DESIGN CHARTS

DESIGN/ESTIMATING

CHARTS

T
his section contains Keystone design/estimating charts for Keystone Standard unit
series III gravity walls or geogrid reinforced walls.

The gravity wall charts help determine the maximum possible gravity wall height for
a Keystone Standard unit. First, select which unit will be used for the wall. Second, determine
which soil type most closely represents the soil conditions on the project site. Finally, select the
backslope condition that most closely represents the final constructed wall condition.

The reinforced wall charts consider multiple factors for determining the necessary geogrid
length. First, select the appropriate unit type and wall batter. Next, determine the wall
load condition that most closely resembles the final project conditions. Then select the
soil condition that most closely matches the project site soils. Finally, select the wall height
(including embedment) that will best fit the project wall profile.

The design/estimating charts in this section are to be used for reference and preliminary
design use only. These charts are not to be considered as a standardized engineering
document. A qualified professional should be consulted for final design assistance. Keystone
accepts no liability for the use of these charts.

2
 Gravity Wall Schematic

DESIGN CHARTS
GRAVITY WALL SCHEMATIC

Setback/Batter
Backslope or Surcharge
Cap Unit
Finished Grade
Keystone Standard Units

Low Permeability Soil

Compacted Fill Zone NOTES:

as Required
Wall Height (H) is the total height
from top to bottom.
Retained Soil Zone
Wall Height Minimum wall embedment is 6 inches
(150mm) or Height/8, whichever is
greater for level toe.
Unit Drainage Fill
Subsurface soils must be capable of
supporting wall system
Unit drainage fill is ¾ inch (20mm)
Limit of Excavation
clean crushed stone.
Embedment Leveling pad is crushed stone base
material.
Drainage Collection Pipe (if required) All backfill materials are compacted
to 95% Standard Proctor Density or
Leveling Pad 92% Modified Proctor Density.
Finished grade must provide positive
drainage.

The information contained herein has been compiled by Keystone® Retaining Wall Systems LLC and to the best of our knowledge, accurately represents the Keystone product use in the applications which are
illustrated. Final determination of the suitability for the use contemplated and its manner of use are the sole responsibility of the user. Structural design and analysis shall be performed by a qualified engineer.

www.keystonehardscapes.com 3
 Maximum Height Gravity Wall Charts
DESIGN CHARTS

1 1
Slope
Slope

Retaining Soil Type Total Retaining Soil Type

Total Height
Height

NEAR VERTICAL WALL ONE INCH SETBACK WALL

(Minimum setback per unit) (1" [25mm] min. setback per unit)

NEAR VERTICAL - KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS-18" (457mm) SETBACK OPTION - KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS-18" (457mm)

MAX. HGT. BACKSLOPE MAX. HGT. BACKSLOPE

Soil Type Level 4H:1V 3H:1V 2H:1V Soil Type Level 4H:1V 3H:1V 2H:1V
4.33' 3.67' 3.67' 3.00' 5.67' 5.00' 5.00' 4.33'
Sand/Gravel (1.30m) (1.10m) (1.10m) (0.91m) Sand/Gravel (1.70m) (1.50m) (1.50m) (1.30m)
3.67' 3.00' 3.00' 3.00' 5.00' 4.33' 4.33' 3.67'
Silty Sand (1.10m) (0.91m) (0.91m) (0.91m) Silty Sand (1.50m) (1.30m) (1.30m) (1.10m)
3.67' 3.00' 3.00' <1.00' 4.33' 3.67' 3.00' 2.33'
Silt/Lean Clay (1.10m) (0.91m) (0.91m) (0.30m) Silt/Lean Clay (1.30m) (1.10m) (0.91m) (0.71m)

NEAR VERTICAL - KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS-21" (533mm) SETBACK OPTION - KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS-21" (533mm)

