Classification Of Systems
Chapter 3
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
System is a mathematical model of a physical process that relates the input
(or excitation) signal to the output (or response) signal.
ݕൌ ݔ܂
Where T is a transformation (or mapping) of x into y.
Continuous-time system :
If the input and output signals x and y are continuous-time signals
x(t)
System y(t)
Input Signal T Output Signal
Discrete-time system :
If the input and output signals are discrete-time signal or sequences
x[n]
System y[n]
Input Signal T Output Signal
System classification refers to how the system interacts with the input signal.
The interaction can be linear or non linear, time-varying or time-invariant, with
memory or memoryless and causal or non-causal.
22
Classification Of Systems
Systems With Memory And Without Memory
Example 1
A Memoryless
A resistor R with the input ࢞ሺ࢚ሻ taken
System
as the current flow through the resistor
and the voltage taken as the output
The output at any time ࢟ሺ࢚ሻ is a potential different across the
resistor. The input-output relationship
depends on only the input at (Ohm's law) of a resistor is
that same time.
ݐ ݕൌ ܴݔሺݐሻ
ݐ ݒൌ ܴ݅ሺݐሻ
Example 2
A capacitor C with the current as the A Memory
input ࢞ሺ࢚ሻ flow across the capacitor and System
the voltage as the output ࢟ሺ࢚ሻ is a
potential different through the capacitor.
The output at any
௧
ͳ
ݐ ݕൌ න ߬݀ ߬ ݔ time depends on the
ି ܥஶ
past or current
ஶ
ͳ
ݐ ݒൌ න ݅ ݐ݀ ݐ
ି ܥஶ
Example 3
A discrete-time system whose input
and output sequences are related by ݊ ݕൌ ݔሾ݇ሿ
ୀିஶ
23
Classification Of Systems
Causal And Non-Causal Systems
Causal System Non-Causal System
The output at any time depends The output at any time
on the past or current only depends on future input.
i.e. the output only depends on the
input for values of ݐ ݐ
Causality is a property
The output only exists after an that is very similar to
memory
input was applied to the system
Most of the practical systems are causal
Linear System And Non-Linear Systems
Linear System
• Output is proportional to an input
• 3 properties of linear system
i. Additivity
ii. Scaling
iii. Superposition
24
Classification Of Systems
Linear System And Non-Linear Systems
1. Additivity property
If ݔଵ ݕ ݐଵ ሺݐሻ
and ݔଶ ݕ ݐଶ ሺݐሻ
therefore ݔଵ ݐ ݔଶ ݕ ݐଵ ݐ ݕଶ ሺݐሻ
2. Scaling property
If ݔଵ ݕ ݐଵ ሺݐሻ
therefore ݇ݔଵ ݕ݇ ݐଵ ݐ
3. Superposition property
If ݔଵ ݕ ݐଵ ሺݐሻ
and ݔଶ ݕ ݐଶ ሺݐሻ
therefore ݇ଵ ݔଵ ݐ ݇ଶ ݔଶ ݇ ݐଵ ݕଵ ݐ ݇ଶ ݕଶ ሺݐሻ
Non-Linear System
Any system that does not satisfy properties of Linear System is
classified as a nonlinear system.
25
Classification Of Systems
Time-Invariant System And Time-Varying Systems
Time-Invariant System Time-Varying System
Shifted output signal will A system which does not satisfy
produce if the input signal either continuous-time system or
had a time shifted discrete-time system
If A system in which certain
ݔଵ ݕ ݐଵ ሺݐሻ
quantities governing the system's
therefore ݐ ݔെ ݐ ݐ ݕെ ݐ
behavior change with time, so
that the system will respond
Its input output characteristics do not
differently to the same input at
change with time.
different times
Also known as Fixed Parameter System
Linear Time-Invariant Systems
If the system is linear and also time-invariant, then it is called a linear
time-invariant (LTI) system.
