coefficients.
Define the matrix A|b as the augmented matrix of A. This is just
the matrix A with the b vector attached on the end. The dimension
of A|b is therefore (m x (n+1)).
39
fe course www.gec-academy.om
40
fe course www.gec-academy.om
41
