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167 views68 pagesUnit 6 Beam and Frame
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gauravghimire0000Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 68
Applied Mechanics BCE I/II
Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal Syllabi
6.1. Introduction to Structures: Discrete and Continuum,
6.2. Concept of Load Estimating and Support Idealizations: Examples and Standard symbols
6.3. Use of beams/frames in engineering: Concept of rigid joints/distribute loads in beams/frames.
6.4. Concept of Statically/ Kinematically Determinate and Indeterminate Beams and Frames:
Relevant Examples
6.5. Calculation of Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment for Determinate Beams and
Frames
6.6. Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams and Examples for drawing it.
Beam:
A beam is a structural member designed to support mainly transverse loads. /in general beams are
lone, straight, prismatic and horizontal.
Since transverse loads are perpendicular to axis of beams, they will include shears and bending
moments in a cross section of a beams. When the load are not at right angle to the beam, they will
also produce axial force in the beam.
Frame:
Frames are the combination of the network of horizontal beam and vertical column, They are
designed to carry the loads and transfer it to the supports. Cee
Displacem
cs
1. Roller SD Yes
2. Hinge
(Pinned) Ly» No)
3. Fixed No
No
Yes
Yes
1(In
vertical
Direction)
2(In —,
Horizontal
and
Vertical)
3(In
Horizontal,
Vertical
and
Moment)
— Discrete and Continuum
‘Various assumptions are made during the applications of principles of mechanics to practical problems
on the basis of assumptions, a structure may be Continuum and Discrete.
a) Continuum
In this idealization, the elements are assumed to be distributed continuously throughout the surface. The
solutions of this structures are represented by partial differential equations and are more complex.
b) Discrete (Skeletal.
In this idealization, the elements are assumed to be composed of finite number of small element.
Depending upon the resources and time availability, we divide the structure into number of small
compound i.e. in basic 1 — D element (line element), 2 — D element (basic triangle element) and 3 - D
element (cube or parallelepiped). Larger the number of discrete elements, more accurate will be the
result. This assumption makes the analysis easier.
‘Types of Beam
1) Simply supported Beam nn?
‘When both ends are supported on simple supports.
2) Continuous Beam
If beam supported more than two supports then the beam is continuous beam.
a
3) Cantilever Beam
One end of the beam is fixed and other end is free. 4) Propped Cantilever Beam S
One end of the beam is fixed and other end supported on simple support. i— yp
A beam whose both ends are rigidly fixed or built into its
supporting walls and columns.
i) One side overhanging ii) Both side overhanging
5) Fixed Beam:
6 Overhanging Beam :
Beam with elastic Supports
‘Types of Load:
1) Point Load w
It is assumed to act at a point. It may be vertical, tt
horizontal or inclined. Unit; KN, Kg ete. hn ?,
2) Uniformly distributed Load (UDL)
Load is distributed along the structure uniformly.
Itis in rectangular form. Unit; KN/m, vm, Kg/m etc.
Point Load = Length * Height AW RN/on
= Area of Rectangle (WL) : c s
This point load assumed to be acted form centroid of rectangle. ) Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)
‘The load is vary from point to point in triangular form. WKN/m
Unit; KN/m, Um, Kg/m ete.
Point Load = 2 * Length * Height L
fri sia
= Area of Triangle (0.5WL)
This point load assumed to be acted form centroid of the triangle.
4) Couple
It is combination of two parallel, equal and opposite forces separated by certain distance.
5) Static Load and Dynamic load
+ Static load are applied gradually but they don’t move
+ Dynamic load gives rise to load and variation as well.
6) Dead load and Live load
Dead load is the self load or load of permanent structure.
Live loads are movable loads.
D Wind load: Load due to wind
8) Seismic load: Load due to earthquake
9) Hydrostatic load: Load due to water
10) Snow load: Load due to snow and considered only in snowfall places. 1) The algebraic sum of all vertical components is equal to zero. ie. Y:V = 0
2) The algebraic sum of all horizontal components is equal to zero. ie. YH =
3) The algebraic sum of all moment is equal to zero. i.e. M = 0
Frame:
+ A frame is a stationary structure consisting of one or more multi force members (i.e.
members acted upon by three or more forces which in general are not directed along the
members).
