TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC

TEA-DERIVED BIOPLASTIC: A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO

TRADITIONAL PLASTICS

A Quantitative Research Presented to the Fidelis Senior High School Department

First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities

2 Pres. Laurel Highway, Tanauan City Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

Practical Research II, Capstone, Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

For Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

Research by:

Alcantara, John Ralph M.

Carandang, Kiel Albretch M.

De Guzman, Lynuel Zyra V.

Dimaano, Seth Andray A.

Logo, Ashley Nicole S.

March 2023
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………...

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………… i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………… ii

DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………. iii

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….......... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….. v

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………… viii

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………......... ix

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ………………………………………………………… 1

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………... 4

Significance of the Study …………………………………………... 4

Scope and Delimitation …………………………………………….. 6

Limitations ………………………………………………………….. 6

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………….. 7

 TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC vi

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 8

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature …………………………………………......... 13

Synthesis …………………………………………………………… 20

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design ……………………………………………………. 23

Product Development …………………………………………….. 23

Methods of Collecting Data ……………………………………….. 24

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, & INTERPRETATION OF DATA 26

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary ………………………………….………………………... 34

Conclusion ………………………………………………………….. 34

Recommendation ……….…………………………………………... 35

REFERENCES …….…………………….……………………………… 37
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC vii

APPENDICES

Proposed Strategies…………………………………………………

Informed Consent ………………………………………………….

Approval Letters ………………………………….………………..

Tool for Validity …………………………………………………...

CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………….…………..

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

4.1 Tensile Strength Test 26

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1.1 Conceptual Framework 7

4.1 Trial 1 During Durability Testing 27

4.2 Trial 2 During Durability Testing 27

4.3 Trial 3 During Durability Testing 27

4.4 Trial 1 After 24 hours During Water Resistance Testing 28

4.5 Trial 1 After 48 hours During Water Resistance Testing 28

4.6 Trial 2 After 1-hour During Water Resistance Testing 29

4.7 Trial 2 After 24 hours During Water Resistance Testing 29

4.8 Trial 3 After 5 and a half-hour During Water Resistance 30

Testing

4.9 Trial 3 After 24 hours During Water Resistance Testing 30

4.10 Trial 1 After 7 days During Soil Burial Testing 31

4.11 Trial 1 After 2 weeks During Soil Burial Testing 31

4.12 Trial 2 After 7 days During Soil Burial Testing 32

4.13 Trial 2 After 2 weeks During Soil Burial Testing 32

4.14 Trial 3 After 7 days During Soil Burial Testing 32

4.15 Trial 3 After 2 weeks During Soil Burial Testing 32

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, statement of the problem,

significance of the study, scope and delimitation, limitations of the study, conceptual

framework, and definition of terms.

Introduction

As time passes by, plastics continue to increase abnormally which pollutes the

environment severely and gradually puts people in the most critical situation. According

to the market study of The World Bank of the Philippines (2021), around 2.7 million tons

of plastics are becoming waste and 20 percent of it goes to the ocean. Disposing of these

plastics has become the biggest question for an extended time. A prediction by Parker of

National Geographic (2020), by 2030, the number of plastics circulating in the waterways

and the ocean may double up to 22 million tons and possibly as much as 58 million tons a

year. If people do not give a response regarding managing the waste that is already in

place, the number of plastics will reach around 90 million tons by 2030. On that account,

substituting biodegradable materials for fossil-fuel-based plastics is essential to

substantially reduce the pollution caused by the use of plastics such as climate change. In

response, the researchers chose to manufacture bioplastics produced from a tea solution

in an attempt to reduce the usage of plastics and possibly influence the perceptions of

young people regarding the use of this material as a plastic substitute.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 2

Ezgi Bezirhan Arikan and Havva Duygu Ozsoy (2015) said that bioplastics, from

the word ‘bio’, are plastics that are made from renewable sources that can be broken

down or decompose naturally into biomass and biogases through exposure to microbial

environments and humidity, similar to those found in soil, thereby reducing plastic waste.

In the same way, according to the study of Chatkitanan, Harnkarnsujarit, Laorenza, et al

(2021), bioplastics are durable materials that can be used to replace traditional plastics

derived from petroleum in environmentally friendly food packaging. In their study they

find out that using functional bioplastic packaging to extend the shelf life of packaged

foods can decrease food loss and waste, promoting sustainable food production. In line

with that, according to Cao, Jiang, Jiang, et al (2021), due to the outstanding antioxidant

and antibacterial characteristics of tea polyphenols (TP), it is widely considered to be a

desirable additive component for increasing the qualities of biodegradable food films.

Also, they have said that the addition of TP increased the effectiveness of the active

packaging film in food preservation applications, hence accelerating the replacement of

conventional plastic-based food packaging with active packaging film. In addition,

according to Amin, Asiri, Chowdhury, et al. (2023), who have conducted research on

bioplastic derived from ginger and green tea; all bioplastics generated from tea are

extremely biodegradable. On the other hand, they concluded that bioplastics made from

green tea had low results in the elongation test, but high numbers in the durability test.

This study demonstrates that the use of tea in the production of bioplastics can improve

their mechanical qualities.

