oncepts Sa qua. unction REPRESENTATIONS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS (Prerequisite Knowledge) oe Plot the following set of points and determine the type of graph it represents. 1. (1,2), (2,3) G4), (4,5), (5,6) 2. (2,4), (1, 1), (0,0), (1, 1), (2,4) 3. (5,2), (-4, 2), (-3,2), (2, 2), (-1,2) 4. (4-1), (4, ~3), (4,5), (4,3), (4, 5) 5. (3-4), (-2,-1), (1, 0), (0,1), (1, -4) Other than the equation, a function can be classified based on its graph and set of ordered pairs or table of values. For example, the graph of a linear function is a line and its table of values has a common difference for its domain (set of x values) and range (set of y values), Study the table of values below and its equivalent graph, Section) Learning The learner: uadrate fincton using table of values, raph, and equation + transforms aarti {Unetion defined byynan sore i the form yooh ek + Yaphse Suadrati ftinevon (=)domain: (©) range: (chincerceps: {ans of Symmetry, (vere {Mairection ofthe pening ofthe Porabota Seaion 22 55,: hows the lowest point at (0, 0) ps The graph of the given table show Hewes pain eee re symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. rte it ola. h and the shape of the graph is a parab the grap! a ee a by tate difference between the set of values for x ang low, ity the set of values for y from right to left. 1 di AKAAAARA -2 o i 3 2 9 ry 1 oO 4 NNO soa 1 | 3 5 Notice that the set of x values has acommon difference of 1 but the of y values do not have a common difference. However, if we conti 2 nue to identify the difference in the set of values for y, we will have On the second attempt, the set of y values revealed a common difference, This table of values and its equivalent graph represents a quadratic func. tion. This particular quadratic function is the function defined by flax Determine which of the following tables of values Tepresent quadratic functions by identifying the common difference. If it represents a quadratic function, sketch its graph Quadratic FunctionsGF 10) ee 10 10 The table of values does not represent a quadratic function since there is a common difference in the set of y values in the first attempt. 1 4 1 aos 2 16 .dratic function table of values does not represent 4 qua ; ae > common difference in the set of y values in the second attempt. Section 2.2 57‘58 Chapter 2 | Quadratic Functions — ‘The table of values represents a quadratic fonction, Th i of this table is as shown below: 1 The table of values represents a quadratic function. The graph of this table is as shown below:os 2 2 2 2 25 | 50 | 7s ico | YYYYy 2% 2s The table of values does not representa quadratic function since there isa common difference in the set of y values in the first attempt. Determine which tables represent quadratic functions by identifying the common difference. Ifit represent a quadratic function, sketch re gph. “Matched Problem 242, 4 1 | or the lowest point in the graph ofa quadratic the function defined by y= ax + bx + cmust “+ where (It k) represents the ‘To determine the highest function, which is the vertex, be transformed into the form y= a(x ~ h) vertex of the parabola, Hence, yrarthxte cayealxta tre 2) ee E ranngsandconentesate a 4a 4a Factoring the square of a binomial Determining the vertex. section 2.2 59‘Transform each quadratic function into the form y = a(x ~ py: +k table of values and sketch its graph. + they yee a yada 2 ya dex - 1 aoe a y= | The opening of the ‘graph of a quadratic function is determined by the | value of a in the . function y= ax +bx+c. a. Ifa>0, the graph of the quadratic | function opens upward and the vertex is the lowest point of the graph. b. If a<0, the graph of the quadratic function opens downward and the vertex is the highest point of the graph, ©. Ifa>1ora<-1, the opening of the graph of the quadratic equati becomes narrower. d. If0 0, the vertex (h, bis the lowest point of the graph and the range is y= k. b. ifa dan 5. 