* Members are subjected to axial force, shear force and bending moment.
+ A frame is the network of beams and columns jointed together to carry load and transfer
to the support.
1) Rigid Frame: Usually all members lie in one plane and the configuration ( shape, angle
between the members) don’t change in removal or alteration of supports.
2) Non Rigid Frame Jointed Frame):
If the joint is rigid, the frame is rigid jointed frame and if the joints are hinge connected, it is
called pin jointed frame. Statically determinate and indeterminate structures:
* A structure consist of an assembly of individual structural elements like beam, Column,
wall, slab cable etc. The interaction between these individual components leads to the
stability of structure.
+ A structure (beam, frame) is acted upon by system of known load and unknown reactions
at supports.
+ The number of unknown reaction depends on the type of support used.
* The stable structure (beam, frame) remains in equilibrium under the action of known
external load and unknown reaction where unknown reaction satisfied by three condition
of static equilibrium.
Statically Determinate Structure:
A statically determinate system is one for which the reaction and internal stresses developed
in the plane member can be completely determined by using the three equation of static
equilibrium and conditional equation if any.
Statically Indeterminate Structure:
A statically indeterminate system is one for which the reaction and internal stresses
developed in the plane member can not be completely determined by using the three
equation of static equilibrium and conditional equation if any.
For Beam Structure:
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = Unknown Reaction — Known Equation of Equilibrium Calculate the degree of indeterminacy of given beam structures.
Beam Unknown Degree of indeterminacy
Reaction (r) =r-3
ee 3 0, beam is determinate
3 0, beam is determinate
4 1, beam is indeterminate
4 1, beam is indeterminate
3 0, beam is determinate
6 3, beam is indeterminate
—1, beam is unstable For Frame Structure:
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = External indeterminacy (ng;) + Internal indeterminacy (nj)
Where,
External indeterminacy (nei) = r— (3 + C)
Internal indeterminacy (nj;) = 3* total no. of cuts required to have open configuration
=3*(m+1-j)
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = (Nei) + (nu)
= (Gm +1)-(Gj+C)
If (3m + r) = (3j + C), the structure is statically determinate (n = 0)
If (3m + r) > (3j + C), the structure is indeterminate (n = + ve)
If (3m + r) < (3j + C), the structure is unstable mechanism (n =— ve)
Where m = No. of member
J = No of joints
r = No. of unknown reaction
C= Special Condition = C = Ym! —1
m’= No. of member connected at internal hinge For Frame Structure:
B
Fig (2)
iC
Here, m =3,r=3,J=4andC=0
External indeterminacy (ng) = r— (3 + C) =3-(3 +0) =0
Internal indeterminacy (n, * total no. of cuts required
to have open configuration = 3*(m + 1 — j) = 3* @ +1 -4)
=3*0=0
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = (nei) + (mi)
= 0 +0 =0,The given frame is statically determinate frame
structure.
Here, m = 3,r=2,J=4andC=0
External indeterminacy (ng;) =r — (3 + C)=2- (+0) =-1
Internal indeterminacy (nj) = 3* total no. of cuts required
to have open configuration = 3*(m + 1 —j) = 3* (3 +1-4) =
3*0=0
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = (ng)) + (nj)
=-1+0=-1,The given frame is statically determinate but
unstable frame structure. For Frame Structure:
B
Internal
Hinge
Fig (4)
Here, m=3,r=4,J=4 and C=0
External indeterminacy (nei) =1— (3 + C)=4-(3 +0)=1
Internal indeterminacy (nj;) = 3* total no. of cuts required
to have open configuration = 3*(m + 1 — j) = 3* 3 +1—4)
=3*0=0
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = (ng,
= 1+0= 1,The given frame i
frame structure.
)+ (ny)
atically indeterminate
Here, m= 3,r=4,J =4andC=Sm'—-1=2-1=1
External indeterminacy (n¢j) =1— (3 + C)=4-(3 +1) =0
Internal indeterminacy (nj) = 3* total no. of cuts required
to have open configuration = 3*(m + 1 — j) = 3* @ +1 -4)
=3*0=0
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = (ngi) + (Nii)
=0+0=0,The given frame is statically determinate frame
structure. For Frame Structure:
Here, m= T= 9and C= Cy Ce
Cy =¥m! —1=2- 1-1 & C 2C=34+1=4
External indeterminacy (7g) = 6-G+4)=-1
Internal indeterminacy (mj) = 3*(m + | -j) =3* (10+ 1-9)
= 3*2=6
OR Internal indeterminacy (1;
have open configuration = 3 * 2
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (1) = (rei) + (ni)
=~ 1 + 6 = 5,The given frame is statically indeterminate frame
structure.