MAX. HGT. BACKSLOPE MAX. HGT. BACKSLOPE

Soil Type Level 4H:1V 3H:1V 2H:1V Soil Type Level 4H:1V 3H:1V 2H:1V
5.00' 4.33' 4.33' 3.67' 7.00' 6.33' 5.67' 5.00'
Sand/Gravel (1.50m) (1.30m) (1.30m) (1.10m) Sand/Gravel (2.10m) (1.90m) (1.70m) (1.50m)
4.33' 3.67' 3.67' 3.00' 5.67' 5.00' 5.00' 4.33'
Silty Sand (1.30m) (1.10m) (1.10m) (0.91m) Silty Sand (1.70m) (1.50m) (1.50m) (1.30m)
3.67' 3.67' 3.00' 2.33' 5.00' 4.33' 3.67' 3.00'
Silt/Lean Clay (1.10m) (1.10m) (0.91m) (0.71m) Silt/Lean Clay (1.50m) (1.30m) (1.10m) (0.91m)

NOTES:
Calculations assume a unit weight of 120 Pcf (19kN/M2) for all soil types. Assumed φ angles for earth pressure calculations are: Sand/
Gravel=34°, Silty Sand=30°, and Sandy Silt/Lean Clay=26°. Non critical structures with FS>1.5. Gravity wall charts are performed using
coulomb earth pressure analysis. (NCMA 3rd Edition) Near vertical walls utilize 1° batter and 1" setback wall utilize 8° batter. No sur-
charges were used in the analysis. Surcharges or special loading conditions will reduce maximum wall heights. Sliding calculations assume
a 6" (150mm) crushed stone leveling pad as compacted foundation material. The information provided is for preliminary design use only.
A qualified professional should be consulted. Keystone accepts no liability for the use of these tables.

The information contained herein has been compiled by Keystone® Retaining Wall Systems LLC and to the best of our knowledge, accurately represents the Keystone product use in the applications which are
illustrated. Final determination of the suitability for the use contemplated and its manner of use are the sole responsibility of the user. Structural design and analysis shall be performed by a qualified engineer.

4
 Design/Estimating Charts: Reinforced Wall Charts Notes

The Keystone reinforced wall charts are graphically presented to show the proper location and lengths of geogrids used with
Keystone Standard units at the near vertical and 1 inch (25mm) setback batter (8º). Design heights were set in two block

DESIGN CHARTS
increments beginning at 4.3 feet (1.3m) and ending 11 feet (3.4m). Engineering judgement should be used when interpolating
between heights. In general, geogrid should be placed at the design elevation for the entire wall length or until a wall step is
reached. Minimum reinforcement lengths were set for 5 feet(1.5m) and a 70% reinforcement length to wall height ratio. Always
use the same vertical spacing of geogrid throughout the wall. If your maximum height of wall requires 3 units vertical spacing,
then use that spacing even though lower wall heights in the charts may indicate 4 units. Top layers of geogrid shall never be
more than 3 units from the top of the wall. Bottom layers of geogrid shall never be more than 3 units from the top of the leveling
pad. Insert a geogrid layer at these locations where 3 unit courses are exceeded. 250 psf surcharge is applied 6 inches behind the
tail of the units. Soil ranges were selected to approximate good, medium and poor soil conditions to cover the typical design
range. Wall height is the total height of the wall from the top of the leveling pad to the top of the wall.

The charts use Rankine earth pressure for calculations. The following charts assume the use of a coated polyester geogrid with a
minimum allowable design strength of: LTDS=1800 plf (26.3 kN/m) Tal=1200 plf (17.5 kN/m). The following geogrid types are
suitable with these design charts:
» Synteen SF35 by Synteen
» Miragrid 3XT by TC Mirafi
» Stratagrid 200 by Strata Systems
» 55/30-20 by Huesker Inc.

All geogrid lengths shown are the actual lengths of geogrid required as measured from the front wall face to the end of the
geogrid. The charts assume that the walls are constructed in accordance with Keystone specifications and good construction
practice. All soil zones (reinforced, retained, and foundation) must be compacted in 8 inch (200mm) lifts to 95% Standard
Proctor density or 92% Modified Proctor Density as determined by laboratory testing. The information contained in the design/
estimating charts are for preliminary design use only. A qualified professional should be consulted for final design assistance.
Keystone accepts no liability for the use of these charts.

REINFORCED WALL SCHEMATIC NOTES:

Wall Height (H) is the total height
from top to bottom.

