University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed

Civil Engineering Dept.

Text Book
- Elementary Structural Analysis, by Norris, Wilbur and utku.
- Statically Indeterminate Structures by Chu-kia Wang.
- Analysis of Structural system, Jobn F. Fleming.
- Elementary Theory of Structures, Yuan Yu Hsieh.
- Structural Analysis, Hibbeler.
- Indeterminate Structural Analysis, Kinney.
References
- Analysis of Structural system by Jobn F. Fleming.
- Elementary Theory of Structures by Yuan Yu Hsieh.
- Structural Analysis by Hibbeler.
- Indeterminate Structural Analysis by Kinney.

Syllabus
- Introduction.
- Stability and determinacy of structures.
- Axial force, Shear force and bending moment diagram of frames and arches.
- Trusses
- Influence line and moving load.
- Elastic deformation of structures.
a- Unite load method.
b- Least work method.
c- Conjugate beam method.
- Method of consistence deformation.
- Slope deflection method.
- Moment distribution method.
- Approximate analysis of indeterminate structures.

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

Introduction.
1- Sign convention:
For analysis procedure, the active and reactive load acting on the structure and the
displacement of the joints will be expressed as components in a right hand orthogonal “ Global
Coordinate System” of three axes being designed as X, Y, and Z, Fig.(1).

Figure (1): Sign convention.

2- Structural loads:
Dead Load: it’s usually consist of:
- Own weight of the structure “self-weight”.
- Immovable loads that are constant in their magnitude and permanently attached to the
structure (false ceiling, ducts …. ext).
The weight of several structural materials are shown in Table (1).

Table 1: Weight of Structural material.

Material Weight (SI) kN/m3
Concrete 23-25
Steel 78.50
Wood 6.28
Aluminum 25.92

Live load
a- Vertical live load.
- Movable load.
- Moving load.
- Snow load.

b- Horizontal live load

- Wind load.
- Earthquake load.
- Soil pressure.
- Hydrostatic load.
- Thermal force.
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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

3- Equilibrium and reactions.

a- Equilibrium.
A rigid body is in equilibrium if it is either;
- At rest (velocity = 0).
- State of constant motion (acceleration = 0).
This require that:
- The resultant force on the body must be zero to prevent linear acceleration
∑ 𝐹 = 0.
- The resultant moment on the body must be zero to prevent angular acceleration
∑ 𝑀 = 0.
For plane truss or frame (two dimensions), these two conditions are usually designed by
the three equilibrium equations:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝑀 = 0

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

b- Types of Supports

Type of Sample Reaction

Support
Hinge Two reactions perpendicular
to the supported surface and
parallel to it, Rx and Ry .

Roller One reaction perpendicular

to the moving surface , R.

Fixed Three reactions, two force

and one moment. Rx , Ry
and M.

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

Smooth One reaction perpendicular

surface to the smooth surface , R

Link or strut One reaction in the

direction of the link, R

Note :
Link is a straight element of a pin end support
and no external acting force a long its length.
Guide Two reactions moment and
support force, R and M.

Allow movement Allow movement

in X direction in Y direction

c- Types of applied loads

- Concentrated force.

- Concentrated moment

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

- Uniform distributed load.

- Uniform distributed Moment

- Triangular load

- Trapezoidal load.

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

Notes:
- The applied loads may be a case of combination from the above mentioned load
cases.
- Cases of distributed load can be partially distributed along the affected span.

d- Determinate and indeterminate structure

- The structure is said to be determinate if:
(Number of unknown = Total number of equilibrium equations)
- The structure is said to be indeterminate if:
- (Number of unknown > Total number of equilibrium equation)

Conditional equations (C)

- Interior hinge “pin“ that’s connecting two members.
C=1

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

- Interior hinge “pin“ that’s connecting (m) members.

C= m-1

- Interior roller
C=2
(M=0 and Fx =0)

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

Stability and determinacy of structures.

The structure is said to be unstable if:
1- Numbers of Unknown (reactions, NR) < Total numbers of equilibrium equations (NEE)
NR < NEE
2- All reactions are parallel
𝑅1 ∕∕ 𝑅2 ∕∕ 𝑅3
∑𝑀 ≠ 0

3- All reactions are concurrent (meat at one point).

∑𝑀 ≠ 0

4- When the structure is geometrically unstable.

a- Stability and determinacy of beams

Let:
r = No. of reactions (Unknowns).
Since
No. of equilibrium equations in a case of plane structure = 3 (∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 , ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 , ∑ 𝑀 = 0)
∴ Total No. of equilibrium equations = 3 + C
Where (C) is, the number of the conditional equations.

Therefore:
If r < (3 + C) (The beam is unstable).
r = (3 + C) (The beam is determinate, if stable).
r > (3 + C) (The beam is indeterminate, if stable).
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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

Example 1
r=5
C=2
No parallel reactions.
No concurrent reactions.
No geometrical instability.
∴ r = (3 + C) = 5 (The beam is stable and determinate).

Example 2
r=5
C=2
No parallel reactions.
No concurrent reactions.
No geometrical instability.
∴ r = (3 + C) = 5 (The beam is stable and determinate).
Part1
Example 3
Part 2
r=6
C=3
No parallel reactions.
No concurrent
reactions.
No geometrical instability.
∴r = (3 + C) = 6 (The beam is stable and determinate).

Example 4
r=6
C=3
No concurrent reactions.
∴r = (3 + C) = 9
The beam is unstable because the reaction (R1& R2) are parallel.

Example 5
r=7
C=3
No parallel reactions.
No concurrent reactions.
No geometrical instability.
∴r > (3 + C) = 6 (The beam is stable and indeterminate).

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 University of Baghdad ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
College of Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Shatha Dheyaa Mohammed
Civil Engineering Dept.

Example 6
r=6
C=2
No parallel reactions.
No concurrent reactions.
No geometrical instability.
∴r > (3 + C) = 5 (The beam is stable and indeterminate).

Example 7
r=8
C=0
No parallel reactions.
No concurrent reactions.
No geometrical instability.
∴r > (3 + C) = 3 (The beam is stable and determinate).

H.W.

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