> ~ ~” Pe. se ~ LOPTIC . » Fhe brome PRynien biel, deals with the atidy df Hpht £5 callecl » Opttea 2 Properties OF Ligurs- 1, Light tn an sleceomagretic. wave Lawing 2 wavelengie 29604 to 7800A° > Light travela Zn atraight bine (An ber roy often) meta. tot anni Yeqwite any material mecliam totravel. > jt Speed oh Light ty vaceume rea ee ice Ps. wey, Light traveln fn any material medium, Lb spree) lecrenser B_| and ft dependo Upon optical denrity df the meclium. ates 7 —il__ [Light ni dh erovgy wbih Relloa i to Aer tee objects) 1 EE Aight Pall, o_Any purfacr, tree pLenamehmn occuren ) | bimettomemaly, oe Basti. | O Refuection B Let di) Refraction or tranam ladon of Ligpt 1 Wi Abaarption dp Lipt {eee i aa rey 9 \ flies burpatt, any one pkenamenm dominates and other _ = tem hecomen neplipil j — oo —} Reccectian Oe Lanz eke phenamonin ip bern O24 cling bask a _ ss hailed —b Light: from aakinivy pepe inte a | Aame medittm ts: called repliiiin Ay Light. a REFLECTION From Lane Mierer . a —|+ Size 4, \mage and obsectawe aqme ‘ = [mage do_tatewatly tnverled. ee —— + Distance bl miwer and fmage tn epualto tee dintance Hy ali yavsand Pakage ies i) OS Rae, ata a +4 object maven tourard/away to mirror with shecal'y’, the ATimage moven tourarda) awe ts object with shoed lay’ Ccustortetive vob.) i J Ih plane mirror fo rotated by an angle 8, then vabbietad a get rotated by angltub’, Ln ithe diretin & rotation eae — oT re ae|» The rutin Balght q plane Splerical mirror axe dhe — peraen. tn exualto Lal), of Auight ob the peragn.— a wal rrar to pee ful bmage hr eee — e | + Recvecrioy faam Sonencar Suapaces+ Carnes Bein plane. Relation Bw KA Zane= Lena = 4 Ina BN Lie dr oe C B= BN Par alle yo _prvalt axperryare — ‘i ir ccs ‘ ee eee Be aie th =f/h/y aWN aw UV AF CMUARSE Foe MULA) (3mNMAKS) Let there Us a concave mirrer dh Yadiur dh ceervature '® and fecal dongit £', An object AB to Kept th- front o it and ate real Amagt A'8! | do_fermed an phh Pa=-U, PB‘= =v, Pe== Ack aperture dy mirror da ameall 20, Deaalaw dob pp and Alegs aS eeseeezay Ih SABC £ AARC Ina A oe ee Bena ee 4g = $8 er fo —— @ Ala! from 97 B1® on . PA " | = Rv- ay = UV —RU dividthg bote wot Fy uve ad: lig Teer nerererr rer© Alt Aigtancen are mena @bisherern Lrthedie her Co) Are davies ave OF A chponibe to” - a bricible whiokeinern CAuight) abave dod! 127 amin are-sve and vict une . Aju REERACTIONCE Liat 2 When dght travela Faem 074 18 tor, At dwialen fice Hie ticn Lip. +e anti ahralglt Line palt.. thin pBenomanen ta khan a tegrac Laws Oe Reeancrian s @ the Pncicent 04, vepracted 0-4 and ts normal Liga inthe some plore, @ The rabio ch Sti ch angled, Ancidance to Sie Mh angle refraction _ | da constant far gluen bai dy medium lak glen save berg) — cud _ Aint = cortant] “secs Lew’ — a! VRereecrve INDEX 2 by pAly or "ly or i 2 It+da the vatio ch velocity A Apt ins . te each Sight In med © f 2 rn mmaddium(s fa Vaccume than My = ord Hes tncal 1 Ohpolude refractive fnden A(t fn aluiay moreRan t. ee > Retladive vefractive dndtm tay be Leas