Due to the negative effects on the land and marine ecosystem in the Philippines,

almost 21 years ago, the Government of the Philippines implemented a law prohibiting
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 3

single-use plastics; Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2001 (Alegado, 2020). In addition, here in Tanauan City, during the term of Mayor

Halili, the city government implemented City Ordinance 2012-05 prohibiting the use of

plastic bags or ‘plastic labo’ and the selling of plastic bags in the city (Silva, 2013). As a

result, the people in the Tanauan were required to use paper bags and eco bags, however,

since this material is not as durable as the plastic bags it tends to tear or break easily. That

is why the researchers aim to produce a sustainable and more durable kind of plastic and

at the same time, a plastic made of renewable materials to lessen the use of fossil-fuel-

based materials.

Furthermore, due to the lack of machinery that can help to improve and test the

effectiveness of the produced prototype, this research might not be able to produce

numerical data that can support the validity of this research. To address this research gap,

the researchers thoroughly searched for alternative solutions to perform testing

procedures even without machineries. With that, the researchers will not produce

numerical results but results in a form of words to briefly present the gathered data from

the prototype of this research.

Finally, even though plastics have a variety of applications and help to ease the

everyday life of people, the generation of synthetic plastics has reached billions of tons;

thus, resulting in different kinds of environmental issues. Conventional plastics have the

drawback of naturally degrading over the years because of being made from non-

renewable resources such as fossil fuels. In light of this, the study contends that

individuals should use renewable resources to their fullest potential. Rather than using

non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels in making plastics, people should use
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 4

biodegradable materials since it is non-toxic and can decompose naturally. In addition to

the existing different kinds of bioplastics, the researchers are proposing a bioplastic made

from the tea solution.

Statement of the Problem

The primary objective of this study is to create a sustainable plastic from tea

solution and starch in order to reduce the use of conventional plastic

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of functionality does the bioplastic made of tea solution and

starch have in terms of:

1.1. Durability;

1.2. Biodegradability

1.3. Water Resistance?

2. Is there a significant effect when a tea solution and starch-based bioplastic is

added with:

2.1. Vinegar; and

2.2. Glycerin?

3. Is there a significant effect when a tea solution and starch-based bioplastic is

exposed to water?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to lessen the use of plastics that take too long to decompose or

biodegrade. In the same sense, this study aims to develop a biodegradable plastic through
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 5

tea solution in order for the aforementioned to be attained. Furthermore, the findings in

this study will be beneficial to the following:

Environment. The increase in non-biodegradable plastic waste is damaging to

the environment. Plastic is one of the major contributors to global warming and takes 20

to 500 years to break down. This study will be beneficial to the environment because

bioplastics can help reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and the harmful environmental

effects of plastic.

Government. This study may assist the Tanauan City government in

understanding the consequences of producing and using plastic to the environment. The

government may implement some programs to raise awareness that will aid in solving the

aforementioned.

Community. This experimentation will be beneficial to the people residing in

Tanauan City community as it will lessen the use of the traditional fossil-fuel plastics

which mostly contribute to the pollution and solid waste problems.

Students. This study will be beneficial to students seeing that this research brings

awareness especially to the conventional plastic issues.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guide in conducting similar

studies on this topic, hence, researchers may use this study for further improvements.
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 6

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to use bioplastics as an alternative product to reduce the use of

plastics that do not decompose over several years. It is to measure the effectiveness of

combining tea solution and starch, specifically, cornstarch in making bioplastics. In

addition, its focal point is to measure only the physical properties of the bioplastic itself

and not to compare to other types of plastics such as the conventional ones.

On the other hand, this study set its delimitations by only having three samples in

which it will have three different measurements in terms of its ingredients, specifically,

glycerin and vinegar. This is to identify the right measurement in making bioplastic that

is comparable with the conventional plastics. Additionally, the proponents of this

research also delimit its data gathering procedure by conducting only three self-handed

testing procedures to measure the functionality of each sample. The factors of bioplastic

that need technical tools and machineries to test such as food sustainability of the product

will be excluded by the researchers. Therefore, only properties that a typical plastic

should have are the only expected factors that will be observed in this research.

Moreover, since the researchers delimited its data gathering procedures to self-handed

testing procedures, participation of respondents will be disregarded in this research.

Limitations

The potential drawback of this research is that it will be confined to self-reported

data, which means that the data will be erroneous when compared against data collected

professionally. Also, the testing procedures will only be limited to three factors;

durability, water resistance and biodegradability. Factors such as food sustainability will
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 7

not be covered in this research as it requires technical parameters and tools that are

beyond the researcher’s capability. Moreover, in terms of the product itself, due to lack of

expertise in this type of field, there are some imperfections in the product such as its

appearance. To sum up, the presented cases limit the functionality of the product and the

research itself.

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Materials needed for I. Brewing Tea

making bioplastic II. Making

tea: Bioplastics

III. Molding Bioplastic made

● Lipton Lemon
Plastic films from Tea Solution
Tea solution
and Starch
● Distilled 3.1. Drying

Water
3.2. Testing
● Cornstarch

● Vinegar IV. Analysis

● Glycerin

Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 8

The researchers accustomed the Input-Process-Output paradigm to serve a

systematic structure to produce a biodegradable plastic out of tea solution. It also allows

the researchers to conduct observations to attain the objectives of the study.

Substantially, the paradigm presented above includes three significant parts which

are divided into three significant parts of Input, Process, and Output. The input

component, in essence, covers the primary materials that the researchers have used

throughout the development of the prototype.

Moreover, the procedures that the researchers adapted are systematically arranged

in the process component of the paradigm. Significantly, this includes the process of the

development and the data gathering procedure.

