UNIT-2 - INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE

WORLD ECONOMY

• International organizations (IOs) are formal structures

composed of member states and sometimes non-state
actors, established to promote cooperation, address
global challenges, and facilitate interactions between
countries on various issues, including the world
economy.
FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
• Promotion of Trade and Economic Cooperation ( OECD, IMF,
World Bank, WTO, ILO, UN etc)
• Financial Assistance and Development (IMF,UN World Bank-IBRD,
IDA,IFC, MIGA, ICSID)
• Economic Research and Policy Coordination (OECD, IMF, IBRD,
IDA)
• Global Economic Governance( IMF, WTO, ILO, UN )
KEY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:

• United Nations (UN)

• World Trade Organization (WTO)

• International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• World Bank Group

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO)
KEY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:

• European Union (EU)

• Greenpeace International
• World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
• Amnesty International
• Human Rights Watch
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
 ROLE IN GLOBAL ECONOMIC ISSUES

• Trade Liberalization: ( Reduce or remove barriers- tariffs and

non tariffs )
• Financial Stability: ( country's mechanism for pricing,
allocating and managing financial risks)
• Poverty Reduction: Economic and humanitarian move to lift
people above poverty)
• Environment and Sustainability: (conserve natural resources
and protect global ecosystems)
 CHALLENGES AND CRITICISMS:

• Power Imbalances(interplay between IO and states with varied

degree of sovereignty and strength of IO)
• Ineffectiveness ( attempt to manage complex issues, works as a
representative to solve long standing issues, or may just
intensify the issue)
• Lack of Representation of states: ( lack of awareness or
benefits, super power dominations, regional blocks )
 CURRENT TRENDS:

• Digital Economy( greater technology- greater development,

not all states are equipped, Sub Saharan African countries,
Yemen, Eritrea, north Korea, Syria etc are not ready)
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)(Finland, Sweden
Denmark Germany top in the list)
UNITED NATIONS (UN)

History:

• The United Nations (UN) was established on October 24, 1945, after the end of
World War II, as a successor to the League of Nations head quartered in New
York. It was created to promote international cooperation, prevent conflicts, and
maintain global peace and security.

Constitution:

• The UN's constitution is outlined in its Charter, which sets out its principles,
structure, and functions. The Charter was signed by 51 countries in San Francisco
in 1945 and came into effect on October 24, 1945.
OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF UN:

The main objectives of the UN, as outlined in its Charter, are to maintain international peace and security,
develop friendly relations among nations, promote social progress, better living standards, and human rights for
all, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining common goals.
The UN's functions include:

• Peace and Security: The UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security,
using measures like sanctions and peacekeeping operations.

• Human Rights: The UN promotes and protects human rights globally through its various agencies and
treaties.

• Humanitarian Aid: UN agencies provide aid during emergencies, conflicts, and natural disasters to alleviate
suffering.

• Development: The UN works towards global development through agencies like the World Bank and UN
Development Programme (UNDP).
THE UN'S FUNCTIONS INCLUDE:

• Environmental Protection: The UN addresses environmental challenges through

initiatives like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

• Disarmament: The UN promotes arms control, non-proliferation, and disarmament

efforts to reduce global tensions.

• International Law: The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and
provides legal opinions on international matters.

• Global Diplomacy: The UN provides a platform for nations to engage in diplomatic

dialogue and negotiations.

• Members: The UN has 193 member states. The Vatican City and Palestine have observer
status. Member states have equal representation in the General Assembly, while the
Security Council's permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and
the United States) have veto power.
WHO CAN HAVE VETO POWERS AND WHY?

The permanent members who were all Allies in World War II (and the victors of that war), and
are the five states with the first and most nuclear weapons have the VETO power
5 permanent members with veto power:
• China.
• France.
• Russian Federation.
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
• United States of America.
CHALLENGES:
• Security Council Reform: The current structure, with permanent members and veto power,
is seen by some as undemocratic and outdated. Hence appealed to include many more non
permanent members in decision making

• Global Inequalities: Addressing poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment remains a

challenge despite efforts.

• Complex Conflicts: The UN faces challenges in resolving complex conflicts, as seen in

conflicts like Syria and Yemen.

• Climate Change: Climate-related issues demand global cooperation, but reaching

consensus can be difficult.

