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B
Py :
CHAPTER ake
Ray OPTICS
(ony
C Beats ani Hi sine 04 Light )-
Og OP Spomutnicas Re odes os ate!
(epogeee A Nahe.
I Laws 4 roplection and supsrawiion . :
jE eapains fhe formation ay smages in et
[and dennis rand wontcing and elesig Vg
LIAM ,
|
|
|
| Lawes 04 eploctiors og Light :
iy ding. eg incidence 1s squat fo the angle of YO”
it) The ancidene ray, sylectec nay and the M0
des on the same fiane.
aes
i
'
1
af
ily
minor,
7 Fr
'
nN
Types 24 _misviom =
1y PLANE MIRROR :-
* Prat tngth , f= ©
x Equal sine a olyece and image
“ Ont wuntual 4mage.
* magnification , *
ONVER MIRROR 3 - a, |
* Prat engin, f is posttive.
*
DB goim ony wena 1Mage ,
Tmage as always ” MD
FD
fon amatt tenon 8
or = @ et TARE
| cD
20 - MP
FD
MB. MB
| cD FD
fo - &@ > THE MIRROR EQUATION :—
We an olyite Aa of Ai h’ placed in front of the
mins at a dditane UW foun an image Ae a distana
Vion pune 4 the movidn as shown in the pogwre.
AP'B'F ahd AMPF ane similan .
C Pon pce ae a en
2 straight Line purpendiculan £0 cP.)
Bla. ae
PM PE
Be. ge 2 OLY we BA]
BR 3
Ale, AABP and P'B'P ane similar.
Biel. ae.
BA BP —@
YO «xan be wnyitten as,
gin’ _ pip- PF _ ®
BASE pe Equaing &% @ and @,
BRL pp _ PF
Bp peo PF
From vray cliagiam ,
Bp - -v
| rp “uw
| pe. -f
=v vey
| = es
| wo. v=) > Yer Yo
| uw t “u F
|
oe ~®
Ths selatton K& Knoum as the MUON equation ,
The Ae Y the umage relate to the siz of the
| Bick ts xallect magnipcation, De t depenect
[ee i izes Aili Arage) 2) ae
| npek
m= 4 7
aA -
| Bum LA'R'P and AMBP,
BRA BP
| Bem nay ‘
Bipl= -A'
| Bao- A
an en
| Rp = -&
yA Vv
eT
m: Ai. 4} —©
a ue
Od © an vali for bor concare
town minon, seat and Vintuat images,
|
_ REFRACTION
GO nay 4 Light is sineidone obtiquety on a meditim
Men the clinection 4 mepagation Light changes
ab he Ankenphase a the tuo smeclia. This
| prunemmenon 4s cate supraction of Light
| ee f Ae following Lows of mepracion :
[ik The dneiclene ray, seprackec nay -and the normal
Me tn te same pane.
lin The malin of Aine 24 angle 2% xneilene 40 the Aine &
(angle a, ruppoctiom 4s constant,
ae 2 ain ee
Ath AL
a
@o
Tntexpdie of Mv0 media
@
| sohove ther ds the 5 in Of tre second medium
* G Qy <1, te Ligne tends curd fiom nonmet,
Then, medium 2 4s mares than medium |.
* Na >t, the light bends tovsands the 2Onm
4 7 : : - a than muedium 1.
and rnudiun & “4% apically taseral shige and Ayppanent alyrth
Yasar
©
@
Derrses, ane angle ef incidence 4% invicaseds fos ee Light
a unevilig 49t0om. vdlenser Ao Siancr snectitumn. » 4her ee
nt a sigpnaction lee tnowases and at a. prascculas
a
[4 age dnudence -cotlecd estticat angt, the arige
| aangee
y sncpsaction decomes 90".
’ Begone the enclical rangle, the Lnedink nay is
dhe Same wriecdium . This pbinorumunen
ge LAK ccd :
“caller — Taka nitesnert suglection
“ titons Tete, internat _suepltction +
ea “use navel prom denser to Parr rnicdium.
Zt > Lie ie > Coiticad angle
i?
Adation between csilicat angle and
12
te = so" ( 7)
Nin > Repractive inden of, denser C1) Went ranen (2)
medium .
| eae Total internat onan a
fupliations 2, Total _intesnat seplecrion
Spanucing oy cbiamend ; !
