Problems 267
8.12 Summary
Following is a summary of the subjects covered in this chapter.
• In an isotropic soil, Laplace’s equation of continuity for two-dimensional flow is
given as [Eq. (8.5)]:
0 2h 0 2h
0
0x2 0z2
• A flow net is a combination of flow lines and equipotential lines that are two orthogonal
families of lines (Section 8.4).
• In an isotropic soil, seepage (q) for unit length of the structure in unit time can be
expressed as [Eq. (8.24)]
Nf
q kHa bn
Nd
• The construction of flow nets in anisotropic soil was outlined in Section 8.6. For this
case, the seepage for unit length of the structure in unit time is [Eq. (8.28)]
HNf
q 1kxkz
Nd
• Seepage through an earth dam on an impervious base was discussed in Section 8.9
(Schaffernak’s solution with Casagrande’s correction) and Section 8.10 (L.
Casagrande solution).
• The criteria for filter design are given in Section 8.11 [Eqs. (8.41) and (8.42)],
according to which
D151F2
4 to 5
D851S2
and
D151F2
4 to 5
D151S2
Problems
8.1 Refer to the constant-head permeability test arrangement in a two-layered soil as
shown in Figure 8.2. During the test, it was seen that when a constant head of
h1 200 mm was maintained, the magnitude of h2 was 80 mm. If k1 is 0.004 cm/sec,
determine the value of k2 given H1 100 mm and H2 150 mm.
8.2 Refer to Figure 8.18. Given:
• H1 6 m • D 3m
• H2 1.5 m • D1 6 m
draw a flow net. Calculate the seepage loss per meter length of the sheet pile (at a
right angle to the cross section shown).
8.3 Draw a flow net for the single row of sheet piles driven into a permeable layer as
shown in Figure 8.18. Given:
• H1 3 m • D 1.5 m
• H2 0.5 m • D1 3.75 m
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268 Chapter 8: Seepage
Sheet pile
H1
H2
D1
k 4 10 4 cm /sec
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Impermeable layer
Figure 8.18
calculate the seepage loss per meter length of the sheet pile (at right angles to the
cross section shown).
8.4 Refer to Figure 8.18. Given:
• H1 4 m • D1 6 m
• H2 1.5 m • D 3.6 m
3
calculate the seepage loss in m /day per meter length of the sheet pile (at right
angles to the cross section shown). Use Figure 8.10.
8.5 For the hydraulic structure shown in Figure 8.19, draw a flow net for flow through
the permeable layer and calculate the seepage loss in m3/day/m.
8.6 Refer to Problem 8.5. Using the flow net drawn, calculate the hydraulic uplift force
at the base of the hydraulic structure per meter length (measured along the axis of
the structure).
25 m
10 m
1.67 m 3.34 m
20 m
k 0.002 cm /sec
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1.67 m 1.67 m
Permeable layer Impermeable layer
Figure 8.19
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Problems 269
37 m
10 m
1.5 m
3m
9m
Sheet pile
24 m
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k 10 3 cm /sec
Impermeable layer
Figure 8.20
8.7 Draw a flow net for the weir shown in Figure 8.20. Calculate the rate of seepage
under the weir.
8.8 For the weir shown in Figure 8.21, calculate the seepage in the permeable layer in
m3/day/m for (a) x 1 m and (b) x 2 m. Use Figure 8.11.
8.9 An earth dam is shown in Figure 8.22. Determine the seepage rate, q, in m3/day/m
length. Given: a1 35°, a2 40°, L1 5 m, H 7 m, H1 10 m, and k 3 10 4
cm/sec. Use Schaffernak’s solution.
8.10 Repeat Problem 8.9 using L. Casagrande’s method.
8m
6m
4m
Sheet pile
8m
k 10 3 cm /sec
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Permeable layer Impermeable layer
Figure 8.21
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