• Terrorism and Extremism: Combatting terrorism and extremism requires coordination and
cooperation among member states.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF UN

1. Preventing World Wars: The UN has played a role in

preventing large-scale conflicts since its establishment.
2. Decolonization: The UN supported decolonization
efforts, leading to the independence of many nations.
VIDEO ON DECOLONIZATION
 ACHIEVEMENTS OF UN
• 3. Human Rights: The UN has advanced the recognition and protection of human
rights through various treaties and mechanisms.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF UN

4. Health Initiatives: UN agencies like WHO have contributed to

global health initiatives, such as eradicating smallpox and fighting
HIV/AIDS and COVID
5. Peacekeeping: UN peacekeeping missions have contributed to
stabilizing conflict zones and facilitating post-conflict transitions.
FAILURES OF UN
 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO):

History:

• The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995,

succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that was formed
in 1947. The WTO was created to promote global trade by providing a
framework for negotiations, agreements, and dispute resolution.
Constitution:

• The WTO's constitution is based on a set of agreements negotiated and signed by

its member countries. These agreements cover a wide range of trade-related
issues, including tariffs, non-tariff barriers,(Quotas, Licence, technical standards
and antisocial dumping) , intellectual property, and dispute settlement.
 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO):

Objectives:

• The main objectives of the WTO are to facilitate trade between member countries, ensure predictability and
stability in international trade relations, and promote economic growth, development, and job creation globally.

• Functions:

• Trade Negotiations: The WTO provides a platform for negotiations on trade liberalization, including
reductions in tariffs and non-tariff barriers.

• Trade Agreements: The WTO administers agreements like the General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

• Dispute Settlement: The WTO's Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) helps resolve trade disputes among member
countries.
 FUNCTIONS OF WTO

• Trade Policy Review: The WTO conducts regular reviews of member countries' trade policies to promote
transparency and encourage compliance with trade agreements.

• Technical Assistance and Training: The WTO provides technical assistance and capacity-building to
developing countries to help them effectively participate in the global trading system.

• Monitoring and Surveillance: The WTO monitors global trade trends and developments to ensure
compliance with trade agreements and prevent protectionist measures. (prevent taxes for imports)

• Members: WTO has 164 member countries. These countries participate in the decision-making process
and benefit from the organization's trade agreements.
 MEMBERSHIP TO WTO

• The process of becoming a World Trade Organization (WTO) member is unique to each applicant
country, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic
development and the current trade regime.
• The process takes about five years, on average, but it can take some countries almost a decade if the
country is less than fully committed to the process, or if political issues interfere.
• The shortest accession negotiation was that of Kyrgyzstan, lasting 2 years and 10 months. The
longest were that of Russia, lasting 19 years and 2 months, and China, lasting 15 years and 5
months.
• India became a member in 1995 to WTO and is a member to GATT since 1948
 CHALLENGES:
• Multilateral Negotiations: Multilateral trade negotiations, like the Doha Round, have faced
challenges due to differing interests among member countries.

• Developing Countries' Concerns: Developing countries often struggle to fully benefit from
WTO agreements, raising concerns about equity and inclusiveness.

• Trade Wars and Protectionism: Trade tensions between major economies and protectionist
measures threaten the principles of open and fair trade. Protectionism is sheltering domestic
companies from foreign competition by taxing imports

• Environmental and Labor Standards: Balancing trade liberalization with concerns about
environmental and labor standards remains a challenge.

• Digital Trade: Adapting trade rules to the digital economy and e-commerce is an ongoing
challenge.
TRADE WAR BETWEEN US AND CHINA
• Trade dispute between the United States and China, which began in
earnest in 2018.
• Background:
• The trade tension between the U.S. and China had been building for
several years, driven by issues such as intellectual property theft,
technology transfer, and concerns about China's trade practices.
• In 2018, the U.S. imposed tariffs on a range of Chinese goods,
primarily under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, citing unfair
trade practices.
Key Events:
• March 2018: The U.S. announced tariffs on imported steel and aluminum,
affecting many countries but primarily targeting China.

• July 2018: The U.S. imposed tariffs on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods, which
China retaliated against with tariffs on an equivalent amount of U.S. goods.
• August 2018: The U.S. announced tariffs on an additional $16 billion worth of
Chinese goods, leading China to respond in kind.
• September 2018: The U.S. announced tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese
imports, starting at 10% and later increasing to 25%. China retaliated with tariffs
on $60 billion worth of U.S. goods.
• May 2019: The U.S. increased tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese
goods to 25%, and President Trump announced plans to impose tariffs on
nearly all remaining Chinese imports.

