Support Reaction
a) Hinge Rx
M=0 Rotation, 𝜃=
𝜃
Rx= Horizontal displacement ∆𝑥 = 0
Ry
Ry= Vertical displacement ∆𝑦 = 0
∆𝑥
M=0 Rotation, 𝜃=
b) Roller
𝜃 Rx= 0 Horizontal displacement ∆𝑥 =
Ry= Vertical displacement ∆𝑦 = 0
Ry
∆𝑝
M=0 𝜃= 𝑅𝑝 : Parallel to the
plane
Rp=0 ∆𝑝 = 𝑅𝑁 : Parallel to the
𝜃 normal
𝑅𝑁 = ∆𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝑁
30° 30°
∆𝑥
Support Reaction
c) Link
M=0 𝜃=
(Two –force member) 𝜃
Rx=0 ∆𝑥 =
Ry= ∆𝑦 = 0
Ry
∆𝑉
M=0 𝜃=
Rv= 0 ∆𝑣 =
𝑅𝐿
𝑅𝐿 = ∆𝐿 = 0
Along the link
Support Reaction
M
↶
d) Fixed End Rx
M= 𝜃=0
Rx= ∆𝑥 = 0
Ry ∆𝑦 = 0
Ry=
M= 𝜃=0
RP= RP = 0
𝑅𝑃
RN= RN = 0
M4
3
4 3 𝑅𝑁
Stability And Determinacy Of Structure
Structures of concern to civil engineers, are bridges, buildings, walls, dams, towers, and shell
structures.
The structural analysis which made to determine the internal forces in various members of structure
and displacements at some controlling points, are discussed in the theory of structures.
Three major types of basic structures are:
1. Beams
A beam is a straight member subjected mainly to transvers loads. A beam is completely analyzed
when the values of bending moment and shear are determined. A
A
m m
⇂
↷
↶
N N
⇂V V
Internal forces
2. Truss
A truss is composed of members connected by frictionless hinges or pins. The loads on a truss are
concentrated at the joints. Each member of a truss is considered as a two-force member subjected to
axial forces only
Pin joint F
Internal forces
F F
Simple truss
F
3. Rigid Frame:
A rigid frame is built of members (beams and columns) connected by rigid joints capable of
resisting moment. Members of a rigid frame, in general, are subjected to bending moment, shear
and axial forces.
Beam A
Rigid joint
⟶⇃
↶
N m m
↷
⟵↿V
↶
m V N
⇂⟶ N
↽
V ↷ V
Column
A m ↑N
V Internal forces
↷ ↷
Fixed end
Statically Determinate Structure
• It is the structure in which
Number of unknowns = Total number of equilibrium equations
Statically Indeterminate Structure
• It is the structure in which
Number of unknowns > Total number of equilibrium equations
Unstable Structure
1. When No. of unknowns < Total No. of equilibrium equations
2. External geometric instability
a) Lines of reaction are all parallel
F
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
a c R a , R b and R c are parallel
b
R
Ra Rb Rc
Unstable
M
↷ Rx
Stable
Ry
Unstable Structure
b) All the reactions meet in one point
Unstable Unstable
Unstable
Unstable Structure
c) When there are three hinges lie on the same line and the middle hinge is not connected by
third member, then the structure is unstable
Hinges
Unstable Unstable
Unstable Structure
d) When there is a portion which one of its end is an internal hinge and the other one is
free end, the structure is unstable
Hinge
Unstable Unstable
Stability and Determinacy of Beams
Let r = number of unknown reactions
c = number of equations of condition
c+3 = Total No. of equilibrium equations
Then,
• If r < c+3 The beam is unstable
• If r = c+3 The beam is determinate , if it is stable
• If r > c+3 The beam is indeterminate, if it is stable
EQUATIONS OF CONDITION (C)
The moment about the hinge calculated from
1. For interior hinge connecting two members the external forces on the either side of the
M=0 hinge must be zero, in order to guarantee that
C=1
their portions will not rotate about the hinge.
