Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Over the years, many have tackled on trying to create bioplastics with different kinds of
materials. Correspondingly, a study conducted by Joseph Reyes, Janelle Tungol, Patrick Musngi,
and Angelyn Magarro (2020) stated that their study used a pre-experimental research design
where three bio-plastic experiments were monitored to identify which among them was likely to
produce the most efficient bio-plastic. At the end of the study, it was concluded that in terms of
elasticity, tear resistance, appearance, texture, and odor, Experimental Two with four tablespoons
of cornstarch, one cup of water, two tablespoons of vinegar, and two tablespoons of glycerin, is
the most reliable among the three experiments. The research contributes to the broader
understanding of the environmental effect that the usage of bioplastics can garner if we were to
use cornstarch as the primary component. Additionally, a study conducted by N Pooja,
Soumyabrata Banik, Ishita Chakraborty (2024). They cited that there is a pressing need to
investigate bio-sourced polymer-based substitutes for non-biodegradable food packaging
materials. Wherever petroleum-based plastics are used, bioplastics have a lot of potential and are
widely accepted. It can satisfy the growing demand for biodegradable products. However the aim
of their study is to create two types of bioplastic films: corn starch-based and corn starch with
silver-based. Corn starch is biodegradable; metallic Silver reinforces bioplastic and increases its
antimicrobial properties. Their samples have undergone multiple tests, and they have been
carefully characterized by those tests. The tests included are the Soil Burial Test (SBT), Moisture
Test, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), antimicrobial analysis tests,
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The films were also subjected
to improved antimicrobial tests against S. aureus and E. coli, whereby they depicted potential
antimicrobial properties. Corn starch with silver-based samples increased antimicrobial
properties and showed a 44% bacterial reduction rate against E. coli and 50% against S. aureus.
The prepared bioplastic samples can be utilized as a developing substitute for traditional
polymers in packaging made of bio-sourced materials due to their wide availability,
biodegradability, easy processing, and good antimicrobial and barrier properties. This all-
encompassing strategy offered a methodical framework for assessing cornstarch's effectiveness
as the primary component used to make bioplastics and how far it can go to yield the best
outcomes for global sustainability.
Effectivity of Cornstarch Mixture in Producing Bioplastics
As plastic continues to ruin the environment, researchers seek a greener option; one of them
is bioplastic, which can be made from cornstarch. Cornstarch is highly viable due to its
biodegradable nature, but it is also relatively cheap and available everywhere. A great deal of
research has been conducted on cornstarch-based bioplastics for strength, flexibility, and
resistance to moisture. A study conducted by Reyes et al. in 2020 tested various combinations of
cornstarch, water, vinegar, and glycerin to develop the best possible formula for creating
bioplastic. They were able to successfully create a flexible, tear-resistant, and smooth-textured
bioplastic with four tablespoons of cornstarch, one cup of water, two tablespoons of vinegar, and
two tablespoons of glycerin. This reveals that the combination of ingredients can be critical to
making effective bioplastics (Reyes et al., 2020). Another study by Saldo et al. (2023) explored
how adding bamboo fibers to cornstarch-based bioplastics could improve their strength. They
tested the bioplastics for durability, water absorption, and biodegradability. Their findings
showed that adding natural fibers made the bioplastic stronger and more environmentally
friendly (Saldo et al., 2023). Meanwhile, MDPI researchers (2021) investigated the impact of
various plasticizers on cornstarch-based bioplastics. They heated cornstarch with different
plasticizers and tested how the flexibility, strength, and water resistance of the bioplastics
changed. The study found that the type and amount of plasticizer used played a big role in
determining the overall quality of the bioplastic (MDPI, 2021). Finally, an article published in
Cellulose Chemistry and Technology (2021) discussed the manufacturing and characterization of
bioplastics produced by blending rice starch with other natural ingredients. Even though it was
focused on rice starch, the study shed some light on how the characteristics of starch-based
bioplastics can be enhanced by adjusting their formulation. Research identified a need for
varying ratios of formulations to improve the mechanical attributes and resistance to water for
bioplastics as suggested in Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 2021. These studies show that
cornstarch-based bioplastics can be a good alternative to regular plastic, especially when the
right ingredients and mixtures are used. Improving their strength, flexibility, and water
resistance, cornstarch bioplastics could be a more sustainable and eco-friendly option for
packaging and other uses.
Plastic Preferences
The widespread use of plastic has become a normal aspect of modern life, but the ongoing
awareness of the environmental impacts has highlighted the need for alternative solutions. A
study conducted by Alessandra Fiorucci (2023) states that the constant increase in plastic
production creates many problems, from its oil-based production all the way to end-of-life
treatment, as the same proprieties that make plastic useful make conventional plastic into long-
lasting waste that's quickly piling up. One alternative is a different kind of plastic, bioplastic, a
polymeric compound that is both functionally like synthetic plastics and largely environmentally
sustainable. (Fiorucci, Allesandra, 2023). Another study by Dr. Claudio Gioia et al. (2021)
explains that nowadays the issues related to the end of life of traditional plastics are very urgent
due to the important pollution problems that plastics have caused. Biodegradable plastics can
help to try to mitigate these problems, but even bioplastics need much attention to carefully
evaluate the different options for plastic waste disposal. In this Minireview, three different end-
of-life scenarios (composting, recycling, and upcycling) were evaluated in terms of literature
review. (Dr.Claudio Gioia et al., 2021). Additionally, a study from Catia Giovanna Lopresto et al.