• June 2019: Presidents Trump and Xi Jinping of China agreed to a

temporary truce at the G20 summit, with the U.S. delaying additional
tariffs and negotiations resuming.
• This trade war had significant global implications, as both countries are
major players in the global economy. It led to disruptions in global supply
chains, increased costs for businesses and consumers, and uncertainty in
financial markets.
 ACHIEVEMENTS OF WTO
• Reduction of Tariffs: The WTO's predecessor, GATT, helped significantly reduce
global tariffs, promoting trade.

• Trade Facilitation Agreement: The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)

simplifies customs procedures, reducing trade costs and enhancing efficiency.

• Accession of New Members: The WTO has expanded its membership by

including numerous countries that were not part of the original GATT framework.
 WORLD BANK AND IMF – INCEPTION AND HQ

IMF WORLD BANK

• The IMF was founded in 1944 during the United • The World Bank, officially known as the
Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, International Bank for Reconstruction and
commonly known as the Bretton Woods Development (IBRD), was established in 1944 at
Conference. the same Bretton Woods Conference.
• The headquarters of the IMF is located in • The headquarters of the World Bank Group,
Washington, D.C., United States. which includes both the IBRD and IDA, is also
situated in Washington, D.C., United States.
WORLD BANK AND IMF - OBJECTIVES

IMF WORLD BANK

• The IMF's main objectives are to ensure • The World Bank's primary objectives are to
the stability of the international monetary reduce poverty, promote sustainable
system, facilitate the expansion and economic development, and foster
balanced growth of international trade, infrastructure projects in low and middle-
promote exchange rate stability, income countries.
• provide resources to member countries • It provides loans, grants, and technical
facing balance of payments problems, and expertise to support projects in areas like
offer policy advice and technical education, healthcare, agriculture, and
assistance. infrastructure development.
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=WG72Y
K60TBA
HOW DOES IMF OPERATE?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0CPO2osWOM

• How does World Bank operate?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SF67OUf6TqQ
WORLD BANK AND IMF - CHALLENGES

IMF WORLD BANK

• One of the major challenges faced by the IMF is • The World Bank faces challenges related to
criticism for imposing strict measures and ensuring that its projects and loans effectively
structural reforms as conditions for providing reduce poverty and promote sustainable
financial assistance to countries in crisis, which development in recipient countries.
can have negative social and economic impacts.
• It also grapples with issues of corruption and
• The IMF also faces challenges in adapting to the mismanagement in some of its projects and the
changing global economic landscape and need to ensure that its investments are socially
maintaining its relevance in a world where and environmentally responsible.
global economic power is shifting.
(Raising new economies, demographics trends,
natural resources availability, industrialization and
trade agreements)
WORLD BANK AND IMF - ACHIEVEMENTS

IMF WORLD BANK

• The IMF has played a crucial role in • The World Bank has financed numerous
stabilizing the global financial system projects that have improved infrastructure,
during numerous crises, providing financial healthcare, education, and other essential
assistance and policy guidance to countries services in developing countries.
facing balance of payments problems.
• It has been instrumental in reducing
• It has helped countries implement extreme poverty and promoting economic
economic reforms that have contributed to development in many countries,
their long-term economic stability and particularly in Asia and Africa.
growth.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF WORLD BANK
ACHIEVEMENTS OF WORLD BANK
WORLD BANK AND IMF - MEMBERSHIP

IMF WORLD BANK

• Membership in the IMF is open to all sovereign • The World Bank consists of two main
countries. There are 190 member countries. institutions: the International Bank for
• Each member's voting power is determined by Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and
its financial contribution (quota) to the the International Development Association
organization, with larger contributors having (IDA).
more influence. • The IBRD has 189 member countries, which are
typically middle-income and creditworthy
countries.
• The IDA has 173 member countries and focuses
on providing low-interest loans and grants to
the world's poorest countries.
WORLD BANK AND IMF – FUNDING

IMF WORLD BANK

• Member country contributions( quotas) • Member country contributions ( Capital

• Borrowing from member countries subscriptions)

• Gold holdings • Borrowing from capital markets

• Income from investments • Repayment of loans

• Major contributor is US followed by • Major contributor is US followed by

Japan China and European countries Japan China and European countries
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ( WHO)

Inception of WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations
responsible for international public health.
It was established on April 7, 1948, with the primary goal of promoting global health and
coordinating efforts to combat diseases and improve healthcare systems worldwide.
The organization's inception was a response to the health crises and devastation caused by
World War II, emphasizing the need for international cooperation in the field of health.
HISTORY OF WHO