Finally, the pursuit of having a biodegradable plastic is the expected product and

consists of determining the suitability of the tea solution and starch.

Definition of Terms

Various terms are defined here in order to help people better comprehend the idea

behind this study.

Plastic. It is well-recognized that plastics are polymers that can be molded or

sculpted, typically by pressure and heat. Plastic can be used in a variety of products, such

as automobiles, structures, packaging, fabrics, paints, adhesives, pipes, electrical and

electronic parts, prosthetic limbs, toys, brushes, and furniture.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 9

Bioplastic. Bioplastics are produced in part using renewable biomass, such as

sugarcane and corn, or microorganisms like yeast and some bioplastics can degrade or

even compost. The consumption of fossil fuels can be reduced and the environment can

be protected through biological processes that naturally recycle bioplastics generated

from renewable resources.

Tea. The second most consumed beverage in the world, after water, is tea. When

it comes to the flavor of tea, it differs by where the tea leaves are picked and how they are

cultivated and processed.

Tea Polyphenols. Phenols and polyphenols, which is a compound of a natural

plant, is the phenolic content found in tea. Catechins, theaflavins, tannins, and flavonoids

are all polyphenols found in tea. These chemical compounds function as antioxidants,

limiting the harmful effects of free radicals in the body.

Antioxidant. Some foods contain antioxidants, which by scavenging free radicals

could potentially mitigate some of the harm they can cause. Antioxidants, vitamins A, C,

and E, as well as the minerals copper, zinc, and selenium, are examples of these. than

vitamins or minerals.

Fossil-fuel-based Materials. Fossil fuels are produced from decaying plants and

animals. These fuels, which are located in the crust of the Earth, contain hydrogen and

carbon that can be burned to produce energy.

Non-renewable Resources. Non-renewable resources are limited and cannot be

used in a sustainable manner because they do not naturally replenish themselves.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 10

Glycerol. A naturally occurring alcohol is called glycerol. It is an odorless liquid

that is employed as a medication, solvent, and sweetener. Glycerol is used by people to

treat some skin problems, constipation, and to enhance athletic performance.

Biodegradable Polymers. Since biodegradable polymers are typically derived

from numerous natural sources, they are also referred to as "biopolymers." There are not

many biopolymers on the list that are naturally biodegradable.

Petrochemical-based Polymers. Petrochemicals are chemical products made

from petroleum, while many of the same chemical compounds can also be made from

renewable sources like corn, sugar cane, and other types of biomass as well as from other

fossil fuels like coal and natural gas

Polymers. The term "polymer" refers to an arbitrary number of monomer units.

When there are a lot of monomers, the mixture is sometimes referred to as a high

polymer. Numerous components of living things are made of polymers, such as proteins,

cellulose, and nucleic acids.

Petroleum. Gasoline is a vital component of our daily life and is produced using

petroleum. Petroleum, often known as crude oil, is a type of fossil fuel. Petroleum was

created from the remains of extinct marine animals like bacteria, plants, and algae,

similar to how coal and natural gas were created.

Petroleum-based Polymers. Petroleum-based plastics are synthetic organic

polymers made from natural gas or oil that are used in all facets of modern society. Metal

elements were transported in the marine biome by means of petroleum-based polymers.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 11

Microbial Environment. There are microorganisms in almost every ecosystem in

the world. It is obvious that microbes have evolved to survive in harsh and intolerable

environments, and it is this evolution that has led to the enormous biological diversity

found in microorganisms.

Humidity. Water vapor content in the air is referred to as humidity. The humidity

will be high if there is a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere. It feels wetter outside as the

humidity rises. Mold in your home, as well as faults in common household electronics,

are all attributed to humidity.

Polysaccharide Groups. A lot of different monosaccharides are combined

through the glycosidic link to generate polysaccharides. Homopolysaccharides, which are

made up of multiple identical monosaccharides, and heteropolysaccharides are two

further categories of polysaccharides (a combination of different monosaccharides).

Single-use Plastics. Single-use plastic items (SUPs) are utilized only once or for

a brief time before being discarded. Global and sometimes severe effects of this plastic

trash on the ecosystem and our health. Single-use plastics are products that are largely

created from chemicals derived from fossil fuels (petrochemicals) and are intended to be

thrown away immediately after use—often in a matter of minutes.

Global Warming. The gradual increase in the planet's surface temperature is

known as global warming. Although this warming trend has been around for a while, the

burning of fossil fuels has greatly accelerated its pace over the past century. Climate

change is a problem brought on by global warming. Although these expressions are

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 12

occasionally used interchangeably, they are not the same. Changes in global weather

patterns and growing seasons are referred to as climate change.

Air Pollutants. Numerous chronic and acute respiratory illnesses are brought on

by air pollution. There are two types of air pollutants: criterion pollutants and hazardous

air pollutants.

Carbon Emissions. The total amount of carbon equivalent greenhouse gas

emissions attributed to energy is referred to as carbon emissions throughout a time

period. Carbon emissions are the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the burning of

fossil fuels in things like buildings, industrial activities, and transportation. Inhaling

nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas produced during the burning of diesel and

gasoline, is harmful to human health.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 13

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the related literature and studies after the extensive and in-

depth search done by the researchers. To properly comprehend the research, this also

involves synthesis.