The puective indene diamond is 2 42- |
eS du to the
Te utival angle vs 24-4)" ss
| Mery antl -cnctcat ang and Me ats om tn,
| . omnes
| fac ef clramond | smnose of the Light °
|
CUE. Ths, Lcliamond spares -
| ; PSS SZ a a
| Fibs optte cables :- - : ai ;
| Fibre septic cabs ane ontensively U4 AE
| wing -auucleo and vickee 2ignats , ee of a One and a ccloieing .
‘Leone > L clauiting
5 Cone
Chigh A= 162)
(lous e dx
Sphunicat sungace
| Reyyiacion at a
medium = Frawe Jupracive indices ™ and Na Fespectively
| The nays au consioeret 40 Le povracual .
tong ~ 68 , sino x8
| tan LNoM = Znom = MN _@
| ™0
| tan LNIM = yen -
| i)
| Mr
| tan AN = ZNcmM = MN _@®
| me
| a
| ANoC, i= 2NOM + 2-NCM [exterion angte)
| so eae nam
Sells . Cry Tes
Zinn m1
Mies 3 ins = 72
am mn
Canon + znem ni = (Znem - znzm) no
MN + MV \n, = MN _ MN) na
} a oe “ec mes)
i | (iio * em = (ho ph) ne mam. pm. @
=u R R 7
ie
p wa 7
ae this A Ae BON ary
cak Auta °
| Reyracion uy
apne
Na tom
—®
neg Bo Meats
| Siem
&®,
ngs edn
mecbiven havin
| ruproutl sal
Hos ie is M-
ng 8 Op Pe oe EME one
apply or Dh Pe
Sia. aes | Neate =o
DI, Dt re
The diagram shows tne image gonmonien <
ck OO:
doulte conven dens in tu ters.
The finde surfer ABC forms “Smage Ti o% olf
Anat the second ate : ~
vintual defecke ae * ms ( Ba, Bor es "las =. (m2 - nl ae," 30
=D
Cn.- m( Be tae]
m Cat g] ste ae ck
vk (BCR) —O
Burd, ve
| Lens makers formule: z = (ms “Y( a ~ #) —®
comparing D2 @,
f
—@D Len formula.
BF
a4
“vw
Ey-® and (@) ane valich for oll aphericat Lenses.
fae magn, prneicech oy te ans:
tan . &
hel, 6 > smu ,
| Pe FS ww) Go (@iopene, DD
| Combination
E | . 4s |e ste gaat 008
Zp+ 4ANR = 18 _
| AQNR, La+ 292 + ZQNR = 180° —_@
©4265 -
| ot LAL —@®
ae $=) ini + e- ne
(5 > encterion angle)
$= ite (Mtn)
& = ite-A = @ The angle 5 deviation .clynnds im. angle oy sncidens
| Bowe metnau the path of Light , wwe can see Uiak
Zi ark Le an interchangable. .
Ab dic unmimiun deviation, the sueppractid, sug
duane franallel Av the base ( 4i= Le) whith
implies Ar =Ar aan
> ZA= ea > ws A
a
Sm = &t-A
| te A+ Sm
| 2
cites bz aint
AIDA
A+ dm
Fram = O° ( +)
Somes ceeea
ain (4)
fon thin prusm
sing ~ ©
: Atdm
ele ar
sR
2
Bo =~ At dm
a
HA -A = Sm
dm = (4-1) Ab
& imps Sept ido net deviati Light muc
Arigle deviation (6)
Angle of incidence cw Opttead imseauments
SIMPLE microscope
D
ngutan mognigication,
hie
a
=> & =
oe Oo hip
sm- 2 A ¢ the magrprcation for 2m ae
snginig as anty ene point tes khan the sonnigieasion
je E LDDV
| 498 amag / Thus , Mosk peical datum
wane Wise ae Amage oe Anginity pescecon jor mow
| ecornporeo te ariensing
compounD> ICROSCOPE
Ms we HON ACL,
tebseope ue
“i m-v lop. Ate
ne ont ae
ms: fo angatay magnification
| PS
| Apeetinng telscane — [ cassegnain netesceyeJ
5 obese rere?
Minghok ard uct image 4 eee
Lark dseane op sttree piston (LDDV) .
» A simple microscope has Limited magnipication (£4).
i Thus a combination of Lenses Ls suse £0 -achiene
ge aagrigicakton .
A compound rmicvwscope eo
| whith is smagni¢y wap 1000 Himes.
auch oleice