3 total no, of cuts required to
=6
Here, m=4,r=4,J=5andC=Sm'-1=2-1=1
External indeterminacy (n¢j) =1— (3 + C)=4- (3+ 1) =0
Internal indeterminacy (nj) = 3* total no. of cuts required
to have open configuration = 3*(m + 1 - j) = 3* (4 +1 -5)
=3*0=0
Now,
Degree of indeterminacy (n) = (ni) + (mii)
= 0+0=0,The given frame is statically determinate frame
structure. Numerical
1) Find the support reaction of given beam.
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction
@ >) UF =0
(i) U + YM, =0
(10*3) — (Rpy*7
Rpy = 4.286 KN
(ii) 0 + Y Mg =0
(Ray*7) — (10*4) = 0
Ray = 5.714KN
Check:
(+ DE Fy =0
Ray + Ray —10=0
4.286 + 5.714—10=0
0.=0 Hence ok. 2) Find the support reaction of given beam.
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction
(> (+) DF =0
Ray =0
Ray =0KN
Gi) OU + DM, =0
(WL*S) ~ Rpy*L) = 0
Z
(Ray ely (WL) =0
Ray =“ KN
Check:
( NE Fy =0
Ray + Ray— (WL) =0
0 =0 Hence ok. 3) Find the support reaction of given beam.
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction
@ >) TF =0
Ray =0
Ray =O KN
Gi) OU + YM, =0
& 21.
#2) — Ray*L) =0
(i) U + EM =0
Ray2L)- Ee =0
Check:
G NEFy =0
Ray + Ray— (WL) =0
wy “_wi=0
0=0 Hence ok. 3) Find the spo of given beam.
m
20KN,
We]
LJ —— B
Solution: a
Calculation of Support Reaction Ray Roy
@> G+) TF =0
Rax— 10 Cos 30=0
Rax = 8.66 KN
Gi) U + DM, =0
1543243 5 oe . ee
— SSF) + (204) +{(10*10)*5} — Rpy*10) + 30 + {(10Sin30)*12}= 0
Rpy = 62.5 KN
(ii) U + TMp =0
Bay*10)— («23 +109) — 20%) -{(10*10)*5} + 30 + {(10Sin30)*2}=0
Ray = 85 KN
Check:
( DY Fy =0
Ray + Ray - C57) -20 — (10*10) — 10Sin30 = 0
0 =0 Hence Ok 1) Find out the support reaction of given loaded frame as shown in figure.
Solution: Calculation of Support Reaction 10*3 = 30
() >) EF =0 roKn/m 20KN
25-Rax = 0
Rax = 25 KN
(i) U + DM, =0 2m
(25*2) +(10*3*1.5) +(20*4) — (Rpy*3) 25KN
Rpy = 58.33 KN
(ii) OD + Mp =0 2m
(Ray*3) + (25*1) + (25*1) ~ (10#3*1.5) + (20*1) =0
Ray = —8.33KN
Check: Ray
DYFy =O
Ray + Rpy ~ 20-30=0
(-8.33) + 58.33 — 20-30 =0
0=0 Hence Ok 2) Find out the support reaction of given loaded frame as shown in figure.
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction 108 = 30
(@)U +YMa=0 Internal Higge 10KN/m 20KN
(45*2) + (10*3*1.5) + (20*4) — (Rey*3) =0 \
Rgy = 71.67 KN B
Gi) OU +O Mp =0 0.5*15*6
(Ray*3) + (45*2) — (30*1.5) + (20*1) =0 =
Ray = ~21.67KN gee 6m
(ii) © +(Q Mg)Right Part = 0
(30*1.5) + (204) — (71.67*3) + (Rex*6) = 0
Rex = 15 KN 15 KN/m
(iv) U +(DMgp)Left Part = 0
— (45*4) + (Rax*6) = 0
Ray + Rey ~20-30=0
(-21.67) + 71.67 — 20 -30=0
Check:
0=0 Hence Ok @ DEF, =0
45—Ray - Re,
45—15-30=0
= 0 Hence Ok 3) Find out the support reaction of given loaded frame as shown in figure.
