IT8602 MOBILE COMMUNICATION [Btech(IT) 6TH SEM-2017Reg]

UNIT III WIRELESS NETWORKS 9

Wireless LANs and PANs – IEEE 802.11 Standard – Architecture – Services –
Blue Tooth- Wi-Fi – WiMAX
Wireless Networks
Contents:
1. Wireless LAN
2. IEEE 802.11 Standards
3. Architecture
4. Services
5. Mobile Ad hoc Networks
6. WiFi and WiMAX
7. Wireless Local Loop
Pre requisite Discussion :
In this chapter we present several wireless local area network (WLAN)
technologies. This constitutes a fast-growing market introducing the flexibility of
wireless access into office, home, or production environments. WLANs are
typically restricted in their diameter to buildings, a campus, single rooms etc. and
are operated by individuals, not by large-scale network providers The global goal
of WLANs is to replace office cabling, to enable tether less access to the internet
and, to introduce a higher flexibility for ad-hoc communication in, e.g., group
meetings. The following points illustrate some general advantages and
disadvantages of WLANs compared to their wired counterparts.
1.Wireless LAN :
Concepts:
WLAN Some advantage of WLAN (or) Characteristics of WLAN
Flexibility
Within radio coverage, nodes can communicate without further restriction. Radio
waves can penetrate walls, senders and receivers can be placed anywhere.
Sometimes wiring is difficult if firewalls separate buildings. Penetration of a
firewalls is only permitted at certain points to prevent fire from spreading too fast.
Planning

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 Only wireless ad-hoc networks allow for communication without previous
planning any wired network needs wiring plans. As long as devices follow the
same standard they can communicate. For wired networks, additional cabling
with the right plug and probably interworking units such as switches have to be
provided
Design
Wireless networks allow for the design of small, independent devices which can
for example be put into a pocket. Cables not only restrict users but also designers
of small PDAs, notepads etc. Wireless senders and receivers can be hidden in
historic buildings. i.e., current networking technology can be introduced without
being visible.
Robustness
Wireless networks can survive disasters e.g., earthquakes or user pulling a plug.
If the wireless devices survive people can still communicate. Networks requiring
a wired infrastructure will usually break down completely.
Cost
After providing wireless access to the infrastructure via an access point for the
first user, adding, additional users to a wireless network will not increase the cost.
Significance:
This helps to know the characteristics and features of using Wireless LAN
2. IEEE 802.11
The three main sections of this chapter present the IEEE standard for WLANs,
IEEE 802.11, the European ETSI standard for a high-speed WLAN with QoS
support
3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Wireless networks can exhibit two different basic
Information Based
Ad0-hoc

Infrastructure based:

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STA (Station)
Several nodes called stations (STA)
STA are connected to access points (AP) stations (or) terminals with access
mechanisms to the wireless medium and radio contact to the AP.
BSS (Basic Service Set)
A Group of stations using the same radio frequency..

The example two BSSs (i.e.) BSS1 and BSS2 - which are connected via a
distribution system.

AP (Access Point)

A distribution system connects several BSSs via the AP to form a single network
and thereby extends the wireless coverage area.

Distributed System

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Interconnection network to form one logical network (ESS :- Extended Service
Set) based on several BSS.
Extended service set (ESS) has its own identifier, the ESSID.

The ESSID is the name of a network and is used to separate different networks.
Without knowing the ESSID it should not be possible to participate in the WLAN.
Portal
Bridge to other wired networks.

Significance:

The distribution system connects the wireless networks via the APs with a
portal which forms the interworking unit to other LANs.

4. Services
Concept:
Stations can select an AP and associate with it.

The APs support roaming ie. Changing access points

Significance:

The distribution system handles data transfer between the different APs.
APs provide
Synchronization within a BSS
Support power management and
Can control medium access to support time bounded service

5. Mobile Ad hoc Networks Concept:

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An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built spontaneously as
devices connect. Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of
messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward
packets to and from each other. In Latin, ad hoc literally means "for this,"
meaning "for this special purpose" and also, by extension, improvised or
impromptu.

