SOCIAL CHANGE refers to an alteration in the social order of a society.

The base of social

change is change in the thought process in humans
social change, in sociology, the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure,
characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value
systems.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT can be summarily described as the process of organizing human
energies and activities at higher levels to achieve greater results. Development increases the
utilization of human potential.
What is Development?
It is the changes that societies and individuals experience as a result of industrialization,
urbanization and the development of nation-states.
CONCEPTIONS of Development
1. Sustainable Development (*Focus on economic development)
2. Participatory Development (*grass root participation)
3. Development as freedom (*investment to human capital)
4. Development of History (*go back to the past to response for the future)

ACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Individual
2. Household
3. Community
4. Government
5. NGO
6. Private Companies
7. Multilateral

Process of Social CHANGE

1.Accumulation
2. Adjustment
3. Diffusion
4. Invention
Types of Social Change
1. Political Change
2. Economic Change
3. Scientific Change
4. Moral Change
5. Religion Change

Factors Affecting Social Change

1. Population growth and composition
2. Technology
3. Natural Environment
4. Culture
5. Social Conflict
 6. Economic process
7. Political process
8. Social movements

Characteristics of Social Change

1. Change is uncertain in prediction
2. Change is not uniform in degree or rate
3. Change is maybe planned or unplanned \
4. Change is social
5. Change creates chain reactions
6. Change is temporal
7. Change is continuous
8. Change is multi-causal
9. Change is inevitable

DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM

Amartya Sen – Is both the first Indian and the first Asian to win the Nobel prize for
economics. In winning the Nobel prize, Sen was praised by the Swedish Royal
Academy of Sciences "for his contributions to welfare economics" and for restoring
"an ethical dimension" to the discussion of vital economic problems.

• Development as Freedom is a popular summary of economist Amartya Sen's

work on development. In it he explores the relationship between freedom and
development, the ways in which freedom is both a basic constituent of development
and an enabling key to other aspects.

• Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement

of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”.

• According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of

human rights. Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and
so forth increase the likelihood of honest, clean, good government.

• He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a
functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win
elections and face public criticism and have strong incentive to undertake measures
to avert famines and other catastrophes”.

PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

o Involvement of people in community processes through creating programs and

policies that empowers citizens.

Issues related to Participatory Development:

o Income
o Living Conditions
o Socio – Economic Inequalities

Benefits of Participatory Development:

o Involvement of Citizens
o Sense of Ownership and Responsibility
o Enhanced Sustainability and Self-Reliance

Disadvantages of Participatory Development:

o Participatory process takes longer
o Difficult to assure that all the right people get to the table
o Education maybe needed for community members

3 Important Terms:
o Conscientization
o Gender Inequality
o Partnership & Ownership

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 o Aims to transform the world
o A call to action to end poverty, inequality, protect the planet, ensure that all
people enjoy health, justice and prosperity.
o Making world a better place without destroying the possibilities for the next
generation.

Importance:
o Help countries to grow in ways that adapt to the challenges faced by
humankind that can be resolve at global level and by promoting sustainable
development.

3 Aims of SDG’s:
o Economic Development
o Social Justice
o Environmental Protection

17 SDGs
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health & Well Being
4. Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable & Clean Energy
8. Decent Work & Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure
10. Reducing Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption & Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
 15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17. Partnership for the Goals

MODERNIZATION THEORY IN GLOBALIZATION

Globalization- is a term used to describe how trade and technology have

made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.

Effects of Globalization
- Access to new cultures
- The spread of technology and innovation
- Lower costs for products
- Higher standards of living across the globe
- Access to new markets
- Access to new talent
-
How is Globalization related to Modernization?
That is to say that studies on modernization generally end up explaining how
a country or region develops from an agrarian to an industrialized society, while
studies of globalization usually focus on how the behavior of a core country or region
influences other countries in the world, and how such behavior influences.

MODERNIZATION THEORY
o It used to explain the process that a nation goes through as it transitions from
a traditional society to a modern one.