The idea for WHO can be traced back to the early 20th century, with various
international health conferences and organizations addressing health issues.
However, the impetus for its formation came from the devastation of World
War II, which highlighted the need for a centralized global health body.
The WHO Constitution entered into force in 1948, and since then, the
organization has played a crucial role in improving global health.
OBJECTIVES OF WHO

Objectives:
1. Health for All: WHO's primary objective is to ensure that all people can enjoy the highest
possible level of health. This includes promoting universal access to healthcare services,
vaccines, and essential medicines.
2. Disease Control: WHO works to prevent and control the spread of diseases, including
infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and COVID-19.
3. Health Systems Strengthening: The organization assists member states in building resilient
and effective healthcare systems, including infrastructure, workforce, and healthcare
financing.
4. Health Equity: WHO strives to reduce health disparities and inequalities by addressing social
determinants of health.
5. Emergency Response: WHO is often at the forefront of responding to health emergencies,
such as outbreaks, natural disasters, and humanitarian crises.
FUNCTIONS OF WHO
• Functions:
1.Research and Data Collection: WHO conducts research and gathers data on
global health issues, providing evidence-based recommendations to member
states.
2.Norms and Standards: WHO develops international health regulations,
guidelines, and standards to ensure the quality and safety of healthcare products
and services.
3.Technical Assistance: The organization provides technical support to member
states in areas like disease control, health system strengthening, and healthcare
workforce development.
4.Emergency Response: WHO leads responses to health emergencies,
coordinating efforts to contain outbreaks and provide assistance to affected
communities.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF WHO

Achievements:
1. Smallpox Eradication: WHO's efforts led to the complete eradication of smallpox, one of
the deadliest diseases in history, in 1980.
2. Polio Eradication: The organization has made significant progress toward eradicating
polio globally, with only a few endemic countries remaining.
3. Vaccination Campaigns: WHO has facilitated vaccination campaigns that have saved
millions of lives, including those targeting diseases like measles, tetanus, and influenza.
4. Health System Improvements: WHO has supported member states in improving
healthcare systems, access to clean water, and sanitation, leading to increased life
expectancy and reduced child mortality.
CHALLENGES OF WHO
Challenges:

1.Health Inequalities: Disparities in health outcomes persist globally, with many

low- and middle-income countries facing significant challenges in providing
quality healthcare.
2.Emerging Diseases: The emergence of new diseases, like Ebola and COVID-19,
poses ongoing challenges to WHO's emergency response capabilities.
3.Funding and Resource Constraints: WHO faces financial limitations and struggles
to secure adequate resources for its programs and initiatives.
4.Political and Geopolitical Issues: The organization often deals with political
pressures and tensions among member states that can hinder its ability to
respond effectively to health crises.
WHO CONTRIBUTION TO INDIA
• WHO has played a crucial role in supporting India's public health efforts

1. Polio Eradication: WHO has been a key partner in India's successful campaign to
eliminate polio, which was declared polio-free in 2014.
2. Tuberculosis Control: WHO has worked with India to improve tuberculosis control and
has supported initiatives to combat drug-resistant TB.
3. Maternal and Child Health: WHO has assisted India in reducing maternal and child
mortality rates by providing technical expertise and support.
4. Health Systems Strengthening: WHO has collaborated with India to enhance healthcare
infrastructure, healthcare worker training, and health information systems.
5. COVID-19 Response: During the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO has provided guidance,
technical assistance, and supplies to India to manage the crisis.
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

Inception of EU
Inception: The European Union (EU), originally known as the European Economic
Community (EEC), traces its roots back to the aftermath of World War II.
The idea of European integration was born out of a desire to prevent further devastating
conflicts in Europe.
The Treaty of Paris in 1951 established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC),
which marked the beginning of European cooperation in specific economic sectors.
This eventually led to the creation of the European Union through the Maastricht Treaty in
1993.
HISTORY OF EU

• The EU's formation was primarily driven by the need for economic recovery and
cooperation in Europe after the war.
• The European Coal and Steel Community, followed by the European Economic
Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, laid the foundation for a
unified Europe.
• Over the years, the EU has expanded both in terms of member states and areas of
cooperation, including trade, agriculture, monetary policy, and foreign affairs.
OBJECTIVES OF EU