i) Taking algebraic sum of horizontal forces
of the system (F) ¥ Fy = 0
(0.5*10*6) — (8.66) — (Rg,) =0
#R, = 21.34KN
ii) Taking moment at point A (+0 E Ma = 0) 9 cx agg
(0.5* 10*6*2) + (5*4*2) + 20 + (15*6) + (S*4)
5*4= 20 45KN
~ (8.66*3) — (Ryy*4) =0 a eo
#R, =51KN
iii) Taking moment at point F
Or, (40) EMp =0 10 KN/m AAX
(0.5*10*6*2) — (5*4*2) +20+ (15*2)
~ (8.66*3) + (Ray*4) =0
2R, =—11KN
Check
(4 EFy =0
Ray + RFy-20- 15-5 =0
~11+51-20- 15-5 =0
0 =0, Hence satisfied. Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Momen
Axial Force:
The axial force at any transverse cross — section of a straight beam is the algebraic sum of
the components acting parallel to the axis of beam of all loads and reaction applied to the
portion of the beam on either sides of cross — section.
Axial force considered as positive when it produces tension in the member and compressive
force taken as negative axial force.
Tension (+ ve) Compressive (— ve)
Shear Force:
Shear force at any transverse cross — section of straight beam is the algebraic sum of the
components acting transverse to the axis of the beam of all loads and reaction applied to the
portions of the beam on either sides of cross — section.
Shear force, which tends to shear a member left up and right down is considered as positive
shear otherwise negative.
Positive Shear = Clockwise couple
Negative Shear = Anticlockwise couple
Positive Shear Negative Shear Bending Momen
The bending moment at any transverse cross — section of straight beam is the algebraic sum of the
moment taken about the axis passing through the centroid of cross — section of all loads and reactions
applied to the portion of the beam on either sides of the cross — section,
Bending moment taken as positive when it tends to produce tension in lower fiber of beam and
compression in the upper fiber i.e. to bend the beam concave upward (Sagging Curve).
Bending moment taken as negative when it tends to produce tension in upper fiber of beam and
compression in the lower fiber i.e. to bend the beam concave downward (Hogging Curve).
A EE
Positive Bending Negative Bending
Moment (Sagging) ‘Moment (Hogging)
Axial Force, Shear Force and Bending Moment
The graphical representation of the axial force, shearing force and Bending moments which are
introduced in the structural members (i.e. beam and frames) are called AFD, SFD and BMD. Values of
axial force, shear force and bending moment are plotted along Y — axis corresponding to the length of
the member ( X ~ axis) which is considered as base line.
rams
+ Positive values of axial force and shear force are drawn above the base line for AFD & SED.
+ For the BMD, bending moment is drawn always at the tension side of the beam.
+ Higher value of the SF & BM at any section of the beam higher will be the internal stresses. 1) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given beam,
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction
@ > (+) DF =0
Rax — 10 Cos 30 =0
Rax = 8.66 KN
; z (iii) U + E My =0
GU + ZMa=0 | Ryye7)- Ged) =0
5*3) —(Ryy*7) = 0
G*3)- Ray*7) Ray = 2.857 KN
Rpy = 2.143 KN
Free Body Diagram
2887 2.143
A B
8.66 { C 8.66 \C
8.571
2.857 — 2.143
Calculation of Axial Force
i) For Member AC A
(AF) ac =~ 8.66 KN
ii) For Member CB
(AP)cp = 0 8.66 8.66 AFD Calculation of Shear Force (1+!
i) For Member AC
(SF); -1 = 2.857 KN (Constant)
(SF)ac = 2.857 KN .
For Member CB
(SF)2-2 =~ 2.143 KN (Constant) 2.143
Free Body Diagram
2.857 2.857
Calculation of Bending moment (0 _+ J)
i) For Member AC Cc
(BM), -, = 2.857 X, (Straight Line) A B
When X,=0, (BM), =0
When X,= 1.5, (BM) mig = 4.286 KN. m SFD
When X;=3 , (BM)c = 8.571 KN. m
For Member CB
(BM), 2 = 8.571 -2.143 Xp
When X2=0, (BM)c = 8.571 KN. m
When X2=2, (BM) mia
When X,=4 , (BM) =0
2.143 2.143 2) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given beam,
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction
4(20*4) =
tokn/m 44?