thar 1 Bs | Oprieatty DENSER Mepiuins Me machin én whieh ve =e ch Light ain Leas Ck dliff — from man dénaity.SELIILIAI be 18a Wont vos Lalla nev malty en aaurface, it Joo dwiatal ) sbenes “ SNOLUS Lata fail * Incase dh turpentine oil, optical denaity ta mere than water but mary demity th Lem. we barns refraction, ve city and wavilongit. ol, Light charges bet Frequency 4 peare vemaina eanchangid. GS Lavean Ser: Let a glam alah oh ttckwm tan vefractve Ee ——— thdew Mf Mare. A Light ray Incidunt on Ut c —— % akon Infigure, there Lo Lateral sdigt a’ Pst » s- a a a ® peers i iss aa Sift fo olivectly prapertienal-to the phickson & plan Lt 6 tb tnereans with Pncrean tn th dneiclence. a pene. Lek a point object Lies W lium _rreditim ® and ft to viewed » { fs pee From tmadiim ® asehnon, So a Ls virtsal Image tn formed at T! es | a We lnm For _pmall emp (8 § }e°) t oe 0°84 pe find a2 tnd a "s eh ' > Sn AT at eee. LEY i Bete todo epp —————} ah eos Mie wam= Bey Ya = Ae — \= Ge (ei \t ts ( ALi Pustirg the or d= 10 ie ee ao +) t | h ty i Jd Ibn . ting ttn tant 9 pean HAed at tne % 1 dnt HAL b0Ctom » a den 4 fé/ pak , aa ERITICAL ANGLE S— the angle dy Ancidtnet in donger median fer which, angli @ refrachen 4y raver medlam és 9, Ap calked orftical ang lt, 1 an deneted by '¢! or ‘le! SECEEETTIELLIL exe, TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 2(T/R): the phenamenm fy. o— 7 whet «lity gala refliched fn-to te name modiam from te frterfaeg teso > | medium fy called Tin, _ oes : p_| Nece ssney Counizioie Pee Tie 2. _1i phtrray 2kedd travel et a from _denaor meditim fo @— | arer mechitum. hs . B—Uil| Arete tncidence shod! be greater Kon critical arpln C£>6) 2 Akal tat ooh a PS Avericerims De TI :- ae bo) Fermretion dh men &s- Lt oceures én very Kobvegin ih Formation th Looramgs- Mt occured dn very oldxeg len __ D Brilliance, digmod:- uede Ta he vty fo e=4*to Invert the Jrvaage (VW, OIE AL (Lene Camel Corey» Vt to aleoknon a iyht pipet. 1d: conataba Qrdwe Layers , tnney aww (called care) ta Caving Aighor vegrnctive Ander than otey Daye (calld badd ly) : a | AA My td voy goeafvan Finer toy do outer layer at an anglt see Aion crddtead avgti, Wan ILA dabe pita 40s wey “4 t dined Abrongls Aba pipes ore da uifalily wrt df commundeation Alyat eng medical pctence for cmdlarcapy eles . !sapnind eT s ? > 4 7 Ua. care BGA Amal olechric bulb Lafilied at He baliem da tank which contains RO _water upto Later Gin and ref. Indes ne V3, Flind ont He areq eR asirlace tack, coBicl hl bt Lhted op, dstcte tts hulle 2 eee eee ene ss pet met A fiak fa ab the debt ohm th a bond PAA eee as em eo How mel. area onthe Auda of, weter, fist canna? _ FO A fink (ov bull) tn at Pontion 77 _! Acirecbar area fh racin V'= an ees | eit be visible (ex Lphtedaty ae oh pan— las | fnfyuee ee ea | te ii Ti, ee i a2 fe aaenaenaeal——_OOEE_———— Bete Ree nctiay (wt sy REERACT ow LW we AL SURFACES? ett OAET SS Le EASETS Ler a conver Surface, repractionf 1” denper median and kmage ta real het @ potak-obfect ‘y' bo kopt nf | pupae (2, vadiun op curvature ‘Rand. veal Lmay fo formed at 7 an ahenn abok- ta Ohject 4a ih_poiet dist + ah “pap Indes Da Tt ~ | Assum pTyOs 2— ee ANE cy adlanglin ane srrall AeA N ea iD Ay pineal, 0 MAD VG. x | Sten CONVENTLINS 2=— ee Jan cea ance meavrsiiced prt L— ee ? | Ub blotance meaauteed. along. Lncident ray a ond vice-versa,oC 4 NA Rac tng ) E ae ! 