There are many well developed techniques for dealing with the response
of linear time invariant systems, such as Laplace and Fourier transforms
26
Classification Of Systems
Stable Systems
A system is said to be bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stable if
and only if every bounded input results in a bounded output, otherwise it
is said to be unstable.
Feedback Systems
The output signal is fed back and added to the input to the system.
27
4
Basic Signal
Operations
Basic Signal Operations
After completion this chapter, student
should be able to:
9 Understand the transformation on
dependent variable
9 Understand the transformation on Learning
Outcome
independent variable
9 Apply the problem for
transformation on dependent and
independent variable
29
Basic Signal Operations
Chapter 4
BASIC SIGNAL OPERATIONS
An important concept in signal and system analysis is the transformation of a
signal. A signal either continuous time or discrete time can be manipulated
by modifying or transforming its dependent (amplitude) or independent (time)
variable. Multiple transformations can be applied to a signal in a certain
sequence to manipulate it in a particular way. The sequence of time
transformations is significant.
Types of Transformation Signals
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
(Amplitude) (Time)
a. Amplitude Scaling a. Time Scaling
b. Addition b. Time Inversion (Reflection)
c. Multiplication c. Time Shifting
d. Differentiation
e. Integration
Remember !!!
affects only
1. time transformation time parameter
affects only
2. amplitude transformation amplitude.
30
Basic Signal Operations
Transformation on Dependent variable (amplitude)
1. Amplitude Scaling
The identification is based on Vertical: Y-Axis or AMPLITUDE
ܻሺݐሻ ൌ Dܺሺݐሻ
. D δͳÎ D εͳÎ Ǥ
x(t) y1(t) y2(t)
Dt = 1.5
Dt = 0.5 1.5
1 1
1
0.5
0 Zt 0 Zt 0 Zt
-1 -1 -1
-1.5
(a) (b) (c)
2. Addition
The identification is based on ADDITION AMPLITUDE of two signal
ܻሺݐሻ ൌ ܺͳሺݐሻ ܺʹሺݐሻ
(a) (b) (c)
31
Basic Signal Operations
3. Multiplication
The identification is based on MULTIPLICATION AMPLITUDE of two signal
ܻሺݐሻ ൌ ܺͳሺݐሻܺʹሺݐሻ
(a) (b) (c)
4. Differentiation
The identification is based on DIFFERENTIATION AMPLITUDE of signal
݀
ݐൌ ܺሺݐሻ
݀ݐ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32
Basic Signal Operations
5. Integration
The identification is based on INTEGRATION AMPLITUDE of signal
௧
ܻ ݐൌ න ܺሺݐሻ
ିஶ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Transformation on Independent variable (time)
The periodicity of the signal is varied by modifying the horizontal axis values,
while the amplitude or the strength remains constant.
1. Time Scaling
The identification is based on DIVIDE X-Axis with a CONSTANT
ܻሺݐሻ ൌ ܺሺߚݐሻ
(a) (b) (c)
33
Basic Signal Operations
2. Time Inversion or Reflection
The identification is based on MIRROR at Vertical: Y-Axis or AMPLITUDE
Y(t) = X(-t) or Y(-t) = X(t)
(a) (b)
3. Time Shifting
The identification is based on MOVING the WHOLE SIGNAL along TIME-
axis by a CONSTANT
Y(t) = X(t - t0)
Y1(t) Y2(t)
X(t)
(a) (b) (c)
A time delay or advances the signal in time by a time interval +t0 or -t0
without changing its shape.
i. If t0 is positive, the signal of y(t) is obtained by shifting x(t) toward
the relative to the x-axis (Delay) ܻͳሺݐሻ ൌ ܺሺ ݐെ ͵ሻ ൌ ܺሺ ݐȂ ሺ͵ሻሻ
ii. If t0 is negative, x(t) is shifted to the left (Advances)
ܻʹሺݐሻ ൌ ܺሺ ݐ Ͷሻ ൌ ܺሺ ݐȂ ሺെͶሻሻ
34
Basic Signal Operations
II I
Remember !!!
Region of Signals
III IV
shifted
shifted
shifted
shifted
35