Backslope or Surcharge
Minimum wall embedment is 6
Setback/Batter
Cap Unit inches (150mm) or Height/20,
Finished Grade whichever is greater for level toe.
Keystone Standard Units
Subsurface soils must be capable
of supporting wall system.
Unit drainage fill is ¾ inch
Low Permeability Soil (20mm) clean crushed stone.
Leveling pad is crushed stone
Reinforced Soil Zone base material.
All backfill materials are
compacted to 95% Standard
Proctor density or 92% Modified
Wall Height Retained Soil Zone Proctor density.
Geosynthetic Geogrids must be of appropriate
Reinforcement type and length per the design.
Finished grade must provide
Limit of Excavation
positive drainage.
The symbol 5' indicates
location and length of geogrid
Embedment
measured from the front of wall to
the end of the geogrid.
Unit Drainage Fill
Drainage Collection Pipe (if required)
Leveling Pad

The information contained herein has been compiled by Keystone® Retaining Wall Systems LLC and to the best of our knowledge, accurately represents the Keystone product use in the applications which are
illustrated. Final determination of the suitability for the use contemplated and its manner of use are the sole responsibility of the user. Structural design and analysis shall be performed by a qualified engineer.

www.keystonehardscapes.com 5
 Design/Estimating Charts: Reinforced Wall Charts
STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback
STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback Sand/Gravel: =34˚, =120 pcf
Sand/Gravel: =34˚, =120 pcf
STANDARD
STANDARD UNITS
UNITS
STANDARD
-1"Setback
-1"
UNITS
Setback
-1" Setback Sand/Gravel:
Sand/Gravel: =34˚,
=34˚, =34˚,
=120 =120
pcf pcf
Sand/Gravel: =120 pcf
STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback
KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS - 1" (25mm) SET BACK Sand/Gravel:
SAND/GRAVEL: =34˚,
φ=34°, γ=120=120 pcf )
pcf (19kN/m
3

NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE GEOGRID PLACEMENT
DESIGN CHARTS

8' 8'
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
Length 7' 7'
NO SURCHARGE Conversion
8' 8'
7' 7' 8'8'
4' 1.2m 7'
6' 6' 7'
7' 8'
NO SURCHARGE 5' 1.5m 5' 5'
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED 6' 1.8m 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
7' 2.1m 5' 5' 5' 6' 7'7' 8'
HH REINFORCED
REINFORCED 5'
5' 6'
6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED 8' 2.4m
SOIL ZONE
ZONE
5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE 9' 2.7m
5'5' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED 10' 3.0m 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE
5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
5' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
CASE 1 (12 kN/m2) HEIGHT
(12 kN/m2) 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m)
5' 8.3' (2.5m)
6' 9.7' (3.0m)
7' 11.0' (3.4m)
8'
250 PSF SURCHARGE
250 PSF(12
SURCHARGE
kN/m2) 8'
(12 kN/m2) (12 kN/m2)
GEOGRID PLACEMENT 7' 8'
250 PSF SURCHARGE
250 PSF SURCHARGE 7' 8'
250 PSF SURCHARGE
7' 8' 8'
(12 kN/m2) 7' 7' 7'7' 8'
250 PSF SURCHARGE 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
6' 7' 7' 7' 8'
H REINFORCED 6' 7' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED SOIL ZONE 6' 6' 6'
6' 7' 7' 8'
H REINFORCED
SOIL ZONE 6' 6' 7' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED
H
SOIL ZONE REINFORCED 6' 6' 7' 7' 8'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 5' 6' 6' 6' 6'6' 7' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8'
REINFORCED 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8'
H 5' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE
5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8'
6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8'
5'
6' 6' 7' 7' 8'
3 8'
CASE 2 33
1
HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m)7' 11.0' (3.4m)
8' 8'
11
3
3 7' 7' 8' 8'
1
1
GEOGRID PLACEMENT 6' 7' 7'
7' 8'
5'
1
3
6' 6' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8'
5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
REINFORCED 5' 5'
5' 6' 7' 8'
H
SOIL ZONE 5'
6' 7'
H
REINFORCED
REINFORCED
SOIL ZONE
5' 5' 5'
5' 5' 5'5'
6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 7' 8' 8'8'8'
H REINFORCED
HSOIL ZONE
REINFORCED SOIL ZONE 5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H
SOIL ZONE
REINFORCED 5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H
SOIL ZONE 5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8'8'
5' 5' 6' 7' 8'

STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback Silty5'Sand:

5'
=30˚, =120 7'
pcf 6' 8'
STANDARD UNITSUNITS
STANDARD -1" Setback
-1" Setback Silty Sand:
Silty Sand: =30˚,
=30˚, =120pcf
=120 pcf
STANDARD UNITS UNITS
CASE 3
STANDARD -1" Setback
-1" Setback
HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) Silty Sand:
7.0' (2.1m)
Silty =30˚,
=30˚,=120
8.3' (2.5m)
Sand: pcfpcf11.0' (3.4m)
9.7' (3.0m)
=120
STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback
KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS - 1" (25mm) SET BACK Silty Sand: =30˚,
SILTY =120
SAND: pcf γ=120 pcf (19kN/m )
φ=30°,
3

NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
GEOGRID PLACEMENT
8'
7' 8'
8'
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE 7'7'
6' 7'
7'7' 8' 8' 8'
NO SURCHARGE 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8'
8'
H REINFORCEDREINFORCED
H 6' 8'
6'
7' 7' 8' 8'8' 8'
H SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
REINFORCED
5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 6'6' 7'
7'
SOIL ZONE
H REINFORCED
5' 6' 6' 6' 6'
7'
H REINFORCED SOIL ZONE 7' 8'
SOIL ZONE 5' 6' 6'
6' 7'7' 8'8'
5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 6'6' 6' 6'6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED 7'
SOIL ZONE 5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
5'5' 6'6' 6'6' 7'7' 8'
8'
5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
CASE 1 (12 kN/m2) HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m)
5'
7.0' (2.1m)
6'
8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE 6' 7' 8'
250 PSF
(12SURCHARGE
kN/m2)
9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE GEOGRID PLACEMENT 9'
9'9'9'
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE 8'
(12 kN/m2) 8' 8' 9' 9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE 8' 8' 8'
8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED 8' 8'8' 8' 9'
9'
SOIL ZONE 8'
8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED
7' 8' 8' 8'
8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED
SOIL ZONE
7' 8' 8' 8' 9'
9'
8'
H
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
REINFORCED 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'8' 8'8'8' 8'
8'8'
9'
9'9' 9'
SOIL ZONE
H REINFORCED 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 8'
8' 9'
9'
6' 6' 8' 8'8' 9' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE
6' 7' 7'7' 8' 8'8' 8'8'
8'
6' 7' 8' 8' 8'
8' 9'9'
3 6' 7' 8' 8' 8' 9'
1 7' 8' 8' 8' 9'
CASE 2 11.0' (3.4m)8'
3
1 3
3 1 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 7'
1 8'
3
7' 8'
1 3 GEOGRID PLACEMENT 6' 7'7' 8'8'
1
5' 7' 8'
REINFORCED 6' 7' 7' 8'8'
H 5' 6' 7'7'
8'8'8'
SOIL ZONE
5' 5' 6' 6' 7'
5'5'
REINFORCED
H
SOIL ZONE
5' 5'
6' 6' 7' 7'7' 8' 8'8'
H
REINFORCED
REINFORCED 5' 6'
H SOIL ZONE 5'
5'5' 5' 5'5' 5' 6'6' 7'7' 8'8'8'
SOIL ZONE
REINFORCED
H H ZONE
SOIL
REINFORCED 6' 7'
SOIL ZONE
5' 5'5' 5' 5'5' 6' 6'6' 7' 7'7' 8' 8'8'

5'5' 5'5' 6'6' 7'7' 8'8'

5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'

CASE 3 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)

The information contained herein has been compiled by Keystone® Retaining Wall Systems LLC and to the best of our knowledge, accurately represents the Keystone product use in the applications which are
illustrated. Final determination of the suitability for the use contemplated and its manner of use are the sole responsibility of the user. Structural design and analysis shall be performed by a qualified engineer.