1 eh re Mann) smear Cre ~ Far) ) Min » ey Clone top n, (44 NH «Ome ~ie7 * Re or) et RES RS Pre Paltiing there values sient sacra Case -TT- Virtuacimage | Rerrnclian From BEAEESI SPARES) DEnsen .-77 re Tr, PP Pre Ow rr ee ree eee ‘ ina Noc , Lhe Ldpey e: {| 4_= tans +-4an loa = Ae aw A OD | In anor, Lire £A+eY { = fanp +ny | 2 pz +a 6 ae By Snell Lars aa a Perel Ma z fine wis inl. a a ee 2, 2 a nM, i eae fa wtf NI =r (li a ee asSCCECCECECEEIPETEZE 10! hr fermeed ot 1, , Therefore —/- ma mmarts. SO Lewis HW) ER FGRMULAZ Phir lena oenel Lh &ndustierte _ fo proeuce Be Lona ah repaired power y | Lek_a thin Lena dh vefvachie index, and vaddt curvature _ Lh BR, tr kept fra mediam df, refractive crdex hy Apunt | Object ‘0’ do Lyi) || do fermed at ZL, niles ei | Assumprians ¢ W Lena da thin $0 ' ha very cloxte fA. || For rafrachion_on XA.Y Surfoue ie = . ° | 2 in . Pesca [Ss in » 1 vi ua Ri ° | Pur refraction em toy tundae np onthe princiflt ardr_and Aho real dmage i GD Object Ls oh point Alse.—___— \ iid Ad angus are pmall to 0% /inesufan® Imagine Long meclilm (Na) txtiendr beyand Hhy to Amage ah Ap Lenameolitim doors extendas boyd 12 Yo repracti taker place _at *P.y aundae frm clenaue to rarer madlehy and x, rewven ar a virfuel obfect, There frre i cs ya is Vv vi hx Wy wy fe np (naan Ch oh) SOL. Peeeerrre| CeCe C eee eee! we | A —WLonver or converging tena t os | eae 65 WC he Meh Ce- Ea A — © uz o Hanvaf ¢¢ Gear me NE Ce NI Len maker en (ta PCa, a) Y formula é Py 5 Os pa Lenn Formula { EASE IE cS atranopaventvaleacting mediam brueded by tuo J ——Chinved ptwtaces which ane genorably spAenca), | tenner ane db tuso typer IRE D See MoyMe Revavicue fic Vie gy PEvavowR Or Lens Isic A Liguia s- We Knosthat _) “y(t iy of ; oye %,) < e jndes Now ia Lon in dmmenaed An a_Liguld cael mee ty Ye 4) ft @ pee hg Pty 0% a : od. _dlNviding. 22nd by 25n@ Piiguid —_ a. 2, 2 ro ehe teaser If heehy : fA + then fp a mee hana cinapheanrs (ability di ben CASE TI Ih yeaa! eee Veei ee eel yA athe ability a a dom to converye Or Light ya fo called penverd), a fem. It bo clensted by 'p. its ST “a diopstse(D) ue tee £iinem at Bettie Oe Coemnaties De EEE Iftare Lerve> dh focal Lene fats are kept th clove Teontact and @ paint object ‘0’ Ya ket PERE G cambined Lina | Syatem ar pbewn En fépure : A diverge wr Powe R(e LENS S POCO TCYYET EEE | adlig sth 0 od © ee o_t__ | oC | a th > felling ds oe dena b pero arw AN pacar, th C= 98° Ci n> fais, Hel ¢<45° ae Lo Tie utbl take place _— alt ratte How sone fn —F u “as peng Races Ee sbsit paca can° x My J » » but diamider ae v.60 Uefrachen Will agen date place fe — ath ond 7! eit) weak ar @ virtual object. : » ere ty Ule4Bo-26) = 