Objectives:
1. Peace and Stability: The EU's primary objective is to maintain peace and stability in
Europe by fostering cooperation among member states.
2. Economic Integration: The EU seeks to create a single European market, promote
economic growth, and improve the living standards of its citizens.
3. Human Rights and Democracy: The EU is committed to upholding human rights,
democracy, and the rule of law, both within its member states and globally.
4. Global Influence: The EU aims to play a significant role in international affairs, addressing
global challenges like climate change, terrorism, and migration.
FUNCTIONS OF EU
Functions:
1. Single Market: The EU has established a single market that allows the free movement of
goods, services, capital, and people within its member states.
2. Common Currency: The Euro (EUR) is the official currency of the Eurozone, a subset of
EU member states. The European Central Bank manages the Euro.
3. Trade Policy: The EU negotiates trade agreements on behalf of its member states,
making it a powerful trading bloc.
4. Humanitarian Aid: The EU provides humanitarian aid and development assistance to
countries in need.
5. Foreign Policy: The EU conducts a common foreign and security policy, representing its
member states in international affairs.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF EU
Achievements:
1.Peace in Europe: The EU has been instrumental in maintaining peace and
stability in Europe, earning the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012 for its
contributions.
2.Economic Prosperity: The single market and the Euro have contributed to
economic growth and increased living standards in many EU member
states.
3.Human Rights: The EU has consistently championed human rights,
democracy, and the rule of law, both within its borders and worldwide.
4.Global Influence: The EU is a major player in international negotiations,
including climate change agreements and global development goals.
CHALLENGES OF EU

Challenges:

1.Brexit: The departure of the United Kingdom from the EU in 2020

presented significant political, economic, and administrative challenges.
2.Economic Disparities: Economic disparities exist among EU member
states, posing challenges for economic convergence.
3.Migration: Managing migration and refugee flows has been a divisive
issue within the EU, leading to policy disputes among member states.
4.Nationalism: The rise of nationalist and Eurosceptic movements in some
EU countries challenges the idea of European integration.
CONTRIBUTION OF EU TO INDIA
Contribution to India: The European Union has had a multifaceted relationship with India,
characterized by trade, cooperation on global issues, and diplomatic ties:
1. Trade: The EU is one of India's largest trading partners, and they have a strategic
partnership to enhance economic cooperation.
2. Development Assistance: The EU has provided development assistance to India, focusing
on areas such as sustainable development, clean energy, and poverty reduction.
3. Climate Change: The EU and India cooperate on climate change initiatives and have
worked together on global climate agreements, including the Paris Agreement.
4. Diplomacy: The EU and India engage in regular diplomatic dialogues, addressing issues
such as security, counter-terrorism, and regional stability.
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

Inception:
Amnesty International, commonly known as AI, was founded in London, United Kingdom,
in 1961 by British lawyer Peter Benenson.
Its creation was sparked by Benenson's outrage at the imprisonment of two Portuguese
students who were arrested for raising a toast to freedom in a cafe.
The organization began as a response to the increasing number of political prisoners
worldwide and aimed to mobilize public opinion and action to demand their release.
HISTORY OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

History: Amnesty International's early work focused on advocating for

the release of "prisoners of conscience" – individuals detained for
their beliefs or non-violent activities. Over the years, AI's mission
expanded to include broader human rights issues, such as the
abolition of torture, ending the death penalty, and addressing
discrimination and injustice. Today, Amnesty International operates as
a global movement with offices in numerous countries.
OBJECTIVES OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
Objectives: Amnesty International's primary objectives are to promote and protect human
rights around the world. Its mission includes:
1. Advocating for Human Rights: AI campaigns for the release of prisoners of conscience
and works to end human rights abuses.
2. Raising Awareness: The organization educates the public about human rights issues
through research, reports, and advocacy efforts.
3. Mobilizing Action: AI mobilizes individuals and communities to take action on human
rights issues, including writing letters, participating in protests, and fundraising.
4. Monitoring Human Rights: The organization conducts research and investigations to
document and expose human rights violations.
FUNCTIONS OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

Functions:
1. Research and Documentation: Amnesty International conducts extensive research to
document human rights abuses, producing reports and publications to raise awareness.
2. Advocacy and Campaigns: AI advocates for change by mobilizing public opinion,
pressuring governments and institutions, and campaigning for the release of individuals
imprisoned for their beliefs.
3. Direct Assistance: The organization provides support to individuals and communities
affected by human rights abuses, including legal aid and humanitarian assistance.
4. Education and Awareness: AI educates the public about human rights issues, organizing
events, seminars, and workshops to promote understanding and activism.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
Achievements:

1.Prisoner Releases: AI has successfully advocated for the release of numerous

prisoners of conscience and political prisoners around the world.
2.Death Penalty Abolition: The organization has played a significant role in
advocating for the abolition of the death penalty, contributing to its decline
globally.
3.Anti-Torture Campaigns: AI's efforts have led to increased awareness of torture
as a human rights violation, prompting changes in laws and policies.
4.Women's and LGBTQ+ Rights: Amnesty International has been active in
promoting and protecting the rights of women and LGBTQ+ individuals.
CHALLENGES OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

Challenges:
1. Access Restrictions: In some countries, AI faces challenges in accessing information and
conducting research due to government restrictions.
2. Threats and Intimidation: Amnesty International's staff and activists are at times
subjected to threats, harassment, and violence in the course of their work.
3. Funding: Like many non-governmental organizations, AI relies on donations and grants,
which can be unpredictable and insufficient to meet its objectives fully.
4. Political Resistance: AI often faces resistance from governments and political authorities
who are unwilling to address human rights abuses.
CONTRIBUTION OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL TO
INDIA
Contribution to India: Amnesty International has had a significant impact on India's human
rights landscape:
1. Documentation and Advocacy: AI has documented and brought attention to human rights
abuses in India, including issues related to freedom of expression, police brutality, and the
treatment of marginalized communities.
2. Campaigns: The organization has launched campaigns in India, advocating for justice in cases
of human rights violations and supporting the rights of marginalized groups, such as Dalits
and Adivasis.
3. Awareness and Education: AI has contributed to raising awareness about human rights issues
in India through publications, seminars, and grassroots activism.
4. Legal Support: AI has provided legal support and assistance to individuals and organizations
working to protect human rights in India.
GREEN PEACE INTERNATIONAL

Inception:
Greenpeace, officially known as Greenpeace International, was founded in 1971 by a group
of activists in Vancouver, Canada.
The organization's inception was inspired by the need for direct action to address
environmental issues and advocate for a more sustainable and ecologically responsible
approach to human activities.
HISTORY OF GREEN PEACE INTERNATIONAL

History:
Greenpeace's early actions focused on protesting nuclear weapons testing
in the Pacific Ocean.
Over the years, the organization expanded its mission to address a wide
range of environmental issues, including climate change, deforestation,
biodiversity loss, and ocean pollution.
It operates as a global network of independent national and regional
organizations, including Greenpeace India.
OBJECTIVES OF GREEN PEACE INTERNATIONAL

Objectives: Greenpeace's main objectives revolve around environmental protection and

sustainability:
1. Environmental Advocacy: The organization advocates for policies and practices that promote
environmental conservation, renewable energy, and the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions.
2. Direct Action: Greenpeace is known for its non-violent direct actions and protests to draw
attention to environmental issues and pressure governments and corporations to take action.
3. Scientific Research: The organization conducts scientific research to assess environmental
impacts and develop evidence-based solutions.
4. Public Awareness: Greenpeace aims to raise public awareness about environmental issues
and mobilize citizens to become active agents of change.
FUNCTIONS OF GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL

Functions:
1. Campaigning: Greenpeace runs campaigns on a wide range of issues, from protecting
forests and oceans to advocating for renewable energy and reducing plastic pollution.
2. Direct Action: The organization stages peaceful protests and non-violent direct actions to
draw attention to environmental issues and disrupt activities that harm the
environment.
3. Research and Advocacy: Greenpeace conducts scientific research to support its
campaigns and uses advocacy to push for policy changes.
4. Community Engagement: Greenpeace engages with local communities, providing
support and resources to empower them in advocating for environmental protection.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL

Achievements:
1. Nuclear Testing: Greenpeace played a pivotal role in raising awareness about the
dangers of nuclear weapons testing in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to a halt in many
such tests.
2. Anti-Whaling Campaign: The organization's campaigns against commercial whaling have
led to international regulations and bans on whaling.
3. Climate Action: Greenpeace has been a prominent voice in the climate movement,
advocating for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and pushing for renewable
energy adoption.
4. Deforestation: The organization's campaigns against deforestation have led to significant
changes in corporate sourcing policies and increased awareness about forest
conservation.
CHALLENGES OF GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL

Challenges:
1. Government Opposition: Greenpeace has faced opposition and legal challenges from
governments in some countries that view its activities as disruptive or subversive.
2. Corporate Resistance: Powerful corporate interests, especially in industries that
contribute to environmental degradation, have pushed back against Greenpeace's
campaigns.
3. Funding: Like many NGOs, Greenpeace relies on donations, and fluctuations in funding
can affect the scope of its activities.
4. Balancing Direct Action and Advocacy: Striking the right balance between direct actions
and advocacy can be challenging, as some actions may draw criticism or legal action.
CONTRIBUTION OF GREENPEACE
INTERNATIONAL TO INDIA
Contribution to India: Greenpeace India has made significant contributions to environmental protection
and advocacy:
1. Air Quality and Renewable Energy: The organization has advocated for cleaner air and renewable energy
solutions in India, drawing attention to issues like air pollution and coal-fired power plants.
2. Toxic Waste Campaigns: Greenpeace has highlighted issues related to toxic waste disposal and
hazardous chemicals, leading to increased awareness and scrutiny.
3. Sustainable Agriculture: The organization has promoted sustainable agriculture practices, including
organic farming and reducing pesticide use.
4. Forestry Conservation: Greenpeace has worked to protect India's forests and biodiversity through
campaigns and advocacy efforts.
5. Climate Activism: Greenpeace India has been actively involved in climate activism, advocating for India's
transition to renewable energy and a reduction in carbon emissions.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

Inception:
Human Rights Watch (HRW) was founded in 1978 as Helsinki Watch,
following the signing of the Helsinki Accords by the United States and the
Soviet Union.
The organization initially focused on monitoring and reporting on human
rights abuses in Eastern Europe.
In 1988, it expanded its mission and changed its name to Human Rights
Watch to encompass global human rights issues.
HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

History:
HRW has a rich history of advocating for human rights worldwide.
It was created in response to the need for independent and impartial reporting on human
rights violations and has since evolved into one of the world's most prominent human
rights organizations.
OBJECTIVES OF HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
Objectives: HRW's primary objectives are centered around the promotion and protection
of human rights:
1. Monitoring and Documentation: The organization conducts systematic research to
document human rights abuses, including political repression, discrimination, torture,
and violations of international humanitarian law.
2. Advocacy: HRW uses its research and reporting to advocate for policy changes at the
national and international levels. It pressures governments and non-state actors to
respect human rights standards.
3. Raise Awareness: HRW seeks to raise public awareness about human rights violations
and the need for accountability.
4. Legal Action: In some cases, HRW may engage in legal actions to hold perpetrators
accountable for human rights abuses.
FUNCTIONS OF HRW
Functions:

1. Research and Documentation: HRW conducts in-depth research, interviews victims and
witnesses, and publishes detailed reports on human rights abuses.
2. Advocacy and Lobbying: The organization engages with governments, international
organizations, and the media to push for human rights reforms and to draw attention to
violations.
3. Education and Outreach: HRW educates the public through publications, campaigns, and
outreach programs, fostering a global understanding of human rights issues.
4. Litigation Support: In some instances, HRW may provide legal support and expertise to
victims of human rights abuses seeking justice.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF HRW
Achievements:
1. Exposing Human Rights Abuses: HRW has played a significant role in exposing human
rights abuses in numerous countries, shedding light on issues such as political repression,
conflict-related violence, and discrimination.
2. Advocacy for International Justice: The organization has been a strong advocate for
international justice, supporting the establishment of the International Criminal Court
(ICC) and pursuing cases related to war crimes and crimes against humanity.
3. Women's and LGBTQ+ Rights: HRW has been at the forefront of advocating for women's
rights and LGBTQ+ rights globally.
4. Ending Child Soldiers: The organization has worked to end the use of child soldiers in
armed conflicts, leading to changes in international law and policy.
CHALLENGES OF HRW

Challenges:
1.Access and Safety: HRW often faces difficulties gaining access to conflict zones
and areas with repressive governments, and its staff may be at risk of
harassment or violence.
2.Political Opposition: Some governments view HRW's work as intrusive and may
actively oppose its activities, including imposing restrictions on its operations.
3.Funding: Like many non-governmental organizations, HRW relies on donations
and grants, which can fluctuate and affect the scope of its activities.
CONTRIBUTION OF HRW TO INDIA