2. For interior hinge connecting (n) members
C=n-1
3. For interior roller or interior link
C=2
C=1
C=2
r= 3
3+c= 3
r=3+c
3=3
Stable and Determinate
r= 5
3+c= 3+1=4
r>3+c
5>4
Stable and indeterminate to 1st degree
r= 5
3+c= 3+2=5
r=3+c
5=5
Stable and Determinate
Geometrically unstable
r= 4
3+c= 3+3=6
r<3+c
4<6
Unstable
Stability and Determinacy of Trusses
Let b = Number of bars
r = number of unknown reactions
j = number of joints (A joint in a truss connects two or more members)
b + r = Total No. of unknowns
2j = Total No. of equilibrium equations (at each joint two equilibrium eq. can be applied ∑𝐹𝑥 =0 &
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0)
Then,
• If b + r < 2j The truss is unstable
• If b + r = 2j The truss is determinate , if it is stable
• If b + r > 2j The truss is indeterminate, if it is stable
b= 6, j=5, r= 3
b+r= 6+3=9
2j=2*5=10
9<10
Unstable
b= 6, j=5, r= 4
b+r= 6+4=10
2j=2*5=10
10=10
Stable and Determinate
Unstable (All reactions meet in one point)
Geometrically unstable
b= 15, j=8, r= 4
b+r= 15+4=19
2j=2*8=16
19>16
Stable and indeterminate to 3rd degree
Stability and Determinacy of Rigid Frame
Let b = Number of bars (Each bar has three internal unknown forces N, V, and M)
r = number of unknown reactions
j = number of joints (For equilibrium of each joint 3 equations must be satisfied ∑𝐹𝑥 =0, ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0, and
∑𝑀 = 0)
3b + r = Total No. of unknowns
3j + c = Total No. of equilibrium equations
Then,
• If 3b + r < 3j + c The frame is unstable
• If 3b + r = 3j + c The frame is determinate , if it is stable
• If 3b + r > 3j + c The frame is indeterminate, if it is stable
EX.: b= 10
r= 9
J= 9
3b+r > 3j+c
39 > 27
Stable and indeterminate to 12th degree
b= 10 c= n-1 = 4-1= 3
r= 9
J= 9
3b+r > 3j+c
39 > 30
Stable and indeterminate to 9th degree
Cantilever is not
EX.: counted as a member
b= 6
r= 6
J= 6
3b+r > 3j+c
24 > 18
Stable and indeterminate to 6th degree
EX.: b= 6 c=1
r= 9
J= 7
3b+r > 3j+c
27 > 22
Stable and indeterminate to 5th degree
bay
EX.: * For tall buildings (multi-story buildings), the degree of
Story indeterminacy can be counted as follows:
a) The structure is separated into stable and determinate parts Removed restraints
b) Degree of indeterminacy= ∑ removed restraints 3 3
= 8*3 = 24 3
3
Stable and indeterminate to 24th degree
3 3
3 3
EX.:
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
Degree of indeterminacy= ∑ removed restraints
= 16*3 = 48
Stable and indeterminate to 48th degree
Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structure
A composite structure is a combination of two-force members and flexural members
Two-force members can resist axial force only such as link, cable, strut and truss member
Flexural members can resist bending moment such as, beam and members of a frame
Let E= Total No. of equilibrium equations
U = Total No. of unknowns
U E
Each truss member gives one unknown Each member carry moment give 3 equations
Reactions Each joint connects truss members only give 2
equations
Each joint connect members carry moment give
unknown in this equation [ 2 (m-1) ]
Then,
• If U< E The structure is unstable
• If U= E The structure is determinate , if it is stable
• If U> E The truss is indeterminate, if it is stable
EX.: U= 6 E= 6
1
U=E Stable and Determinate
1
3
3
U= 14 E= 12
2 U>E Stable and Indeterminate to 2nd degree
1
3
3
3 2
4
3
2
2 1
EX.: 2
U= 10 E= 9
U>E Stable and Indeterminate to 1st degree
2 3
2
3 3
1
2
1