6
 Design/Estimating Charts: Reinforced Wall Charts
STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback Silt/Lean Clay: =26˚, =120 pcf
STANDARD UNITS -1"
STANDARD Setback
UNITS -1" Setback Silt/Lean Clay:Clay: =26˚,
Silt/Lean =120
=26˚, pcfpcf
=120
STANDARD
STANDARD UNITS UNITS
-1" -1" Setback
Setback Silt/Lean
Silt/Lean Clay: Clay:
=26˚, =26˚,
=120 =120
pcf pcf 3
KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS - 1" (25mm) SET BACK SILT/LEAN CLAY: φ=26°, γ=120 pcf (19kN/m )
STANDARD UNITS -1" Setback Silt/Lean Clay: =26˚, =120 pcf
NO SURCHARGE GEOGRID PLACEMENT

DESIGN CHARTS
NO SURCHARGE NO SURCHARGE 9'
NO SURCHARGE
Length
Conversion 9' 9'
NO SURCHARGE
4' 1.2m 8' 9' 9'
NO SURCHARGE 5' 1.5m 7'
7'
7' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED 7' 7' 8' 9' 9'9'
SOILHZONE
REINFORCED 6' 1.8m 7' 8'8' 9'
H REINFORCED 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE
SOIL ZONE 7' 2.1m 6' 6' 7' 7'7' 7'7' 7'
H REINFORCED 8' 2.4m 6' 7'7' 7' 8' 8'8'8' 9' 9'9'9'
H REINFORCED SOIL ZONE
9' 2.7m 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE 6' 6' 6' 7'7' 7'
H REINFORCED 10' 3.0m
6' 6'
6' 6' 7'7' 7' 7'7' 7' 8' 8'8'
8' 9' 9'9'9'
SOIL ZONE 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 7' 7'
6' 6' 7' 7' 8'
8' 9'
9'
6' 7' 7' 8' 9'
CASE 1 (12 kN/m2) (12 kN/m2) HEIGHT 6'
4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m)6' 7.0' (2.1m)
7' 8.3' (2.5m)
7'
9.7' (3.0m)
8'
11.0' (3.4m)
9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE (12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
GEOGRID PLACEMENT
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE (12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE 10' 10'
9' 10' ENGINEER
ENGINEER SHOULDSHOULD EVALUATE
EVALUATE
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED 9' 10'
10' DESIGN FOR POOR SOILS AND
ENGINEER SHOULD EVALUATE
10'10' DESIGN FOR POOR SOILS AND
SOIL ZONE
SOIL ZONE 9' 9' ENGINEER SHOULD EVALUATE
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED 9' 9'9' 10' ENGINEER
DESIGN SURCHARGES.
FOR POOR SOILSSOILS
AND AND
SOIL ZONE 7' 9' 10'
10'
10' SURCHARGES.
DESIGN
SHOULD FOR POOR
EVALUATE
SOIL ZONE
7' 9' 9' 9' 10' DESIGN FOR
H REINFORCED
9' 10' SURCHARGES.
ENGINEER
POOR SHOULD
SURCHARGES.
SOILS ANDEVALUATE
SOIL ZONE
H REINFORCED 7' 7'7' 9' 9' 9'9'9' 10' 10'
SOIL ZONE 7' 9' 9' 10'
10' DESIGN FOR POOR SOILS AND
SURCHARGES.
9' 9' 10'
7'
7' 7' 9' 9' 9' 9'9' 10' SURCHARGES.
7' 10' 10'
10'
3 7' 9' 9'
1 7' 9' 9' 10'
3 10'
CASE 2 1
1
3
1
3 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)
3
1
1
3 GEOGRID PLACEMENT
REINFORCED
H
SOIL ZONE ENGINEER SHOULD EVALUATE DESIGN FOR
REINFORCED 6'
H
SOIL ZONE REINFORCED ENGINEER POOR SOILS
SHOULD AND BACKSLOPES.
EVALUATE DESIGN FOR FOR
H
REINFORCED SOIL ZONE 6' ENGINEER SHOULD EVALUATE DESIGN
H
SOIL ZONE 6' 6' ENGINEER
POORSHOULD
SOILS EVALUATE
AND DESIGN FOR
BACKSLOPES.
REINFORCED 6' POOREVALUATE
6' ENGINEER SHOULD SOILS ANDDESIGN
BACKSLOPES.
H
SOIL ZONE
H
REINFORCED
POOR SOILSSHOULD
ENGINEER AND BACKSLOPES. FOR
EVALUATE DESIGN FOR
SOIL ZONE 6' 6' 6' 6'
6' 6' 6' POOR SOILS AND
POOR BACKSLOPES.
SOILS AND BACKSLOPES.
6' 6'
6' 6'
6'