Generation of plastics

Plastic is made of natural gas, specifically the fossil fuels such as coal that are

used in its production. According to Menezes (2018), plastic is a synthetic substance

comprised of a variety of organic polymers, such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that

can be molded into a number of shapes and forms. Its helpful features, such as being

lightweight, resilient, and economical, have made it a popular material for a wide variety

of products, including packaging, construction materials, automobile parts, and

household goods. Plastic has become one of the most frequently used materials in the

world due to its tremendous expansion in production over the past few decades. Plastic &

Climate, research by the Center for International Environmental Law, revealed that as of

the end of 2015, the world has created 8,300 million metric tons of virgin plastic, of

which two-thirds stay in the environment (Cho, 2020). In addition, the global

manufacturing of plastics doubled between 2000 and 2019 to reach 460 million tones.

3.4% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions are accounted for by plastics (OECD,

2022). Furthermore, the country that is the world’s largest manufacturer of plastic is

China, accounting for 32% of worldwide production in 2021. Each month, China
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 14

generates between six and eight million metric tons of plastic products (Tiseo, 2022). In

2021, the global production of plastics is projected to reach 390,7 million metric tons.

In the Philippines, plastic is also a commonly used material and is widely used in

a variety of applications. The Philippines become reliant on disposable plastics such as

sachets. Low- and middle-income families can purchase plastic sachets since they are

inexpensive. The Philippines are referred to as the "Sachet Economy '' because of the

increase in single-use plastic. Since the majority of plastic ends up in the water, this

becomes extremely worrying. Also, according to the report of the World Bank (2021),

this country is projected to consume an astounding 163 million sachets every day.

Moreover, this country is ranked as the third-largest contributor to plastic waste

worldwide (Guevarra, 2022). Most plastics are found in the ocean and it was estimated as

0.75 million metric tons of ocean plastic are every year. Overall, there are 2.7 million

tons of plastic waste generated in the Philippines every year and 20% of it ends up in the

ocean (World Bank, 2021).

The majority of individuals are knowledgeable about the issues plastic can have

with the environment. Plastic can take hundreds of years to degrade. During this time,

hazardous chemicals may be released into the land and water, causing pollution. (The

Vanella Group, 2022). In the marine environment, there is a study by the International

Union for Conservation of Nature (2021). It is stated in that study that one of the negative

impacts of plastics on the marine ecosystem is that every year, at least 14 million tons of

plastic enter the ocean, and plastic makes up approximately 80% of all marine trash

discovered in sediments from deep sea waters to surface seas. Also stated in a study by

the International Union for Conservation of Nature, plastic waste causes severe damage
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 15

and even death when it is consumed by or entangled in marine species. Each year, the

ocean receives an estimated 8 million tons of plastic, which damages the marine

environment and eventually impacts aquatic life. Uncontrolled burning in the open air

and careless disposal of plastics on land can release hazardous chemicals into the

atmosphere and endanger the public's health. (Alabi, Olongbonjaye, Awosolu, et al.,

2019) On the land environment, plastic is one of the factors that is affecting the

environment. As stated in the article of Wadhwa (2019), both above and below the ocean,

plastics are dangerous everywhere.

Furthermore, microplastics are small pieces of plastics that pollute the

environment. A significant contributor to the spread of microplastics is sewage. In

actuality, between 80 and 90 percent of the plastic particles in sewage still exist in the

sludge. These concentrated microplastics can cause hormone disruption in both

vertebrates and invertebrates by releasing chemicals like phthalates and Bisphenol A or

commonly known as BPA (Wadhwa, 2019). However, several studies reveal that plastic

trash is to blame for the majority of environmental problems as well as plastics' effects on

humans, marine life, and the ecosystem, necessitating a solution to protect the

environment. The answer to this problem is to reduce the use of plastic which generates

pollution so that it can't get into the rivers, oceans, wildlife, and forests. Reducing the use

of plastic and using biodegradable materials, such as bioplastic, can help reduce plastic

waste and provide us with a safe and secure environment. (Alabi, Olongbonjaye,

Awosolu, et al., 2019)

Bioplastics
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 16

In response to the emerging negative effects of plastics on the environment,

bioplastic is one of the products that have been discovered by many researchers to reduce

the use of petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics are plastics that are made of renewable

biomass sources such as sugarcane and corn that has the ability to decompose in a short

amount of time compared to fossil-fuel-based plastics, example of these are bioplastic

made from watermelon rinds (Chari, 2022; Ashter, 2016). In the study of Ezgi Bezirhan

Arıkan and H. Duygu Bilgen (2019), they used potato peels as a material for their

bioplastic and it is included in there that compared to commercial plastics, it decomposes

in just 28 days which makes it suitable for food packaging industries that use petroleum-

based single-use plastics. Technically, according to a review done by Atiwesh, Mikhael,

Parrish et al. (2021), bioplastics are also said to be associated with causing environmental

issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and disadvantageous land use change. However,

it is also said that the environmental issues linked to the current bioplastics can be

addressed gradually as there are new types of bioplastics being developed by professional

researchers in this field of industry.

In support of this statement, according also to a review by Atiwesh, Mikhael,

Parrish et al. (2021), aside from its ability to decompose, corn-based PLA bioplastics are

able to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses by 25%. According to an article by

BioPak (2019), Polylactic acid (PLA) is said to be a polyester obtained from renewable

resources such as corn and sugarcane, usually from a plant that has undergone

fermentation. Just like one of the processes of making petroleum-based plastics, it is a

conversion of renewable biomasses into a resin which is the PLA itself (Ingredient

Exchange Team, 2019). Additionally, it has high gas barrier qualities, is non-toxic,
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 17

biodegradable, and biocompatible, and has a seal of approval from the (FDA) Food and

Drug Administration (Italian Foodtech, 2019). This bio-based plastic is typically used in

food packaging industries and in different kinds of utilization in the field of the food

industry (Atiwesh, Mikhael, Parrish, et al., 2021).

