Subject :- BASICS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Unit – II
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Presented by:- Prof. P.S. Randive
Civil Engg. Dept. KDKCE
1
Traffic Controlling Devices
The arrangements or the provisions made to the road
users so as to avoid accidents on the roads and for the free
and effective traffic flow are known as traffic controlling
devices.
Traffic controlling devices
Generally following four devices are provided on road
to control the traffic
1. Road signs
2. Markings
3. Signals
4. Traffic island.
2
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
Advantages of traffic signals
•They provide for proper movement of traffic and can increase the traffic handling
capacity of intersection.
•They reduces the accidents.
•They can provide continuous traffic.
•They improve quality of traffic flow as compare to police control.
•Signals can be easily understood.
Disadvantages of traffic signals
•Generally increase total vehicle delay at intersection during off peak hours.
•Improper location and design of traffic signals may cause delay.
•Causes increase in rear end collision.
3
Signals
o Steady lights
o Flashing lights
o Signal/Sign combinations
NO
TURN
ON
RED
4
Dog House Signals
5
Traffic Signs
Definition
A traffic sign is defined as a device
mounted on a fixed or portable support
whereby a specific message is conveyed
by means of words or symbols.
The sign is placed or erected for the
purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding
vehicular, pedestrian, or bicycle traffic.
6
Traffic Signs
Traffic signs have three
purposes:
1. Regulate traffic, movement or parking
2. Warn of potential dangers or road conditions
3. Provide information and guidance
7
Traffic Signs
Classification of signs
Signs shall be defined by their function as follows:
A. Regulatory signs give notice of traffic laws or
regulations.
B. Warning signs give notice of a situation that
might not be readily apparent.
C. Informatory signs show route designations,
destinations, directions, distances, services,
points of interest, and other geographical,
recreational, or cultural information.
8
Three Types of Signs
Regulatory
Warning
Informatory
9
Traffic Signs
Principles of traffic signs and markings
Traffic signs and markings are most effective
when they satisfy five basic requirements
Fulfill a need
Command attention
Convey a clear, simple meaning
Command respect from road users
Give adequate time for proper response
10
Traffic Signs
Design
Shape, color, Size, composition, lighting or
retro-reflection should command attention
and convey a simple meaning.
The sign should have
High visibility by day and night
B. High legibility (adequately sized letters or
symbols, and a short legend for quick
comprehension by a road user approaching
a sign).
11
Traffic Signs
Shapes
Particular shapes, as shown in the Table below,
shall be used exclusively for specific signs or
series of signs.
Use of Sign Shapes
Shape Signs
Octagon * Stop
Equilateral Triangle (1 * Yield
point down)
Circle Highway-Rail Grade
Crossing (Advance Warning)
Emergency Evacuation Route
Marker 12
Traffic Signs
Shape Signs
Pennant Shape / Isosceles * No Passing
Triangle
(longer axis horizontal)
Pentagon (pointed up) * School Crossing Series
* County Route Sign
Crossbuck * Highway-Rail Grade Crossing
(two rectangles in an “X”
configuration)
Diamond Warning Series
Rectangle Regulatory Series
** Guide Series
Warning Series
Trapezoid * Recreational Series
13
* Indicates exclusive use
** Guide series includes general service, specific service, and recreation signs
Shapes Have Meaning
Octagon Rectangle
Triangle Pennant
Diamond Rectangle
Pentagon Circle
Crossbuck
14
Traffic Signs
Color code
The general meanings of colors used in signs are
as follows:
Color General Meaning
Yellow Warning
Red Stop or prohibition
Blue Road user services guidance, tourist information, and
evacuation route
Green Indicated movements permitted, direction guidance
Brown Recreational and cultural interest area guidance
Orange Temporary traffic control
Black Regulations
White Regulation
Fluorescent Yellow - Pedestrian warning, bicycle warning, school bus and
15
Green school warning
Colors Have Meaning
Red Green
Blue Yellow
Black White
Orange Brown
Fluorescent Optic Yellow
16
ORANGE is for Construction
REMEMBER
Common Sense
Caution
Concentration
17
Traffic Signs
Size
Normal sizes of signs are used in urban areas
Lager signs are used in rural areas.
Lager signs are also used for added emphasis
or to ensure that they attract motorists
attention.
18
Traffic Signs
Message
A. Word messages
brief, 3 words maximum on regulatory or
warning signs
B. Symbolic
for faster recognition by drivers
pictograms; arrows, curve warning, deer
crossing
symbols, should be learned by the code; red
circle with a slash, and DO NOT ENTER SIGN.