STANDARD UNITS-Near Vertical Sand/Gravel: =34˚, =120 11.0'

pcf (3.4m)
STANDARD
STANDARD
CASE 3 UNITS-Near
UNITS-Near Vertical
Vertical
HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) Sand/Gravel:
Sand/Gravel:
8.3' (2.5m) =34˚,
7.0' (2.1m) =34˚,
9.7' =120=120
(3.0m) pcf pcf
STANDARD UNITS-Near
STANDARD VerticalVertical
UNITS-Near Sand/Gravel:
Sand/Gravel:=34˚,=34˚, =120=120
pcf pcf 3
KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS - NEAR VERTICAL SAND/GRAVEL: φ=34°, γ=120 pcf (19kN/m )
STANDARD UNITS-Near Vertical Sand/Gravel: =34˚, =120 pcf
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE GEOGRID PLACEMENT
8'
NO SURCHARGE 7' 8'
8'
NO SURCHARGE 7'
7'
NO SURCHARGE 6' 7' 8'8' 8'
6' 6' 7' 7'
7' 8'
H REINFORCED 6' 6' 7' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED 6' 6' 7'
7'
H SOIL ZONE
REINFORCED
6'6' 8'
SOIL ZONE
5' 5' 6' 6'
6' 6' 7'7' 7' 8'8' 8'
SOILH ZONE REINFORCED
5' 6'
6' 6'
H REINFORCED SOIL ZONE 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
H REINFORCED 5'
5' 5' 6'6' 6' 6'6' 6' 7'7' 7' 8'8' 8'
SOIL ZONE 5'
5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
CASE 1 (12 kN/m2) (12 kN/m2) HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m)5' 5.7' (1.7m)
5' 7.0' (2.1m)
6' 8.3' (2.5m)
6' 9.7' (3.0m)
7' 11.0' (3.4m)
8'
250 PSF 250 PSF SURCHARGE
SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE (12 kN/m2)
GEOGRID PLACEMENT 9' 9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2)
9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE (12 kN/m2)
7' 8' 9'
9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE 7' 8' 9'9'
7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 8' 9'
6' 7'7' 8'8'
H
9'9'
REINFORCED
H REINFORCED SOIL ZONE
SOIL ZONE 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED 6' 6'
6' 7' 8' 9'
6'6' 7'7' 8'8' 9'9'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 6' 6'
H REINFORCED 5' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
H
SOIL ZONE REINFORCED 5' 6' 6' 6' 7' 8' 9'
SOIL ZONE
5' 5' 6' 6' 6'6' 7'7' 8'8' 9'9'
6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7'
7' 8' 8'
8' 9' 9'
5'
3 5' 6' 6' 7' 8' 9'
1 6' 6' 7' 8' 9'
3
CASE 2 1
1
3
1
3 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m)
7'
8'
11.0' (3.4m)
8'
3 7' 8' 8'
1
1
3
GEOGRID PLACEMENT 6' 7' 7'
7' 8'
6' 8' 8'
6' 7'7' 7' 8'
H REINFORCED
6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE
5' 6' 6'
6' 6' 7' 8'
H REINFORCED
H
SOIL ZONE REINFORCED 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
H REINFORCED
SOIL ZONE 5' 5' 6'6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
SOIL ZONE 5' 5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED 5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 5' 5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
5' 5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'
5' 6' 6' 7' 8'
5' 5'
5' 5' 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8'

CASE 3 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)