(2021) gives explanation that Environmental pollutions are increasing day by day due to more
plastic application. The plastic material is going in our food chain as well as the environment
employing microplastic and other plastic-based contaminants. From this point, bio-based plastic
research is taking attention for a sustainable and greener environment with a lower footprint on
the environment. This evaluation should be made considering the whole life cycle assessment of
the proposed technologies to make a whole range of biomaterials. Bio-based and biodegradable
bioplastics can have similar features as conventional plastics while providing extra returns
because of their low carbon footprint as long as additional features in waste management, like
composting. (Catia Giovanna Lopresto et al., 2021). Lastly, an article published by Wazir Aitizaz
Ahsan et al. (2023) says that In recent years, the adoption of sustainable alternatives has become
a powerful tool for replacing petroleum-based polymers. As a biodegradable alternative to
petroleum-derived plastics, bioplastics are becoming more and more prevalent and have the
potential to make a significant contribution to reducing plastic pollution in the environment.
Meanwhile, their biodegradation is highly dependent on their environment. (Wazir Aitizaz Ahsan
et al., 2023). As the world continues facing problems about the effects of plastic, these studies
present solutions that would greatly help to reduce the effects of using plastic.
Affordability and Accessibility
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through Bioplastics' End-of-Life Treatment
(Based on Fiorucci, 2022)
The increasing demand for sustainable materials has led to the exploration of starch-based
bioplastics as a viable alternative to conventional plastics. Bioplastics, derived from renewable
resources, offer potential solutions to plastic waste management while contributing to the United
Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 12 (Responsible
Consumption and Production) and Goal 13 (Climate Action) (Fiorucci, 2022).
One of the most significant challenges in bioplastics sustainability is ensuring effective End-of-
Life (EOL) treatment. Composting, a widely studied disposal method, is crucial for reducing
landfill dependence and minimizing environmental pollution. According to Fiorucci (2022),
industrial composting facilities provide optimal conditions for breaking down biodegradable
plastics, reducing methane emissions compared to landfill disposal. However, the effectiveness
of composting varies depending on the type of bioplastic and environmental factors, highlighting
the need for improved waste management strategies.
Moreover, the study emphasizes that proper bioplastic disposal contributes to affordability in
waste treatment by reducing the need for complex recycling processes. Composting provides an
economically feasible waste management option for communities with access to industrial
composting facilities (Fiorucci, 2022). Additionally, integrating anaerobic digestion into the
composting process can enhance energy recovery, making it a cost-efficient and environmentally
friendly solution for sustainable development.
Thus, optimizing the composting process for starch-based bioplastics aligns with global
sustainability goals by reducing waste, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting cost-
effective waste management solutions. Future research should focus on improving
biodegradation efficiency to ensure affordability and accessibility in waste treatment worldwide.
Reference:
Fiorucci, A. (2022). End of life treatment options for bioplastics: A composting efficiency case
study (Master’s thesis). Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna.
Affordability and Accessibility of Biodegradable Plastics for Sustainable Packaging
(Based on Ntakarutimana, 2024)
The transition towards biodegradable plastics plays a critical role in addressing environmental
concerns associated with traditional plastic waste. Sustainable packaging solutions contribute to
the achievement of SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 12 (Responsible
Consumption and Production) by reducing dependency on fossil fuel-based plastics
(Ntakarutimana, 2024).
Biodegradable plastics, such as starch-based bioplastics, offer a promising alternative due to
their ability to decompose naturally. However, affordability remains a major challenge. The
production costs of biodegradable plastics are often higher than those of conventional plastics,
limiting their accessibility for widespread use (Ntakarutimana, 2024). Research by
Ntakarutimana (2024) suggests that scaling up production and improving bioplastic processing
technologies can lower costs, making them more affordable for consumers and businesses.
Accessibility is another key factor in promoting biodegradable plastics. The availability of
sustainable packaging materials depends on regional policies, infrastructure, and market demand.
Countries with advanced waste management systems can better integrate biodegradable
packaging, while developing nations face challenges related to composting and recycling
facilities (Ntakarutimana, 2024). Governments and industries must work together to enhance
accessibility through subsidies, regulations, and public awareness campaigns.
Despite economic and infrastructural challenges, starch-based bioplastics remain a crucial
component of sustainable packaging. Continued research, technological advancements, and
policy interventions are necessary to improve affordability and accessibility, ultimately leading
to a more sustainable future in packaging solutions.
