Solutions
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on
molecular level. The constituent of the mixture present in a smaller
amount is called the Solute and the one present in a larger amount is
called the Solvent. For example, when a smaller amount of sugar
(solute) is mixed with water (solvent), a homogeneous solution in
water is obtained. In this solution, sugar molecules are uniformly
dispersed in molecules of water. Similarly, a solution of salt (Na+ Cl–)
in water consists of ions of salt (Na+,Cl–) dispersed in water.
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
• The concentration of a solution is defined as : the amount of solute
present in a given amount of solution. Concentration is generally
expressed as the quantity of solute in a unit volume of solution.
A solution containing a relatively low concentration of solute is called
Dilute solution. A solution of high concentration is called Concentrated
solution.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
The common solutions that we come across are those where the
solute is a solid and the solvent is a liquid. In fact, substance in any
three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) can act as solute or solvent.
Thus there are seven types of solutions whose examples are listed in
Table 14.1.
Solution
• Solid in Liquid
Example: salt in water (polar solvent) Na+, Cl_
Water is an inorganic solvent. Look alike system
Organic solvent: non polar solvents
Methanol
Ethanol
Acetone
N-hexane
Solid dissolved in non polar solvents??
WAYS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
• There are several ways of expressing concentration of a solution :
• (a) Per cent by weight
• (b) Mole fraction
• (c) Molarity
• (d) Molality
• (e) Normality
Per cent by Weight
• It is the weight of the solute as a per cent of the total weight of the
solution. That is,
For example, if a solution of HCl contains 36 per cent HCl by weight, it has 36
g of HCl for 100 gm of solution
50 gm of solution contains 23 gm of solute
1 gm………………………………..=23/50
100 gm……………………………..=23/50*100
Per cent by Weight
• H2O=1*2+16=18 gm of water =1 gm mole water
• Molecular weight of HCl=1+35.5=36.5 gm
• A solution is containing 36 gm of water . What is the no. of mole of water
present here?
• Molecular weight of water = 18 = 18 gm of water= 1 gm mole of water
• Given weight of a molecule/ molecular weight of that molecule= no of mole
36% of HCl
36 gm HCl
(100-36)= 64 gm water
36.5 gm=1 mole
1 gm=1/36.5
36gm=1/36.5*36
Mole Fraction
Mole Fraction
• 5 gm of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 gm of water. What is the number of
moles of NaCl and water?
Number of moles of NaCl=5/58.5=0.0854
Number of moles of Water = 1000/18=55.5
Mole fraction of NaCl=0.0854/0.0854+55.5=.0.854/56.35=0.0015
Mole Fraction of water=55.5/56.35=0.99
Molarity
• MOLARITY
In current practice, concentration is most often expressed as molarity.
Molarity (symbol M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per
litre of solution. If n is the number of moles of solute
Molarity
Molarity
Molality
Molality
Normality (NaOH + HCl
=NaCl+H2O)
Normality
• Density=m/V
• V=m/Density
Normality
Mathematical Solution
• Calculate the molarity and normality of a solution containing 5.3 gm
Na2CO3 in 1000 ml solution.
• Determine the molality of a solution containing 86.53 gm of sodium
carbonate per litre in water at 20oC. The density of the solution at
this temperature is 1.0816 gm/lit.
• What is the molarity and molality of 13% solution (by weight) of
H2SO4? Its density is 1.09 gm/ml.
Calculate the molarity and normality of a solution
containing 5.3 gm Na2CO3 in 1000 ml solution.
• Molecular mass of Na2CO3= 23X2+12+16X3=46+12+48=106
• Number of moles of Na2CO3=5.3/106=0.05.
• Number of gm equivalent of Na2CO3= 5.3/53=0.1
• Molarity of the solution=Number of moles of Number of gm
equivalent of Na2CO3 =0.05/1=0.05M
• Normality of the solution= Number of gm equivalent of Na2CO3/
Number of gm equivalent of Na2CO3=0.1/1= 0.1 N
Determine the molality of a solution containing 86.53 gm
of sodium carbonate per litre in water at 20oC. The density
of the solution at this temperature is 1.0816 gm/lit.
• Here we have to assume that the volume of the solvent is equal to
the volume of solution
• Density=m/V
• Density=m/1=mass (m)
• Mass of the solvent=1.0816 gm=1.0816/1000= 0.0010816 kg
• Molality=number of moles of solute/ mass of the solvent in Kg
• Number of moles of Sodium Carbonate=86.53/106=0.81632
• Molality of the solution=0.81632/0.0010816=0.754m
What is the molarity and molality of 13% solution
(by weight) of H2SO4? Its density is 1.09 gm/ml.
• 13% solution (by weight) means
• Total solution weight=100 gm
• Solute H2SO4= 13 gm
• Number of moles of sulfuric acid=13/98=0.1326
• Solvent H2O = 87 gm=87/1000 Kg=0.087 kg
• Molality=0.1326/0.087=1.524 m
• Density=m/V
• V=100/1.09=91.74ml=0.091743 liter
Molarity=0.1326/0.091743=1.445 M
• A solution contains 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% ethanoic acid.
Calculate the mole fraction of each component.
• What is molarity and normality of a 13% solution (by weight) of
H2SO4? Its density is 1.09 g/ml.