The information contained herein has been compiled by Keystone® Retaining Wall Systems LLC and to the best of our knowledge, accurately represents the Keystone product use in the applications which are
illustrated. Final determination of the suitability for the use contemplated and its manner of use are the sole responsibility of the user. Structural design and analysis shall be performed by a qualified engineer.

www.keystonehardscapes.com 7
 Design/Estimating Charts:
• • • • • • • • ••••••••• •••••• •••••• ••
•• • • • ••
Reinforced Wall• •••
•••• • •• • •
Charts
• ••• •••
• • • •••• • •• ••••• Û••• • • Û••
• • ••• • • • •• • •
••
• • • • • • • • ••••••••• •••••• •••••• •• •• •••• • •• • •
•• • • • •• • ••• • ••• •••
• • • •••• • •• ••••• Û••• • • Û••
• • ••• • • • •• • •
• • • • • • • • ••••••••• •••••• •••••• •• •• •••• • •• • •
•• • • • •• • ••• • ••• •••
• • • •••• • •• ••••• Û••• • • Û••
• • ••• • • • •• • •
3
KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS - NEAR VERTICAL SILTY SAND: φ=30°, γ=120 pcf (19kN/m )
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
GEOGRID PLACEMENT
DESIGN CHARTS

NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
9' 9'
NO SURCHARGELength 8' 8'
NO SURCHARGE 9' 9'
Conversion 8' 8'
8' 8' 9' 9'
4' 1.2m
7' 8' 8' 8' 9'
H REINFORCED REINFORCED5' 1.5m 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
H
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 6' 1.8m 7' 7'
H REINFORCED REINFORCED
H 6' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 7' 2.1m 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9'
H HREINFORCED REINFORCED8' 2.4m 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
9' 2.7m 6' 6' 6' 7' 8' 8' 9'
6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 9'
10' 3.0m 6' 6' 8' 9'
6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 6'
6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
CASE 1 (12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2) 250 PSF
HEIGHT
(12 kN/m2)
SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2)
4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2) GEOGRID PLACEMENT
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
9' 9' 9' 9'
250 PSF SURCHARGE
9' 9' 9' 9'
8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
8' 8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE
H SOIL ZONE 7' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED REINFORCED
7' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
H H REINFORCED 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9'
REINFORCED
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 7' 9' 9' 9' 9'
7' 7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
7' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
7' 7' 9' 9' 9' 9'
7' 7' 8' 8' 8' 8'
3
3
9' 9' 9' 9'
1
1
3 3
CASE 2 1
3
1
3
HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m)
8' 8'
11.0'
9' (3.4m)
9'
1 1
8' 8' 9' 9'
GEOGRID PLACEMENT 7' 7' 8' 9'
6' 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED
REINFORCED 6' 6' 8' 9'
H
SOIL ZONE
SOIL ZONE 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
H REINFORCED
H REINFORCED 6' 6' 6' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE
SOIL ZONE
REINFORCED 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 9'
H H
REINFORCED
6' 8' 8' 9' 9'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 8' 9'
6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 6' 8' 8' 9' 9'
6' 6' 6' 6' 7' 7'
8' 8' 9' 9'

