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Matter and Its Nature - Class Notes

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It exists in three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas. The state depends on the strength of intermolecular forces between molecules and the amount of space between them. Solids have the strongest forces and least space, while gases have the weakest forces and most space. State changes such as melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation occur when heat is added or removed and the intermolecular forces or distances change. Matter can also be classified based on its composition as either pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures containing two or more substances. At the most basic level, all matter is composed of atoms which themselves contain even smaller subatomic particles like

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439 views4 pages

Matter and Its Nature - Class Notes

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It exists in three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas. The state depends on the strength of intermolecular forces between molecules and the amount of space between them. Solids have the strongest forces and least space, while gases have the weakest forces and most space. State changes such as melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation occur when heat is added or removed and the intermolecular forces or distances change. Matter can also be classified based on its composition as either pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures containing two or more substances. At the most basic level, all matter is composed of atoms which themselves contain even smaller subatomic particles like

Uploaded by

Arush Majumder
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matter and its nature

Matter: Anything that occupies space and have mass is called matter.
Volume: The space matter or anything occupies is called its volume.
Mass: The amount of matter anything contains is called its mass.

Energy: Anything that is not matter but has the capacity to do work is energy.
Ex.- Light, heat, electric, sound etc.

Classification of Matter (On the basis of their physical state):


Matter

Solid Liquid Gas


Comparison of properties of states of matter:

PROPERTIES SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES


Intermolecular space Molecules are closely More space between the Molecules are far apart
packed molecules as compared from each other.
to solids
Intermolecular forces Very strong Not as strong as solids Weak
Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape No fixed shape
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume
Fluidity Do not flow They can flow They can flow

Inter conversion of State


The change in the state of matter from one to another is called inter conversion of state.

Sublimation

Deposition

Melting Point: The temperature at which solid melts.

Substance Melting point (0 C)


Ice 0
Carbon 3500
Aluminium 660
Iron 1540

Freezing: The change in the state from liquid to solid.


Freezing Point: The temperature at which liquid changes into corresponding solid.

Boiling: The phenomenon of making bubbles in a liquid after heating to a particular temperature.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which liquid starts boiling.

Substance Boiling point (0 C)


Water 100
Acetone 56
Ethyl alcohol 78
Glycerine 290

Condensation: The phenomenon of changing a matter from gaseous state to liquid is called condensation
or liquefaction.

Vapour: The substances that ordinarily exist in the solid or liquid state are called vapour in the vapour
state.
Ex.- Sulphur Vapour (Solid)
Water Vapour (Liquid)

Sublimation: The phenomenon of changing solid directly into gas without melting into liquid.
Ex.- Naphthalene, Camphor.

Classification of Matter (On the basis of composition):

Matter

Impure
Pure
(Mixtures)

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Metals Metalloids Non-metals

Pure Substances: A substance contains single substance is known as pure substance.

Element: An element is a substance which cannot be broken down into simper substances by
chemical means (chemical change).
Metals Non- metals Metalloids
i) Generally, solids at room i) Exists in all three states. i) Solid at room temperature.
temperature. Except: Mercury Solid- Iodine
(liquid). Liquid- Bromine
Gas- Hydrogen, Oxygen
ii) Lustrous ii) Non- lustrous ii) Lustrous
iii) Hard iii) Brittle iii) Brittle
iv) Malleable iv) Non-malleable iv) Non-malleable
v) Ductile v) Non- ductile v) Non-ductile
vi) Sonorous vi) Non- sonorous vi) Non- sonorous
vii) Good conductors of heat vii) Bad conductors of heat and vii) Intermediate heat and
and electricity electricity (Except- graphite) electrical conductivity

Impure Substance: An impure substance or mixtures is a substance containing two or more substances
(elements or compounds) in any proportion.
E.g.: - Air: mixture of gases, moisture (water) and Carbon dioxide (compound)
Natural Water: mixture of air and water
Soft drink: carbon dioxide, water, sweetening and flavouring agents.

Alloy: A Metal mixed with other metal or non-metals.


Ex.- Steel (iron, carbon, manganese)
Brass (copper, zinc)
Bronze (copper & tin)

Mixtures

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
A substance is homogeneous A substance is heterogeneous
if the different parts of it if the different parts of it
have the same property differ in property and
(behaviour) and composition. composition.
Building block of matter:
Molecule: Matter is made up of extremely small particles which can exist independently it is called
molecules.
E.g., Atom: Small particle of a molecules is called atom. (Do not exist independently)
[Note: (i) A molecule of an element is made up of atoms of one kind.
(ii) A molecule of a compound is made up of two or more kinds of atoms]

Fundamental or Subatomic Particles


Atoms

Made up of

Electrons Protons Neutrons


- Very light particle - Much heavier than electron - As heavy as a proton
- negative electric charge - positive electric charge - no electric charge

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