19
Traffic Signs
Lettering
Uppercase letters or all regulatory and
warning signs
20
Traffic Signs
Regulatory signs
normally placed at or near the location where
the regulation:
exists (stop, yield)
begins (wrong way, do not pass)
additional signs where a regulation continues over
an extended section of the highway (speed limit)
21
REGULATORY SIGNS
22
Other Regulatory Signs
23
24
25
Traffic Signs
Warning signs
in advance of the hazard
as a function of approaching traffic speed.
These are signs used to warn road users of
certain hazardous conditions either on or
adjacent to the road ways, so that motorist
becomes cautious and may take the desired
action.
26
WARNING SIGNS
27
WARNING SIGNS
28
Railroad Crossing Warnings
RR sign or RR painted
on the pavement are
advanced warning
signs.
Crossbucks are yield signs.
The train has the right-of-way!
Flashing red lights
Bells
Gates
If you hear or see a train
29
30
31
32
33
34
INFORMATORY SIGNS
Informatory signs
In advance of an intersection or junction
At the point where they apply (street names, kilometer
posts)
These are the road signs used to guide road users
along route, inform them about destination and
distance, and provide other information so as to
make the road travel easier and safe.
35
INFORMATORY SIGNS
36
GUIDE SIGNS
US Route Marker
37
38
39
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Definition
Traffic markings are all lines, patterns,
symbols, words, colors, or other devices,
except signs and power-operated traffic
control devices, set into the surface of,
applied upon, or attached to the pavement
or curbing and placed for the purpose of
regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.
40
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Marking function
Markings may supplement other traffic
control devices or they may be used
alone to convey information that would be
difficult to convey using other devices.
41
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Marking functions
A. Display regulations (no passing zones, curb
parking restrictions)
B. Supplement other devices ( STOP lines,
symbol arrows)
C. Guide traffic (lane lines, route number)
D. Warn traffic (SIGNAL AHEAD, rail-highway
crossing legend)
42
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Marking Limitations
Markings have several important limitations.
May be hidden by:
other vehicles directly over the
markings or
by snow, or
by dirt.
43
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Marking Limitations (continued)
May be worn by sand or gravel.
May not be visible when wet.
They wear due to traffic and the environment
and must be maintained or replaced.
Removal of markings from the pavement is a
difficult task.
44
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Marking Design:
Materials
All markings that apply at night must be
reflectorized.
Paint, thermoplastic and cold plastic are used
for markings
Materials must provide the color and reflectivity
throughout their useful life.
45
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Marking Design: (continued)
Reflectivity in painted markings is achieved by
mixing small glass heads with the paint.
Raised pavement markers, 10-25 mm high,
may be used.
Jiggle bars (raised bars) are usually 75 mm
high.
Marking material used near pedestrian or
bicycle activity should not present hazards of
tripping or slipping to pedestrians or two-wheel
vehicles users.
46
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Color
White
Yellow
Red and
Blue
Longitudinal Markings (parallel to the
roadway)
Broken lines permissive
Dotted lines path guidance
Solid lines restrictive
Double lines maximum restriction
Width of line indicates degree of emphasis 47
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Transverse Markings
Stop bars 300 – 6000 mm in width, 1.2
m before crosswalk lines Crosswalk
lines min. width 1.8 m
Railroad crossing markings X & RR and
a pair of transverse lines
Diagonal lines in traffic islands
Parking space markings
100-150 mm wide
blue and white for disabled places
48
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Word markings
Only used in support of standard signs
Limited to as few words as possible, never > 3
words
White in color and elongated 2.4 m high and 1.8 m
at low speed roads
Should be read as below
AHED STOP
STOP AHED
not
XING PED
PED XING 49
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
ADVANTAGES
Under most highway conditions, markings provide
important information while allowing minimal
diversion of attention from the roadway.
Pavement markings can enhance roadway
delineation with the addition of audible and tactile
features such as bars, differential surface profiles,
raised pavement markers, or other devices
intended to alert the road user that delineation on
the roadway is being traversed.
50
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Examples of Pavement Markings
51
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
52
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
53
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
54
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
55
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Signs and markings must draw the
driver’s attention.
Driver’s attention is directly proportional
to:
The density of traffic
Vehicle speed
Complexity of maneuvering areas
Operating environment (urban & rural)
56
Traffic Island
They are provided for
safe conjunction of
traffic.
Safe movement is
possible.
57