• • • • •• •••••••••• • •••••• ••
• ••• •• •••••••••••••••••••• •• • • • ••• ••• ••••
• •••••••• •• •••••••••••••••Û••
• •••••Û••
• • ••••••• •• • •
•• •• •• ••3•••••••••• ••• ••
••• •• •••
•••••• •••
••••••HEIGHT
•• ••
•• •• ••• •• ••• ••4.3'
••••
•••••(1.3m)
•••• •• • • •• •••
••••• ••••••
•••••• •••••••••
•(2.5m) • ••••••••
••9.7'••• •Û•• •••••••(3.4m)
• • •Û•• ••
• •••• •• • •
• ••• •• • • • •• •• • •• • • • Û•• • •••• •• ••• • •
• •• • •
CASE 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (3.0m)
Û•• 11.0'
• • • • • • • • •• • •• • •• • • • •• • • • •• • •
3
KEYSTONE STANDARD UNITS - NEAR VERTICAL SILTY/LEAN CLAY: φ=26°, γ=120 pcf (19kN/m )
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
GEOGRID PLACEMENT
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE
NO SURCHARGE 9' 9' 10' 10'
9' 9' 10' 10'
9' 9' 9' 9' 9' 10'10' 10'
10'
8' 8' 9'
H H REINFORCEDREINFORCED 9' 9' 9' 9' 10' 10'
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9' 10'10' 10'
H H REINFORCEDREINFORCED 7' 7' 8'8' 8' 9' 9'
9' 9' 10'
H REINFORCED
SOIL ZONESOIL ZONE 8' 9' 9' 10' 10'
H SOIL ZONE REINFORCED 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9' 9' 10'10' 10'
SOIL ZONE 7' 7' 7' 8' 9' 9' 10'
7' 7'
7' 8' 8'
8' 9' 9'
9' 9' 9' 10' 10'
7' 7' 9' 9' 9' 10'10' 10'
7' 7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 10'
7' 7' 8' 9' 9' 9' 10' 10'
7' 8' 9' 9' 10'
CASE 1 (12 kN/m2) (12 kN/m2)
HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9'
9.7' (3.0m) 10'
11.0' (3.4m)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2) (12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2)
250 PSF SURCHARGE
(12 kN/m2) GEOGRID PLACEMENT
250 PSF SURCHARGE

9' 9'
H REINFORCEDREINFORCED 9' 9'
ENGINEER SHOULDSHOULD
EVALUATE
H
8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9' 9' ENGINEER EVALUATE
H
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE
HREINFORCEDREINFORCED 9'
DESIGN FORSHOULD
POOR
ENGINEER
DESIGN
ENGINEER SOILS
SHOULD
FOR POORAND
EVALUATE
SOILS
EVALUATE AND
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
H
HREINFORCEDREINFORCED 7' 7' 8'8' 8' 9'9' 9' 9' 9' ENGINEER
DESIGN
9' FORSHOULD
SURCHARGES.
DESIGN FOR
POOR
ENGINEER EVALUATE
POOR
SURCHARGES.
SOILS
SHOULD SOILS
AND AND
EVALUATE
SOIL ZONE
SOIL ZONE 8' 9' 9'DESIGN FOR POOR SOILSSOILS
AND AND
7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9' DESIGN SURCHARGES.
SURCHARGES.
FOR POOR
7'7' 7'
7' 8'8' 8' 9'9' 9' 9'9' 9'
9' SURCHARGES.
SURCHARGES.
8' 9'
7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
3
7' 7' 8' 8' 9' 9' 9' 9'
3
1 1

CASE 2 3 3
1
3
1 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)
3
1 1
GEOGRID PLACEMENT
REINFORCED REINFORCED
H H
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 7' 7'
H HREINFORCEDREINFORCED
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 7' 7' ENGINEER SHOULD
ENGINEER EVALUATE
SHOULD DESIGNDESIGN
EVALUATE FOR FOR
H HREINFORCEDREINFORCED 7'7' POOR
7' ENGINEER
7'
SOILS
ENGINEER
POOR
SHOULD AND
SHOULD
SOILSBACKSLOPES.
EVALUATE
AND
EVALUATE DESIGN
FOR FOR
BACKSLOPES.
DESIGN
SOIL ZONE SOIL ZONE 7' 7'
7' 7' ENGINEER SHOULD
POOR
ENGINEER
POOR SOILS EVALUATE
SOILS
SHOULD
AND AND DESIGN
EVALUATE
BACKSLOPES. FOR FOR
BACKSLOPES.
DESIGN
7' 7' 7' 7'
7' 7' POORPOOR
SOILSSOILS
AND BACKSLOPES.
AND BACKSLOPES.
7' 7' 7' 7'
7' 7'

CASE 3 HEIGHT 4.3' (1.3m) 5.7' (1.7m) 7.0' (2.1m) 8.3' (2.5m) 9.7' (3.0m) 11.0' (3.4m)

The information contained herein has been compiled by Keystone® Retaining Wall Systems LLC and to the best of our knowledge, accurately represents the Keystone product use in the applications which are
illustrated. Final determination of the suitability for the use contemplated and its manner of use are the sole responsibility of the user. Structural design and analysis shall be performed by a qualified engineer.