1. Kashmir Conflict: HRW has documented human rights abuses in the context of the
Kashmir conflict, drawing attention to issues such as arbitrary detentions, excessive use
of force, and restrictions on freedom of expression.
2. Police Violence and Torture: The organization has reported on police violence and
custodial torture in India, calling for accountability and reforms within law enforcement
agencies.
3. LGBTQ+ Rights: HRW has advocated for LGBTQ+ rights in India, supporting efforts to
decriminalize same-sex relationships and promote LGBTQ+ inclusivity.
4. Women's Rights: HRW has highlighted issues related to gender-based violence and
discrimination in India, advocating for legal and policy changes to protect women's
rights.
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
(ISRC)
Inception:
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was founded in 1863
by Henry Dunant, a Swiss businessman.
Dunant was deeply affected by the suffering he witnessed on the battlefield
of Solferino, Italy, during the Battle of Solferino in 1859.
His experiences there inspired him to advocate for the establishment of an
organization dedicated to providing humanitarian aid to the wounded and
sick in times of armed conflict.
HISTORY OF RED CROSS

History: The ICRC's creation marked the beginning of organized

humanitarian action during wartime. It was founded based on
the principles of neutrality, impartiality, and humanity.
Over the years, the ICRC has evolved and expanded its scope to
address the challenges posed by contemporary armed conflicts
and humanitarian crises.
OBJECTIVES OF ICRC
Objectives: The ICRC's primary objectives are rooted in its mandate under the Geneva
Conventions:
1. Humanitarian Protection: To provide protection and assistance to victims of armed
conflicts and other situations of violence, with a particular focus on the wounded, sick,
and prisoners of war.
2. Promotion of International Humanitarian Law: To promote and ensure respect for
international humanitarian law (IHL) and the Geneva Conventions, which govern the
conduct of armed conflicts.
3. Neutrality and Impartiality: To maintain a neutral and impartial stance, providing
humanitarian aid to all parties to a conflict without taking sides.
4. Dialogue and Cooperation: To engage in dialogue with governments, armed groups, and
other stakeholders to facilitate humanitarian access and improve the protection of
civilians and combatants.
FUNCTIONS OF ICRC
Functions:
1.Protection: The ICRC works to protect the lives and dignity of people affected by
armed conflicts and other emergencies by visiting detainees, facilitating family
reunifications, and ensuring access to essential services.
2.Assistance: The organization provides humanitarian assistance, including medical
care, clean water, food, and shelter, to those affected by conflict and disasters.
3.Promotion of IHL: The ICRC promotes the understanding and implementation of
IHL among parties to conflicts, governments, and the general public.
4.Dialogue and Advocacy: The ICRC engages in diplomatic efforts and advocacy to
promote respect for IHL and to facilitate access to affected populations.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF ICRC
Achievements:

1. Protection of War Victims: The ICRC has played a vital role in protecting the rights and
well-being of war victims, including prisoners of war, detainees, and civilians affected by
conflict.
2. Development of International Humanitarian Law: The organization has contributed to
the development and strengthening of IHL through its role in drafting and advocating for
the Geneva Conventions and other humanitarian treaties.
3. Humanitarian Assistance: The ICRC has provided life-saving humanitarian assistance to
countless people affected by conflicts and natural disasters worldwide.
4. Humanitarian Diplomacy: The ICRC's diplomatic efforts have led to access and
protection gains for humanitarian workers in conflict zones.
CHALLENGES OF ICRC

Challenges:
1.Security Risks: Operating in conflict zones exposes ICRC staff to
significant security risks, including violence and abduction.
2.Access Constraints: In some conflicts, humanitarian access may be
limited or denied by parties to the conflict, making it difficult to
provide assistance and protection.
3.Resource Constraints: Like many humanitarian organizations, the
ICRC relies on donations and funding, which can be insufficient to
meet the needs of affected populations fully.
CONTRIBUTION OF ICRC TO INDIA
The ICRC has made significant contributions to India's humanitarian landscape:

1. Kashmir Conflict: The ICRC has been active in facilitating family reunifications and
supporting the wounded and sick in the context of the Kashmir conflict.
2. Prisoners of War: During historical conflicts, the ICRC played a crucial role in visiting
prisoners of war from India and Pakistan, ensuring their humane treatment and
communication with their families.
3. Promoting IHL: The organization has engaged with Indian authorities and civil society to
promote understanding and respect for IHL in the context of armed conflicts involving
India.
4. Humanitarian Response: The ICRC has provided humanitarian assistance and support in
response to natural disasters and other emergencies in India.