@ > 4) TF =0
Rax =0 KN Gi) DU + YMg=0
(ii) U + YMy=0 | (Ray*4)— (40*2) =0
(40*2)—(Rpy*4)=0 | Ray = 20KN
Rpy = 20 KN
Free Body Diagram
10 KN/m
A B
20 20
I Force
i) For Member AB A B
(AF)ap = 0
AFD Calculation of Shear Force (1+!
i) For Member AB
(SF), 1 = 20- 10X, (Straight Line)
When X,= 0, (SE), =20KN
When X,= 2, (SF) mia = 0 KN
When X;=4., (SF)p =- 20 KN
For Maximum Bending moment point (SF = 0)
+ (SF); -1 = 20- 10X, =0
X=2
Calculation of Bending moment (U_+ J)
i) For Member AB
(BM); -. = 20 X, ~ 10#X,*
= 20 X, — 5*X? (Square Parabola)
When X;=0, (BM), =0
When X,= 1, (BM); = 15 KN. m
When X;=2, (BM) mia = 20 KN. m
‘When X;= 3, (BM); = 15 KN. m
When . (BM)g =0 KN.m 3) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given beam.
Solution:
Calculation of Support Reaction
@> GO) Tk =0
Rax = 0 KN
(i) U + YM, =0
(45 #4) (Rpy*6) = 0
Rpy = 30 KN
Free Body Diagram:
15
Calculation of A;
i) For Member AB
(AF) ap = 0
5x15 #6 =45
! 15 KN/m
(iii) U + L Mp =0
(Ray*6) — (45 * 2) =0
Ray = 15 KN
1 Force
R
15 KN/m ee
30
AFD Free Body Diagrai
From similar triangle, Wx = + = 2.5%,
Calculation of Shear Force (1 +1)
i) For Member AB
(SF); -1 = 15 - 0.5*Wy * Xy B
= 15-0.5*2.5X; *X, = 15— 1.25*X? (Square Parabola) %
When X;=0, (SF)q = 15 KN 15 30
When X,= 1 , (SF),
Parabolic
When X;=4,, (SF),
When X;= 5, (SF)s =~ 16.25 KN
When X;=6 , (SF)s=— 30 KN
For Maximum Bending moment point (SF
«. (SF), -1 = 30- 1.25*X? =0
X, = 3.464 m Free Body Diagrai is eu
From similar triangle, Wy = = 2.5X,
Calculation of Shear Force (1 +1)
i) For Member AB
(SF), -1 = 15 - 0.5*Wy + X, B
= 15 -0.5*2.5X; *X, = 15- 1.25*X? (Square Parabola) %
When X;=0, (SF)q = 15 KN 15 30
When X;= 1 , (SF); = 13.75 KN
10 KN
SKN
When X;=4,, (SF), =-5 KN
When X;= 5, (SF)s =~ 16.25 KN
When X;=6 , (SF)s=— 30 KN
For Maximum Bending moment
point (SF = 0)
+ (SF); -1 = 15— 1.25*X} =0
X= 3.464 m Xy = 3.464m
| Pardbolic Curve
Shear Force Diagram Free Body Diagra
From similar triangle, Wx = + = 2.5%,
Calculation of Bending moment (© _+ J)
i) For Member AB
(BM); -4 = 15X, — 1.25+x7*
=15X, — 0.41667 *X} (cubic Parabola)
When X= 0, (BM), =0
When X4= 1, (BM), = 14.58 KN. m
When Xy=2., (BM), = 26.67 KN. m
When X,= 3, (BM)3 = 33.75 KN. m
When X,= 3.464,(BM) max = 34.64KN.m 900
When X;=4, (BM), = 33.33 KN. m 5.00
When X= 5, (BM) =22.92KN.m 1000
When X;= 6, (BM)p = 0 KN. m ay
20.00
25,00
30.00
35.00
40,00
34.64
Bending Moment Diagram
Parabola Point Load/ Constant (Rectangular) Linear (Straight Line)
Moment
Uniformly Linear (Straight Line) Square Parabola
Distributed Load aii
eee le
Uniformly Varying Square Parabola Cubic Parabola
Load
Slope down
~ rm. 211
Concave UP Concave Down
Cubic oxheos 4) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given beam.