Furthermore, the plasticizer is one of the key components of making bioplastic.

As stated in a review by Jia, P., Xia, H., Tang, K., and Zhou, Y. (2018), for the

processing of polymer materials, particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics,

plasticizers which make up more than 60% of the total yield of plastic auxiliaries are

among the most crucial additives needed. In addition, according to Foroughi-Dahr,

Mostoufi, and Sotudeh-Gharebagh, 2019, low molecular weight compounds called

plasticizers are added to a polymer solution to increase its plasticity and flexibility. As a

result, the plasticizers improve the polymer solution's suitability for use in film coating.

In bioplastic making, natural-based plasticizer or plasticizer made from renewable

biomasses are the most applicable as it increases the biodegrading capability of the

plastic. There are various natural-based plasticizers and one of these is glycerin or

glycerol. In the study of Ismail, Dianursanti and Gozan, Misri and Noviasari, Citra,

(2018) about the effect of glycerol as a plasticizer in Spirulina platensis-based bioplastic,

glycerol is said to be beneficial in improving the elongation, tensile strength, and other

properties of a bioplastic.

Lastly, a statement from an article stated by an engineer, biologist, and

entrepreneur; Kevin Kumala (2018) said that bioplastics and the bioplastic he developed

using cassava starch, aside from its ability to decompose, is a type of plastic that can be

eaten by the marine animals. With that being said, due to the bio-based materials used in
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 18

making this biodegradable plastic, it produces a biodegradable, compostable, non-toxic,

and edible kind of plastic. Also stated in the article by Spendlove (2018), Avani; a social

enterprise founded by Kevin Kumala is a comprehensive line of bioplastic goods that

aims to replace the current petroleum-based plastics with plant-based polymers. Avani

goods were used in Bali in 2016 which replaced 197 tons of plastic garbage with their

biodegradable parts. The parts are utilized in twenty various nations.

Tea

Tea is currently one of the most popular beverages in the world. Tea is popular

indeed as the majority of the people in different countries such as Uzbekistan,

Azerbaijan, China, Egypt and Russia prefer to drink tea over other beverages (Deineka

L., Zhakiyanova A., Amrenova Y. & Blinova I., 2021). Additionally, as said by Khan, N &

Mukhtar, H, (2018) tea contains catechins in which one of its main components, a

compound that is the root of the strong antioxidants of the drink. According to an article

from Special Chem (nd), to prevent deterioration due to thermal or oxidative factors, plastics

are supplemented with antioxidants. These antioxidants increase the lifespan of the product,

improve its appearance, and preserve its durability, rigidity, and pliability According to the

study of Pagno C., de Farias Y., Haas Costa T., de Oliveira Rios A. & Flôres S. (2016)

which conducted a study about biodegradable films based on cassava starch containing

bixin nanocapsules–a component that is also the root of antioxidant activity (Metab J.,

2019), sunflower oil packaged in this type of film bixin capsules shows low oxidation

rates, hence preserving its freshness. This shows that bioplastic with high antioxidant

properties can improve the shelf life of the food. Utilizing tea – a material that is highly

biodegradable (Kowser A. et al, 2023) and rich with antioxidants (Deineka L.,
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 19

Zhakiyanova A., Amrenova Y., & Blinova I., 2021) can produce a great variety of

bioplastic with beneficial properties suited in food industry.

Tea Polyphenols

Tea contains several active compounds called polyphenols, with the catechins

being the most significant ones. Green tea, in particular, is rich in catechins, including

EGCG, epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, gallo catechins, and

gallocatechin gallate (Khan and Mukhtar, 2019). Black tea also contains polyphenols

such as epigallocatechin gallate, theaflavins, thearubigins, an amino acid called L-

theanine, and other catechins or flavonoids (Rasheed, 2019). Additionally, tea

polyphenols (TP) can serve as raw material for producing bioplastics from tea waste.

According to Dai, Liu, Liang, et al., (2018) TP is a type of polymer composed of natural,

biodegradable polyphenolic compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties

that are biocompatible, non-toxic, and cost-effective. The antimicrobial and antioxidant

properties of TPs make them useful in various industries especially for making food

packaging. They can be utilized to produce active food packaging that enhances the

quality and prolongs the shelf life of packaged food, preventing food spoilage and

minimizing food waste in the food packaging industry (Dai, Li, Liu, et al, 2022).

Process

Numerous individuals had attempted to create starch-based polymers. However,

starch-based materials have a few downsides, including long-term steadiness caused by

water assimilation, maturing caused by retro degree, and destitute mechanical properties

(Delville, Joly, Dole et al., 2003). In spite of that, plasticizers such as glycerol have
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 20

allowed us to make improvements in the shelf-life and versatility of items in order to

overcome these restrictions.