The Ad Hoc Networks is an international and archival journal providing a

publication vehicle for complete coverage of all topics of interest to those
involved in ad hoc and sensor networking areas. The Ad Hoc Networks considers
original, high quality and unpublished contributions
addressing all aspects of ad hoc and sensor networks. Specific areas of interest
include, but are not limited to:

Mobile and Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Sensor Networks

Wireless Local and Personal Area Networks

Home Networks

Ad Hoc Networks of Autonomous Intelligent Systems

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 Novel Architectures for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Self-organizing Network Architectures and Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Routing protocols (unicast, multicast, geocast, etc.)
Media Access Control Techniques
Error Control Schemes
Power-Aware, Low-Power and Energy-Efficient Designs
Synchronization and Scheduling Issues
Mobility Management
Mobility-Tolerant Communication Protocols
Location Tracking and Location-based Services
Resource and Information Management
Security and Fault-Tolerance Issues
Hardware and Software Platforms, Systems, and Testbeds
Experimental and Prototype Results
Quality-of-Service Issues
Cross-Layer Interactions
Scalability Issues
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Protocols

Significance:

It is used for mobile nodes to communicate without any infrastructure.

6. WIFI and WIMAX :

Concepts:

These are used for data transfer and wireless communication such like Bluetooth,
but it can connect devices in higher range. WiMAX is similar to the wireless
standard known as Wi-Fi, but on a much larger scale and at faster speeds. A

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nomadic version would keep WiMAX-enabled devices connected over large
areas, much like today.s cell phones. We can compare it with Wi-Fi based on the
following factors.

Range

Wi-Fi typically provides local network access for around a few hundred
feet with speeds of up to 54 Mbps, a single WiMAX antenna is expected to have
a range of up to 40 miles with speeds of 70 Mbps or more. As such, WiMAX can
bring the underlying Internet connection needed to service localWi-Fi networks.

Scalability

Wi-Fi is intended for LAN applications, users scale from one to tens with
one subscriber for each CPE device. Fixed channel sizes (20MHz).

WiMAX is designed to efficiently support from one to hundreds of

Consumer premises equipments (CPE)s, with unlimited subscribers behind each
CPE. Flexible channel sizes from 1.5MHz to 20MHz.

Bit rate

Wi-Fi works at 2.7 bps/Hz and can peak up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel.
WiMAX works at 5 bps/Hz and can peak up to 100 Mbps in a 20 MHz
channel.

Quality of Service

Wi-Fi does not guarantee any QoS but WiMax will provide your several
level of QoS. As such, WiMAX can bring the underlying Internet connection
needed to service local Wi-Fi networks. Wi-Fi does not provide ubiquitous
broadband while WiMAX does.

Significance:

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Used real time in organizations and used in smart phones.

7. Wireless Local Loop

Concept:

The first step in the receiver involves demodulating the received signal. This is
achieved using the same carrier as the transmitter reversing the modulation and
results in a signal with approximately the same bandwidth as the original spread
spectrum signal. Additional filtering can be applied to generate this signal. While
demodulation is well known from ordinary radio receivers, the next steps
constitute a real challenge for DSSS receivers, contributing to the complexity of
the system. The receiver has to know the original chipping sequence, i.e., the
receiver basically generates the same pseudo random sequence as the transmitter.
Sequences at the sender and receiver have to be precisely synchronized because
the receiver calculates the product of a chip with the incoming signal. This
comprises another XOR operation as explained in section 3.5, together with a
medium access mechanism that relies on this scheme. During a bit period, which
also has to be derived via synchronization, an integrator adds all these products.
Calculating the products of chips and signal, and adding the products in an
integrator is also called correlation, the device a correlator. Finally, in each bit
period a decision unit samples the sums generated by the integrator and decides
if this sum represents a binary 1 or a 0. If transmitter and receiver are perfectly
synchronized and the signal is not too distorted by noise or multi-path
propagation,. On the receiver side, this signal is XORed bit-wise after
demodulation with the same Barker code as chipping sequence.

Applications:

∑ Used to provide data coverage to a small area with high speed with WiMax
∑ Provides an infrastructure for establishing a mobile communication