119ts » Ram (i, Me LS hss) » . » » EJ pie Boat Lae 2 ~Eed QELS a me $308 F pees en fy 2 dike i Lal 2 dol cy fee Suit ee Lt. Sort, es ! Se cS elavl rl ee So m7 u ss a Aotane ba by Rly =OE “DISPERSION OF LIC! ab ul The phe nomenon op Spl ss exam Light into fy eonsitucit colearn(viaayen) 20aM ah ah Legbe bh AAADAAA Lot La apace hi. mt yoy abla 00-2 fa! _ Lavin ng nepractioe nde Aa. bemenge© ; er ote get" ue dwiated by & __ZAMO+ LAN6 patie oe ALY LE aN = BESTA ee MON + Lt +L%y =fde By opn DAD, 4U L¥y =A Ino pwn, L£8= (x) +(e-h) = dte- @th) f= trea = ce [ard= aye] ——_® | A minimum deviation condition, bight ray bo camer parallel | | ee} gp Sz 8min , dae and Mayers Ay i Lt Pulling Hens valitts fn 2n@ SA bn =afyrapram Vv a ve vactive wave ting SA Pow thin Priam (ag jo® ) (ax san) Aid eae _ Vesiation hd wih 2 at Seeusevvseswees Ay YA and A'acecinit — t i «Angled deviahionl) dependa then. 4 fingle ( Ancidence iti iss ft D Rebractive kndex dh Priam Jnaterial (iy) _ jp Wavelergh b Lisht wred (A) pa Sim BW) Azle Priam Qy he ry sat Sy °° = a pie Bi os. eo oe , fer omevalia 6 0, Roce ane foo fe ele 2 clue fo cpm eet r gee. " 0 41 canbe frforRanged { e E tux Aamavelued, (Fur a given prim, | CAUSE DiSPERS/n 2. Acearcling fo.Cauickgn-Parmale ee Ba Sis, Lele 7a ae where base arecnt 2 ieee & Ar>Av __ a ashe eany ss Sanisias and $= a(h-4) BE Nai 5S a Sv7sa |_So different colscura get apltited ey after basing Keoglaprion, | Disee ensive Pow ER (U0) = Lt Yo the vale of angular dighacnien-to }——_—________the meat deviation auffereal by Helper ite Cy ello bepbt nea be Yalins Lit Zncalled man liht aafly = Ae | jek wT) Pe- By de finid po pryular - eee | = Sada ——— } = iy / aa = = AUw=n-Atny-1) f: a —& — ACh ae oe nv he : o “ne ny = yet Sigs oe Artumeiseeesio 8 = Ue tote diac a a —_ deviation 4 ip ta antram 8® Bi | je tel cod vial i a (aa Scatrenina(e Lignr 2 witen Uptraac Rrengh a madi a A ts Henemurtern Witt mecdiurepocattelta St eek spurendus iia dn Called atattering dh Light: _— ete _Aeearding do Lord Ray list, eee he Bitoni dh peaitacan Hight | y eremed a ipa ac. A dy pcottover t = a> Ag>Av eT Red) KK Ts (vinlet blue) a all If a> A, then Ts fo dndapendont APPLICATLINS 3= S ios “colar aks © sun abjeara red ect pun thee.PPrerr rp Pv eeearerare ieee eee wile Rénbaok toured te . Phere awe tu kinda drank ap Senendany on eo wat Light poses though ov eyailatinal | TL NRA ennenigence’ cand. Has (atten in equal to ee Shona sf fiat Hine hase ae 5 bynice BA By gxbernnce eu A= 8 ra aid Gorree yootyc® lae eA OEE AOC = 50°a elas Reger de the fic ud Hee, y= Gor yA=30°, £2368 Av Ut+in=Ags 605+ (, =30°+ 30% 60 G=0° Hence emorgent way a rroremal to the Auripaca, u Whin ip. =0515.=0 Wao As) +r, : . eee 0S tn eo ne — 041) =30° a ——Nov_ w= 4ini z __ Airy) Sin 60° PAT AAARAAD ALIA on DENG Oes i Asis Aelia) Here Sra=4or, M2) f= 60% 1. | dle He Alin CAs Sn) 222 9 ee ein nec le a Le oe Ain 6024409 /2 Ain 60° 0.71660. 