In a study conducted by Kowser, Hossain, Amin et al. (2023), green tea is a kind

of non-fermented beverage and is beneficial for the health of consumers. It is abundant in

catechins, amino acids, minerals, alkaloids, and polyphenols. Moreover, tea is a naturally

sustainable resource and is bountiful in many parts of the world. It is biodegradable

which means it easily biodegrades in nature and is converted into compost fertilizer. The

green tea will be used to synthesize the bioplastic which may help in further developing a

better bioplastic. Additionally, tons of used teas which can be reused are thrown out

every day. This occurrence may be a good source of information for the synthesis of

bioplastics in order to reduce the use of fossil-fuel plastics.

According to Kowser, Hossain, Amin et al. (2023), the ingredients, such as corn

starch, distilled water, white vinegar and glycerin were measured carefully. The

measurements are as follow: sixty (60) grams of cornstarch, three hundred and sixty

milliliters (360) of distilled water, forty (40) milliliter of white vinegar, forty (40) grams

of glycerol and lastly, twenty (20) grams of green tea. After measuring the percentage of

each ingredient, the mixture was then combined together and stirred.

Synthesis

Based on the findings from different articles, journals, and research papers, the

researchers have found that natural gas is used to create plastic, a synthetic material that

is utilized in the production of household items, construction materials, and packaging.

Due to the enormous growth in manufacturing over the past few decades, it has emerged
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 21

as one of the most widely utilized materials worldwide. The study by Cho (2020) and

OECD (2022) shows the amount of virgin plastic produced globally has reached 8,300

million metric tons, of which two-thirds are still in the environment. Between 2000 and

2019, the number of plastics manufactured globally more than quadrupled to 460 million

tones. Furthermore, plastic can harm the ecosystem because it can take hundreds of years

for it to break down and unleash dangerous chemicals into the air, water, and soil.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, plastic accounts

approximately 80% of all marine debris found in sediments, and 14 million tons of plastic

enter the ocean annually. Additionally, little bits of plastic known as microplastics

damage the environment, and sewage plays a crucial role in their proliferation. According

to studies, the bulk of environmental issues and their consequences on people, marine

life, and the ecosystem is caused by plastic waste, making a solution to safeguard the

environment necessary.

However, the researchers found that using biodegradable materials, such as

bioplastic, and reducing the use of plastic will help minimize plastic waste and provide a

secure environment. Bioplastics can disintegrate more quickly since the plastics are made

from renewable biomass sources like sugarcane and corn. Ezgi Bezirhan Arkan and H.

Duygu Bilgen (2019) created a bioplastic out of potato peels that decompose in about 28

days. The researchers of this study learned that plasticizers are essential additives for the

processing of polymer materials, particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics.

Plasticizers are substances with a low molecular weight that are added to a polymer

solution to make them more malleable and flexible. As well as glycerin and glycerol,
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 22

which are natural-based plasticizers, are best suited for bioplastic production since they

improve the plastic's capacity for biodegradation.

Tea is a popular beverage worldwide, containing catechins which are strong

antioxidants. Plastics are supplemented with antioxidants to prevent deterioration due to

thermal or oxidative factors. Biodegradable films based on cassava starch containing

bixin nano capsules can improve the shelf life of food by preserving its freshness.

Utilizing tea, which is highly biodegradable and rich in antioxidants, can produce a

variety of bioplastic with beneficial properties suited for the food industry.

The researchers of this study aim to develop a bioplastic made from tea solution

and starch which are inedible, can be made into bioplastic to cut down on waste and

provide an alternative to traditional plastics. Indeed, this could aid in reducing

environmental problems brought on by petroleum-based commercial plastic.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 23

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the methods of research that will be used by the researcher

in order to collect the data needed to conduct this study which includes research design,

product development, and methods of collecting data.

Research Design

This study is experimental in nature as it involves trials and observations on the

existing variables in order to obtain the outcome of the research study. For the purpose of

analyzing more freely and establishing the cause-and-effect relationship between the

variables—samples, the researchers decided to implement a true experimental research

design on the study. This allows the researchers to have full control over the variables

and treatments on the samples in which they were assigned to groups: the controlled

group, which does not receive any treatments, and the experimental group, which

receives the treatment. Additionally, the researchers also employed pretest-posttest,

which will determine which of the samples has the greatest outcome that will become the

final output of the study.

Product Development

This study intends to create a bioplastic from tea solution and starch. This

experiment will involve four processes in the synthesis of bioplastic from tea solution to

achieve the desired results of the study, the following steps are employed:
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 24

I. Fabricating the Bioplastic

A tea strained in a distilled water with a total of 60 milliliters was prepared. At the

same time, 15 grams of cornstarch, 5 milliliters of vinegar and 5 milliliters of glycerol

were also prepared. After preparing the necessary substances, the 60 milliliters of tea

solution were then poured into the pot and mixed with the 15 milliliters of cornstarch,

stirring continuously within low heat. Subsequently, the 5 milliliters of vinegar were

added then followed by the 5 milliliters of glycerol. The mixture was then continuously

stirred until it produced a gelatin-like structure. Afterwards, the compound mixture was

then casted into a casting plate in order to mold and was then left to dry for 3 to 4 days.

II. Testing the Effectiveness of the product

The researchers will conduct several testing procedures in terms of: durability,

biodegradability and water resistance in order to further elaborate the effectiveness of

using starch and tea solution as a component in creating bioplastic.

Methods of collecting data

In order for the researchers to observe more efficiently, the researchers conducted

several testing procedures as part of collecting data from the samples which were also

done by the researchers itself. The types of tests for the bioplastic films were based on the

related studies of Jeyasubramanian K. & Balachanderwhich R. (n.d).