5V2 and-7V2 Aree th 1. Substitute the zeros in the - the equation ofthe function will be) "=" Therefore, y=[x-()][x-6)] Y= (4 2)(e-5) ~3x-10 y . Substitute the zeros in the equation the equation of the function will be y= [x-(][x-(-6)] Y= (x-4)(x +6) Yat 2x-24 Y= (x~ m)(x-n). Therefore, |. Substitute the zeros in the equation y = (x - m)(x- n). y= [x= OO - (-5)] = x(x +5) Yat Sx 4, Since x = 3 is the only zero, x - 3 must be a repeated factor. y= (x-3P Vax 6x49 . Substitute the zeros in the equation y = (x ~ m)(x-n). y= (x- 5V2 (xt 72) =x°+ 7V2x-5v2x-70 yest W2x-70 Find the equation of the quadratic function given the zeros assuming _Metched Problem 2.3 2. that a= 1. 1 1. -Land7 4 Zi 3 2 ands 5.5 and 52) 1 3 Sand Section2.3 71A. Find the equations of the quadratic functions given the follow table of values. n "—z ee A 25 72 Chapter 2 | Quadratic FunctionsFind the equations of the quadratic functions given the zeros assuming that a = 1. 3 1, 4and-4 4. aes 2. 6and9 5. Sand -2 2 2 3. -2and-11 Challenge: Can you determine the vertex in each quadratic function given in Part C? Section 23 73The learner: solves problems involving quadratic functions. PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Preequsitetronlelg9 ‘Translate each phrase to mathematical symbol. 1. the square of a number increased by 5 2. the sum of the squares of twice a number and 4 3. the difference of the squares of a number and 9 4. the product of thrice a number and the sum of the same numbe, and7 5, the square of a number minus twice the same number Solving word problems requires skills in formulating and solving equa. tions. Many problems involved unknown quantities that are needed tobe translated into an equation for solving quadratic equations. Here are the steps that can be followed in solving word problems involving quadratic equations. Consider the following problem. ‘The sum of two numbers is 32. Find the two numbers and their product if their product is to be a maximum. Srep 1: Represent one unknown quantity by x. Let x = one of the numbers 32 - x = the other number Srep 2: Formulate the equation. ‘The product of the two numbers is given by the quadratic function y= x(32 - x). Then, yaw + 32x, Srep 3: Solve the equation. ya 432% Since a < 1, the graph of the function opens downward. Thus, the vertex is the maximum point of the graph. To find the maximum point, we will find the coordinates of the vertex (h, k) using the given formula: ac -b° 4a =-1,b=32,andc=0 7A Chapter 2 | Quadratic FunctionsSolving for h and k: 32 b= ay 216 j= 4D(0)~ 32" _ ~1024 4(-1) = a 256 Therefore, to obtain the maximum product, Gand the maximum prodeer na both numbers should be solve the following problems. 1. Thedifference between two numbers is 12. Fi i cum of tvie one number and teaqincof heen ee 2, The promoter ofa theatrical play realizes that if the price per ticket is set at 800, only 40 will watch the show. He also estimates that far every ?'50 decrease in the ticket price, the number of people watching the play will increase by 10. What should be the price per ticket so that the revenue (number of ticket sold x price per ticket) is a maximum? What is the maximum revenue? : Asis: 1. Let xt one of the numbers the other number If y denotes the sum of twice the number and the square of the other, then, y=2xt(x+ 12) or yo + 26x 4 14d where a= 1, b= 26, and c= 144. Since a > 1, the graph of the function opens upward. Here, we are sure that the vertex is the minimum point of the graph. To find the minimum point, we will find the coordinates of the vertex (h, k). Solving for h and k: 2 21413 20) ~ A(i)(144) ~ 26" _ -100 __ 5 al) 4 “The minimum value of y is the y-coordinate of the vertex. This occurs when x = -13. Note that this gives x + 12 1. Take note also that the words “difference between the two numbers” means the distance between the two numbers which is the absolute value of their difference. That is |-13 - (-1)| = |-12| = 12. Therefore, the number to be multiplied by 2 is ~13 and the number to be squared is -1. Section 2.4 75