Characteristics of Modernization
- Industrialization
 - Urbanization
- Political Participation
- Development of mass-media techniques
- Social Mobility

Positive effects of Modernization

- Increase economic growth, decreased poverty rates and improved health care

Negative effects of Modernization

- Negative health impacts of modernization include increased poverty as
extended family support and traditional knowledge are lost, poor nutrition and
increased sexually transmitted diseases.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- economics study of the public sector, economic and social development
is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a
nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according
to targeted goals and objectives.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

• Creating more jobs and more job variety
• Keeping businesses and getting new ones
• A better quality of life
• More people and businesses paying taxes
• More productive use of property
• Promoting your community’s assets
• Making and selling more local products
• Getting more skilled workers living in your community

RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WORK

• Local Indigenous and non-Indigenous governments
• Chambers of commerce
• Technology or business incubators
• Regional development agencies
• Community colleges, universities and research institutions
• Provincial and Federal governments
• Special authorities (like airports, ports, etc.)
• Not-for-profits & humanitarian organizations
• Business and industry associations
• Workforce development organizations
• Neighborhood groups

ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

General Categories:

Stewardship - maintains that humans hold a certain privilege and responsibility

in relation to their environment, as stewards of nature.

Imperialism- imperialism has its roots in Jewish and Christian religion.

Imperialists referred to genesis to support the more dominant view that humans
have a God-given right to control nature.

Romanticism- Towards the end of the 18th century, a cluster of artists, poets
and writers adopted the perspective romanticism in reaction against the
imperialistic view that nature must be controlled.

Utilitarianism- In perspective of utilitarian, the most important things in life are

happiness and contentment and nothing matters.
 DEVELOPMENT AS HISTORY
• This refers to social change that occurs over extended periods of time due
to inevitable processes.
• Different Historical events that creates different development that leads to
Social Change. GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
• THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775-1783)
• REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA (1810-1824)
• THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT (1830-1865)
• WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1848-Present)
• THE LABOR MOVEMENT (1930s)
• THE ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENT (1950s-Present)
• THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1955-1968)
GLOBAL HISTORICAL EVENTS
• WORLD WAR I & II (1914 TO 1945)
• Russian Revolution (1917-1923)
• 9/11 September attacks (2011)
• THE BLACK DEATH (1347 and 1353 AD)
• The Spanish flu (1918-1920)
• COVID-19 (2019-Present) PHILIPPINE HISTORICAL EVENTS
• EXECUTION OF J. RIZAL (1896)
• MARTIAL LAW (1972)
 PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION (1986)

STRUCTURAL FUNTIONALIST THEORY

 o Views society as a structure with parts performing certain function or working
with one another to respond to the biological and social needs of all members
of that society.

Biological Needs:
o Air
o Water
o Food
o Shelter
o Clothing etc.

Social Needs: (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)

o Physiological Needs
o Safety Needs
o Belongingness & Love Needs
o Esteem Needs
o Self-Actualization

ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY

o The model asserted that all countries exist somewhere on this linear spectrum,
and climb upward through each stage in the development process:

Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agriculturally based

economy, with intensive labor and low levels of trading, and a population that does
not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology.
Preconditions to Take-off: Here, a society begins to develop manufacturing, and
a more national/international, as opposed to regional, outlook.
Take-off: Rostow describes this stage as a short period of intensive growth, in which
industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated
around a new industry.
Drive to Maturity: This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards
of living rise, use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and
diversifies.
Age of High Mass Consumption: At the time of writing, Rostow believed that
Western countries, most notably the United States, occupied this last "developed"
stage. Here, a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by
mass production and consumerism.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (Transition of MDG to SDG)

Millenium Development Goals

o The Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) were eight international
development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the
millennium summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adaptation of
United Nations Millennium Declaration.

7 MDGs
1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
4. Reduce Child Mortality
5. Improve Maternal Health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability

TRANSITION
 o The SDGs were developed in the Post-2015 Development Agenda as the future
global development framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals
which ended in 2015.

Sustainable Development Goals

o The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals,
were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end
poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace
and prosperity.

17 SDGs
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health & Well Being
4. Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable & Clean Energy
8. Decent Work & Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure
10. Reducing Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption & Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17. Partnership for the Goals