Durability Test - To test the durability, specifically the tensile strength of the bioplastic

film, a Newton force meter spring scale was used as an alternative to measure the weight

or strength a bioplastic made from tea and starch can handle. During the test, the
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 25

bioplastic film was hung the Newton force meter spring scale and then pulled downward

to calculate how much weight or strength it can handle. The bioplastic films were

measured as 0N–10N or 0g–1000g.

Water Resistance Test - In order to measure if the bioplastic made from tea solution has

any reaction to humidity or water, a water resistance test was added to the testing

procedures of the research experiment. In this test, a piece of film plastic that is wide

enough to cover up the mouth of a cup will be filled with 10 ml of water or more. To

gather the necessary data, the film will be tested for 24 hours or longer and physical

results such as elongation, cracks, and the texture of the film will be observed during the

testing.

Biodegradability Test - The biodegradation of the bioplastic film was observed by

applying a soil burial test. This test was conducted by cutting the films into 2 -inch by 2-

inch squares and then burying them in the soil for 14 days or 2 weeks. In order to collect

the data, the films were checked each day and observed by measuring the length and

width, basically the area of the film. To know if the bioplastic has shown signs of

decomposition, the films will eventually shrink from their normal measurement if they

are biodegradable.
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 26

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter contains presentation, interpretation and analysis of the data gathered

by the researchers to provide an apparent and distinct view of the study. The presentation

of the data is presented in table and figures following the objectives of the study.

Durability Test

Testing Samples Measurements Results

Trial 1 15g cornstarch, 60ml tea 9.1 N or 927.941753809889 g

solution, 5ml glycerin, 5ml
vinegar;

Trial 2 15g cornstarch, 60ml tea 7.9 N or 805.575808252541 g

solution, 10ml glycerin, 5ml
vinegar

Trial 3 15g cornstarch, 60ml tea 8.1 N or 825.9701325120989 g

solution, 5ml glycerin, 10ml
vinegar

Table 4.1: Tensile Strength Test

Table 4.1 shows the results based on the gathered data on tensile strength test/

durability test. In order to collect the right information in terms of the durability of the

prototype, the proponents of this research used spring balance to calculate how much

strength the samples can withstand (Consebit K. et al, 2022). Trials were conducted

among 3 different sample test measurements. In this test, each trial manifested a slight

difference in their results.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 27

Figure 4.1: Trial 1 Figure 4.2: Trial 2 Figure 4.3: Trial 3

During Durability Test During Durability Test During Durability Test

Figure 4.1 presents all the trials that the researchers had taken to test.

Specifically, figure 4.1: trial 1 presented the excellent result. After reaching 9.1 N, the

test sample was torn. It is, by far, the most effective test sample compared to the other

trials.

Meanwhile, figure 4.2: trial 2 exhibits the least efficiency. The test sample

ripped apart after extending up to 7.9 N.

Lastly, figure 4.3: trial 3 showed a test result of 8.1 N. before ripping apart. This

test sample is placed between the results of the other two test samples.
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 28

Water Resistance Test

Figure 4.4: Trial 1 After 24 hours Figure 4.5: Trial 1 After 48 hours
During Water Resistance Test During Water Resistance Test

Figure 4.4 and figure 4.5 shows the results in the water resistance test of the trial

1. In figure 4.4, water resistance of the bioplastic is measured by observing its

mechanical properties after 24 hours of being soaked in water. During the observation,

the bioplastic did not dissolve in water. This indicates that the bioplastic is insoluble with

water, however, its mechanical properties are reduced. Overall, bioplastic made from tea

reacts in water in a way that it slowly reduces the other properties of the alternative

plastic. In addition, there was a change from the physical appearance of the bioplastic

made from tea solution. Trial 1 and 3 became darker than trial 2 after being soaked for 24

hours.

Figure 4.5 shows the results of the water resistance test on trial 1 after another 24

hours. Among the three trials in the water resistance test, trial 1 showed the most

significant results. After a whole 24 hours, there were no signs of cracks on the bioplastic

film, however, it became fragile and elongated downward so it underwent another 24

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 29

hours of water resistance test. Furthermore, figure 4.5 shows the results after another 24

hours of testing or a whole 48 hours. In which, it indicates that there still no cracks on the

film, hence, due to the absorption of water in the bioplastic, some part of it that elongated

downward is slowly returning to its original shape and became hard again although not as

hard as the original.

Figure 4.6: Trial 2 After 1-hour Figure 4.7: Trial 2 After 24 hours
During Water Resistance Test During Water Resistance Test

Figure 4.6 and figure 4.7, on the other hand, show all the results of the water

resistance test of the trial 2. Figure 4.6 indicates that after 1 hour, trial 2 reacts to water by

becoming soft and fragile, basically, reducing its mechanical property causing a crack on the

bioplastic also resulting in water penetrating through the film. Also, the film elongated a bit

downward due to the weight or force given by the water. Lastly, figure 4.7 shows the results

of the remaining time of 24hrs of testing. After 23 hours or a whole 24 hours, the crack on

the bioplastic became larger, however, just like in the trial 1, the elongated part on the top of

the film is also returning slowly to its original form and becoming firm again.
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 30

Figure 4.8: Trial 3 After 5 and Figure 4.9: Trial 3 After 24 hours
a half hour During Water During Water Resistance Test
Resistance Test