15KN/m 20KN,
Calculation of Support Reaction Ray
@ > +) LF =0
Rax — 10 Cos 30 =0
Rax = 8.66 KN
(ii) O + TM, =0
— B23) 5 20s) +(10*10)*5) = (Rpy*10) +30 + {(10Sin30)*12}= 0
Rpy = 62.5 KN
Gi) D + DMp=0
(Rpy*10)~ (B23 110) ~ (20*6) ~{(10* 10)*5} + 30 + {(10Sin30)*2}=0
Ray = 85 KN
Check:
( DNEFy =0
Ray + Ray — as
0 =0 Hence Ok
*) 20 — (10*10) — 10Sin30 = 0 Free Body Diagram
15KN
fm
3m For Member CA: (0 < X, <3)
i) Calculation of Axial Force
(AF ca = 0
ii) Calculation of Shear Force (t_+ 1)
From similar triangle, Wx, = “+ = 5x,
(SE)y 1 =— 22.5 + 0.5*Wy *X,
=~ 22.5 + 0.S"5X; *X, =— 22.5 +2.5*X? (Square Parabola)
» SF)a= KN
5, (SF) mia =~ 16.875 KN
. (SF)c=0KN
iii) Calculation of Bending moment (U_+ J)
(BM); 4 =—45 + 22.5 Xy — 2.5x7*
=~ 45 + 22.5X, — 0.8333 *X} (Cubic Parabola)
When X,=0, (BM), =~ 45
When X4= 1.5, (BM) mig =~ 19.687 KN. m
When X;= 3, (BM)¢ = 0 KN. m 66
For Member AE: (0.< X, <4)
i) Calculation of Axial Force
(AF)ag = — 8.66 KN
ii) Calculation of Shear Force (1 +1)
2.5 — 10*X.
» (SF), = 62.5 KN
+ (SF) mia = 42.5 KN
(SF)g = 22.5 KN
iii) Calculation of Bending moment (U_+ J)
(BM), 2 =~ 45 + 62.5 Xp ~ 10#X2*
=—45 + 62.5X) —5 *X3 (Square Parabola)
‘When X2= 0, (BM), =~ 45 KN. m
When X2= 2, (BM) mia = 60 KN. m
When X2= 4, (BM)g = 125 KN. m
For Point of Contra flexure (BM = 0), :: (BM) 2 5 + 62.5X2—5 *X3 =0
X, = 11.732, 0.767, [A point of contra flexure is a point where the curvature of the beam changes sign. It is
sometimes referred to as a point of inflexion] «It is 0.767m form point A. im
om
For Member EB: (0 < X; < 6)
i) Calculation of Axial Force
(AF) gp = — 8.66 KN
ii) Calculation of Shear Force (T+ 1)
10*X3
For Maximum Bending moment point (SF = 0).
Xs = 0.25
iii) Calculation of Bending moment (0 + J)
(BM), ~3 = 125 + 2.5X, —5 *X3 (Square Parabola)
When X3= 0, (BM)p = 125 KN. M
When X3= 0.25 , (BM) max = 125.312 KN. m
When X_= 3, (BM) mia = 87.5 KN. m
When X;= 6, (BM)p =- 40 KN. M
For Point of Contra flexure (BM = 0), «: (BM)3 ~3 = 125 + 2.5X3-5 *X3=0
X = 5.256, - 4.756 [A point of contra flexure is a point where the curvature of the beam changes sign. It is
sometimes referred to as a point of inflexion] -. It is 5.256m form point E.