1.55 = AinGor/a SINR Oo. 4Shen._prian is Hynusalers ui Shoue Hike sepractina index of wid trations. a 4 sit 2 L532 elu Bt cu PMe. id 33 pyogeCCTTCTCCYYVUUTEE TY 5m daca Of Prurunum devation in water, He “My = Sin'(A+ Sm )/2_ din (A+ Sim ) /2. Ain A/a x “Mg Sim Afa = |149XSin30% 1144 0-5 74! | ‘Ze At 8m — gin (05 745)= 35°4' wi Peso Rake es Sim = 70°R'— A = 70°8!— gos = 10° g!CEEIFLLGS COCECEEE Crricat INSiKamenIs SIMPLE M ichuscapa is Con itn tts A, Srrall fecal Mtigh #,aed 4M) pte micnorcepe. Won an of jel Lakept lw focus and optical centre d,acenverten, , en ft, enlarged y ermeet ane virtal Lag Laformed on fhe 1 AAme Arelo, was | Angular Magnification Re crue : aes rahi dy the angle pubstonded b by | the &mage on eye to Re angle autatonded by the obdect, when ee it ot 48 Joa diane fy dbinct eas eel LE bo denoted bx Sn) en ee tek = : 0 ea ate si > 3 /t Inunta by gwellera, wated boater, line he iinethliatinlla A tips fn tenonks 1 ee ab : Da 5 fpryhnnnel ee LOMPCUIVA Microscopes It isan apbicad Ane nal toed do Ae VOY OP a a okfech. It comaialy dy ese Longer Zatd Co apfally 2° Tube ond adtoteree b)i tee Lenats can be varied Objectives Poo aperture, cf ot fecal dong’) Eye hece Large ahertevre 4 mecunate face Lng ees, LZ Nis i cz 4 | exbremvitm Loe magrificebion Cra) = a | wn 3 is ys By ONE % % Aa! aloe or. 7 __ AYA eae 5 Aw 2 @sieles Ee a a alla pe i being tpl tee tak bees So 00 et bl eo 4p.TELE Scope « Ah E> am ophical instrerment wat to pee far chs objects. Thay are df, tase om SAB tsi al Pelee > Unreal to pee tiie ees omdllnverkecl 2rage bo formed. ae _Teemintia) Pebence Cobia ard fo ate objects onthe aurface [| _GROT In Case Syrradesy EE py ms p yn, ¥ ¥ i “ ce i CHR] * Mh final mage fo} Then len fp nttadidecsniiceneneee ~ —- 5 eee = ~ ~ -——— Z “a = a a ___Rageimap a= ze a BADVPNZAGE So 1iSi ny Ua linage ta beipber fey po astight ari mer me foda_ondy fo Logtell. Anfracdrim cfyomabs abreetion ay eA eae mnirer, Romica) abbretim canbe yealuced Ame pam mirror. nd ping mow.oe ws A Compound microscope har an. objechiva of foc. ate dem vand or, fricca of focal . 2 5un An abject arte be folaced at a oistaras oh 4 2am dom the objective 40% nesmnal vodjuatment. Find the ae are 4 the michorcepe Diloo p—fpomtlom , fe -2: Sem PACE eno et ay [se bee gyeery = Me eT Tift t f— b= Vette = 6495 = 8 Sem Wht Ti al tag of Be ate nd op fuse — P44 an astuoremical taliccnbe ase 2650nand 2-Som — _ it a es P| 26em_fuom eye sf the obioruess : Colotate the Dargt _— Bolns) i= Ug = =I Fm = = |50em ) We ==25em, L= » es tee re ee ae a » fee ee 2s cee enh 3A S.Gus> Using thaclate given tele, state vohich. tao ob MBN ce pe tall yeu hsiatese te comabauct va Lest PE tag WY Keloseebs (1) migsustcabe . Also, inclicote which wrt Arlected Lenser is th be uaulas on ebjechne 2 piece in each cease a lenses __ PourosP) Apextuse (Aa ) i fi, 6H _ 2 #1. 39 RAUAAAAAAASAS ek tion aa L oer ae me 3 ce eae Liekt : _ Solns. Fora Falorcape >-Junt_L, mane objet — th abate a foagest tha Lent Lis CheMe ge asco fpleca ar its focsl fangHa te arose e | Fe. a_micsrorcefae » tuna La, i chosen 0t-68) —_Becarie its focal tangth is omallst Lens