Lastly, figure 4.8 and figure 4.9 shows all the results in trial 3. After 5 and half

hours, a large part of the film in figure 4.8 softens and is also fragile. Also, the part that is

covered by water elongated downward. In addition, since the bioplastic film in figure 4.8

forms softens, a small hole or crack was formed on the side of the film causing for the water

to drop on the surface of the plastic cup. Furthermore, figure 4.9 shows the results of the

remaining hours of the 24 hours test. After 18 and half hours or a whole 24 hours, the

remaining water on the top of the bioplastic film was also absorbed by it and the elongated

part in the film also slowly returned to its original form and became sturdy again just like

from the results of trial 1 and 2.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 31

Soil Burial Test

Figure 4.10: Trial 1 After 7 days Figure 4.11: Trial 1 After 2 weeks
During Soil Burial Test During Soil Burial Test

Figure 4.10 and figure 4.11 show all the results on biodegradability test of trial 1.

Figure 4.10 did not decompose after a whole 7 days however, it shows signs of

biodegradation such as its change in appearance, size and as well as the cracks on the

bioplastics. Furthermore, figure 4.11 shows the results of trial 1 for the second week of soil

burial test. It indicates that after another 7 days or whole 2 weeks of soil burying, the

bioplastic films became darker and thin. Also, compared to the first 7 days of soil burying, it

decomposes more that it breaks down into pieces.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 32

Figure 4.12: Trial 2 After 7 days Figure 4.13: Trial 2 After 2 weeks
During Soil Burial Test During Soil Burial Test

Figure 4.12 and figure 4.13 show the results of soil burial test of trial 2. As

depicted in the figure 4.12, after a whole 7 days of burying in the soil, some part of the

trial 2 decomposed and formed cracks. In addition, figure 4.13 shows the results of trial 2

for another 7 days of testing its biodegradability. Wherein, after another week,

approximately half of the 1 by 1-inch bioplastic film decomposed.

Figure 4.14: Trial 3 After 7 days Figure 4.15: Trial 3 After 2 weeks
During Soil Burial Test During Soil Burial Test
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 33

Lastly, figure 4.14 and figure 4.15 show all the results of trial 3 that underwent

soil burial test. According to figure 4.14, after 7 days of being buried in the soils, the

lower part of the film in trial did shrink a bit and some part of it formed cracks.

Moreover, figure 4.15 shows the results after another 7 days of testing its

biodegradability. In figure 4.15, trial 3 became darker than in the early 7 days of the test.

Lastly, trial 3 decomposed a bit more than its original form, however, compared to trial 1

and trial 2, there is still a large part in trial 3 that does not show biodegradation or even

formed cracks.
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 34

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR

FURTHER STUDIES

This chapter is represented in four sections. The first section contributes to an

overall summary of the study followed by the summary of the findings and their

conclusions. Subsequent to this are the implications of the study and followed by

recommendations for future research.

Summary of the Findings

The study is conducted with the general purpose of developing a bioplastic added

with tea solution with beneficial properties that can substantially enhance the food

packaging property of the bioplastic. To promote and pursue the use of tea solution,

specifically, to maximize the properties of tea solution in making bioplastics such as its

antioxidants. Additionally, the study has a total of nine testing procedures specifically

aimed to assess the durability, water resistance and biodegradability of the bioplastic.

Developing the bioplastic by combining starch and benefits from the tea solution can

significantly improve the use of bioplastic as it embodies mechanical properties which is

comparable to the factors that is making the conventional plastics.

Conclusion

After evaluating the functionality of the prototype through different types of

testing procedures, the researchers constructed the following conclusions.

TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 35

1. The durability of the bioplastic depends on how much vinegar is added on the

bioplastic.

2. The bioplastic added with tea solution has low water resistance as its mechanical

properties reduce after having long contact with water; however, it does not

dissolve in water.

3. The bioplastic added with tea solution produces significant results in just one

week and can completely biodegrade in approximately 1-2 months if continually

buried in soil with enough moisture into it.

4. The glycerin does not improve the elongation of the bioplastic but it helps the

bioplastic to become pliable or more flexible.

5. The direct contact with heat from the sun causes the newly made bioplastic to

crack. It needs to first form a strong enough film to withstand the heat from the

sun. Basically, sun drying is only to speed up the drying process of the bioplastic.

Every bioplastic needs enough time to dry in order to form a strong film.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are given based on the findings and conclusions

of the study about the bioplastic with antioxidant from catechin of tea solution:

1. Due to the advantages for the environment and ability to reduce pollution in

many locations, the people in the community should be thinking about using

bioplastic in place of conventional plastic.

2. Plastic manufacturers can start investing in the production of this product

while obtaining information based on the results and findings of this study,
TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 36

regardless of how bioplastic can be useful to both the environment and people

worldwide.

3. Although the current researchers are aware that the mixture of Lipton Lemon

Tea solution, Ethanol (95% and 80%), Citric Acid, Distilled Water,

Cornstarch, Vinegar, and Glycerin has effectively produced a bioplastic, they

have not yet tested the substance in an accredited manner. In order to test the

prototype and ensure that the data is as accurate as possible compared to self-

reported data, the researchers advise future researchers to seek expert

assistance.

4. Despite the fact that the bioplastic manufactured with antioxidant from

catechin of tea solution was successfully produced, the prototype lacked a

suitable product that people could utilize. That is why the study's proponents

advise future researchers to conduct research on the potential items

manufactured from bioplastic derived from tea solutions.

 TEA BIOPLASTIC: SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC 37

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