Reference:
Ntakarutimana, D. A. (2024). Biodegradable plastics and sustainable packaging. Kampala
International University.
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Plastic usage is increasing the number of pollutants in the environment. Plastic particles and
other plastic-based pollutants are found in our environment and food chain, posing a threat to
human health. This essay explores the role of biodegradable plastics in promoting sustainable
packaging practices. It discusses the types of biodegradable plastics, including starch-based
plastics, polylactic acid (PLA), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and their potential
applications in reducing environmental pollution. The essay also addresses the advantages and
challenges associated with biodegradable plastics, emphasizing their role in waste reduction and
sustainability. By examining the biodegradation processes, commercial availability, and future
prospects of biodegradable plastics, the essay highlights their significance in achieving a more
sustainable packaging industry. Keywords: Biodegradable Plastics, Sustainable Packaging,
Starch-based Plastics, Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). ( Goel V et al.,
2021) Food products are usually obtained from plant and animal origin, helping humans. to
provide essential nutrients. Every living organium's cell responds to assimilated foods to
generate energy, stimulate growth, and maintain well-being. But food comes with specific shelf
life and hence requires proper preser vation to retain its quality and properties for an extended
period of use. The food packaging materials and structure are essential for food quality and
customer safety. Many contemporary packaging techmiques are used to meet the requirements of
agricultural product exports and increased competition in the Department of Pharmaceutics.
( Amol D Gholap et al., 2023). Throughout their life cycle, petroleum-based plastics are
associated with many environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions, marine, and
serrestrial al persistence, pollution and more. On the other hand, bioplastics are a rapidly
growing class of polymeric materials that are often presented as alternatives. However,
bioplastics are also associated with important environmental issues such as greenhouse gas
emissions and adverse land use changes that need he properly assessed difficult to propen assesa.
Bioplastics are considered both a potential source of harmful environmental impacts, mainly
agricultural biomass solation and a result of the use of agricultural biomass. ( Guliyev A. Yamil
et al., 2022). Green innovativeness has long been considered one of the most significant
components of economic progress, environmental sustainability, and improved living standards.
Green innovation has developed as a strategic aim both in theory and practice because of the
interaction between sustainability and innovation. The main objective of this study is to get a
deeper understanding of the motivations behind, strategies towards, and problems of
incorporating sustainable development issues into biodegradable plastic product innovation.
Biodegradable materials have the potential to replace traditional petroleum-based plastics across
a range of products and contribute to a more circular economy. (Gusman Nawanir et al., 2022).
In this study, articles from Web of Science were evaluated for their capacity to give newlong-
term sustainability of insights and future perspectives for researchers exploring the
environmental, economic, and social aspects of biodegradable plastics, with a particular
emphasis on the bio-based or biodegradable plastics, respectively.
Overall Problems Encountered the Production of Bioplastics Using Cornstarch
Nowadays, the production of bioplastics, such as cornstarch-derived bioplastic, has gained
significant attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. According to
(Ntakarutimana Dieudonné Aimé, et al. 2019) in his article "Biodegradable Plastics and
Sustainable Packaging", one of the major problems encountered in the production of bioplastics
using cornstarch is the limitation in their biodegradability. Aimé emphasized that bioplastics
have the potential to reduce environmental pollution, but their biodegradability is still a major
concern. Furthermore, the production of bioplastics using cornstarch is more expensive than
traditional plastics, making it challenging for widespread adoption. This is because the process of
extracting starch from corn and converting it into bioplastics is complex and requires significant
resources. According to( Jane doe, et al 2020). the author highlighted the importance of effective
end-of-life management strategies for bioplastics. The article emphasized that bioplastics require
special treatment at the end of their life cycle, and composting is one of the methods being
explored. However, the article noted that composting is not yet a fully developed process, and
more research is needed to make it efficient. This is because bioplastics can take several months
to decompose, and the composting process requires specific conditions, such as temperature,
moisture, and oxygen levels. Moreover, the article highlighted the need for clear regulations and
standards for bioplastic waste management to ensure that bioplastics are disposed of in an
environmentally responsible manner. A book published by Springer Nature in 2024 also
discussed the challenges associated with the production of bioplastics using cornstarch. The book
highlighted the competition between cornstarch production for food and non-food applications,
which can lead to fluctuations in price and supply. Additionally, the book noted that large-scale
cornstarch production requires significant land and water resources, which can have
environmental implications. For instance, the cultivation of corn for bioplastic production can
lead to soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Furthermore, the book
emphasized the need for sustainable agricultural practices and responsible sourcing of raw
materials to minimize the environmental impact of bioplastic production. Another significant
problem is the inefficient production methods employed in the manufacture of bioplastics from
cornstarch. The production process involves several stages, including mixing, molding, and
drying, which can be time-consuming (Alessandra Fiorucci, et al 2020). Moreover, the
production process requires specialized equipment and expertise, which can be a significant
barrier to entry for new manufacturers.