s (SF)3-y =2.5- 10*X; =0 im
om
For Member BD: (0 < X, <2)
i) Calculation of Axial Force
(AP)gp = — 8.66 KN
ii) Calculation of Shear Force (T+ 1)
(SF)4-4 = 5 (Constant)
(SF)pp =5 KN
i) Calculation of Bending moment (0 _+ J)
-40+5Xq
+ (BM)g =~ 40 KN.M
When X4= 1, (BM) mig =~ 35 KN. M
When X4= 2, (BM)p =~ 30 KN. m
AFD e) Zero Shear
point (X3 =
0.25)
Parabolic
Curve :
Sp 5 60 Shear Force Diagram 57.5 BMis
BM,
BM,
BMmia
BMg
BMmax
BMmia
BM
BMg
BMmia
BMp
Shear Force Diagram
xb)
-45
-45
60
125
125.312
87.5
40
40
35
30
SSISsssE
BBES
140
Point of Contraflexure
0.767 form A and 5.256m from E
Parabolic Curve
125.312
Bending moment Diagram 5) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given frame structure.
Solution: Calculation of Support Reaction 10%3 = 30
>) EF =0 roKn/m 20KN
25-Ray = 0
Ray = 25 KN
ii) O + TM, =0 2m|
(25*2) +(10*3*1.5) +(20*4) — (Rpy*3) on 25KN
Rey = 58.33 KN
(ii) DU + Mp =0 2m
(Ray*3) + (25*1) + (25*1) — (10*3*1.5) + (20*1) =0
Ray = ~8.33KN
Check:
G DEFy =0 Ray
Ray + Rry ~ 20-30=0
(8.33) + 58.33 - 20-30 =0
0 =0 Hence Ok Free body Diagram
50 10KN/m 20 20 20
D
8.3 Pp p__].
ce 38.33 20
. 58.33
B 50 soon 20KN D
8.33 onl
8.3 ‘25KN.
2m F
2S 0 58.33
Rav Ryy=25KN
Al 95 Rey = 5833 KN
Ray = -8.33KN
8.33 i) Calculation of Axial Force
(AF) ap = 8.33 KN 20
(AF) gc = 8.33 KN, (AF)cp =0 KN
(AF)pg = 0 KN E
(AF) pr =- 8.335 KN
ii) Calculation of Shear Force
For Member AB: (0 < X, <2) (*)
(SF); 1 = 25 (Constant)
(SF)qp = 25 KN
For Member BC: (0 < Xz <2) (*)
(SF)2-2=0
For Member CD: (0 < X; <3)(f +4) 58.33
When X3= 3, (SF)p =~ 38.33 KN
For Member DE: (0 < X, < 1) (7 +1)
(SF)q—4 = 20 (Constant)
(SF)pg = 20 KN
For Member DF: (0 < X; <3) (*)
(SF)s-s=0 iii) Calculation of Bending moment
For Member AB: (0 < X, <>(f)
(BM), -1 = 25X,
When X,=0, (BM), =0
When X,= 1, (BM) mig = 25 KN. m
When X,= 2, (BM)p = 50 KN. m
For Member BC: (0 < X, < 2) ( + )
50 (Constant)
0 KN. m
For Member CD: (0 < X; <3) (0 [4] 4)
50 ~8.33X3 ~ 5 *X3
+ (BM) = 50 KN. m
(BM) pig = 26.255 KN. m
(BM) =- 20 KN. m
8.33
For Point of Contra flexure (BM = 0), :- (BM); -3 = 50 ~ 8.33X3 ~ 5 *X3 =0
Xq = 2.437, — 4.103 + Itis 2.437m form point C.
For Member ED: (0 < X, < 1) (U]O)
(BM), -4 =-20X,
When X,= 0, (BM), = 0 KN. m
When X,= 1, (BM) mig =~ 20 KN. m
For Member DF: (0 < X; < 3) (:)
oF)
(BM)5 5 =0 AED, SFD and BMD:
BMD 1) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given loaded frame structure. Also show the salient features if
my SKN/m 20KNm 15KN
Solution: po
Calculation of supports reactions by using
equations of equilibrium.
i) Taking moment at point A (+0 E Ma = 0)
(0.5*10*6*2) + (5*4*2) +20+ (15*6) + (5*4)
~ (8.66*3) — (Ry,*4) =0
+R, =51KN
ii) Taking moment at point F (+0 Y Mp = 0)
(0.5*10*6*2) — (5*4*2) +20+ (15*2) ~ (8.66%3) + (Ryy*4) =0
2R, =—11KN
iii) Taking algebraic sum of horizontal forces of the system (F Fx = 0)
(0.5*10*6) ~ (8.66) ~ (Ry,) =0
+R, = 21.34KN
Note: All unknown reaction forces of given system are determined but one equation of equilibrium is
remaining which is used to check the calculated value of vertical reactions.
So, (H1E Fy = 0)
Ray + RFy~20- 15-5 =0
~11+51~20-15-5=0
=0., Hence satisfied. Free Body Diagram skim 20KNm 15KN
Baas D
10KN 3/,
aoe
3m
i0KN/m
a5
8.04KNm 75.96KNm OKNm
SKN/m
8.66 —ses \
: Cc
22 as
3a
1a
a6
8.66
8.66 25.96KNm
8.04KNm E eco
be
a
e
4A, 21.34
10KN/m
sa
a4 Calculation of Axial force:
(AF) AB = +11 KN
(AF) BC = - 8.66 KN
(AF) CD = 0 KN
(AF) CE =- 46 KN
(AF) EF =-51 KN
it 5
it
AFD
sium
c
8.66 Calculation of Shear Force
10x
From similar triangle, w = “2
8.66 + (0.5*1.667X*X)
66 KN
—1.158 KN
When X = 4, (SF)ccaroia = 4.676 KN
When X = 6, (SF), 1.34 KN 10KN/m
Calculation of point of maximum bending moment (SF = 0)
—8.66 + (0.5*1.667X*X) = 0
Or, X = 3.223m from point B.
ii) For Member BC (0< X <4) (T
GBar ilo 8.04KNm
When SKN/m
ysteyal
i) For Member AB (0 =
(BM),, = 13.30X — {0.5*5X*X*(X/3)
When (X= 0), BM,= 0 KNm
When (X= 2), BM,nig = 19.933 KNm
When (X= 2.306), BM, 39, = 20.45
When (X= 4), BM, KNm
ii) For Member BC (0 < X <1) (U [4] ¥)
BM,
BM. = 49.644 KNm_
iii) For Member CD (0X < 1) (© [+] J)
BM, = 49.644 KNm_
BMp = (49.644*2) — (30*1) = 69.288KNm
wou
Cc
Bo p
E Solel
B\20.45
iv) For Member DE (0s X <2) (© [+] U)
{BM),, = 88.576 + 0.356X — {10*X*(X/2)}
When (X= 0), BM, = 88.576 KNm
When (X= 0.0356), BMo 935 = 88.582 KNm
When (X= 1}, BMug = 83.932 KNm
When (X= 2), BM, = 69.288 KNm
eS Satare
Parabola
cubic
Parabola
A
BMD
v) For Member EF(0 < X < 4.123) (:)
6.
1.483*X = 49.644KNm
), BM, = 0 KN.
1.123), BM, = 88.576 KNm 3) Draw AFD, SFD and BMD of given loaded frame structure. Also show the salient features
any.
Solution: Hinge _15KN/m -
Calculation of supports reactions by using
equations of equilibrium.
7B
i) Taking moment of all left side forces at point B A 6m
(OD My = 0) b
Rax*9) — (0.5*15*9*6) =0
oR, = 45 KN(A) 3m
ii) Taking moment at point E (+0 ¥; Mg = 0) 15KN/m
(0.5*15*9*0) + (45*3) + (Ray¥5) — (15*5*2.5) + (1542) =0
R, = 4.5 KN(1)
‘Taking algebraic sum of horizontal forces of the
system (¥ E Fy = 0)
(0.5*15*9) — 45 -(R,,) =0
R, = 22.5 KN(“)
iv) Taking moment at point A (+0 E Ma = 0)
(0.5*15*9*3) + (15*5#2.5) + (15*7) — (22.53) — (Ryy*5) =
=R, = 85.5 KN(1)
Cheel
So, (+1 Fy = 0)
Ray + Rpy ~ (155) - 15=0
4.5 +85.5-75— 15 =0
0 = 0, Hence satisfied.
hr Sm 2m Free Body Diagram
hinge _35KNm 15KN
TB cD t
A | 6m
A a
m
sont Z '
r—Sm—-2m-1
as
165Nm a
CS
5
35KNm
| et 22.5
5.5
aSKN/m Calculation of Axial forces
(AF) CD =0 KN
Calculation of Shear force:
i) For Member AB (0