h

TRIBHUVAN I.'NI V ERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2475 Bhadra

Subject: - Sanitary Engin eering (C8656)

'/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
{ Attempt AII questiorts.
{ The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
{ Assume suitable data if necessary.

.- 1. Which tpe of sewerage system do you recommend in your locality? Discuss briefly with
your justifications.
t4l
2. Describe that tirre of concentration is an important while determining storm water
discharge. Elaborate on time of concentration and time area graph. I4l
3. A sewage carries nrnoff water to its 0.6 depth at maximum flow which is entering from
the catchment area of 200 hectare having overall coefficient of runoffas 0.45 and time of
concentration of 55 minutes. The velocity in the sewer is to be maintained as 1.5 m/s at
peak flow. Detsmine the diameter and slope of the cement concrete sewer with
Manning's coefficient as 0.013? t8l
4. Why Spase and oil should be excluded from wastewater? Explain the principle of
working of a sand, griease and oil rap with neat sketch. U+3J
5. Show the effect of ternperature on decornposition rate of organic matters in waste water.
If one day BOD of a sewage sample at 20"C is 100 mg/I, what will be its five day BOD at
20"C2 Consider K2s: A.Uday. tSl
6. An indusfiry is going to be established in a rural municipality near to the river side. The
river water and irdustrial effluent characteristics are as follows: tSl
Description Industrial Effluent River Water
Flow (m3/sec) 2.0 20.0
Dissolved Oxygen (me/l) 0.8 7.t4
BOD5 at20"C (men) 350 3.0
De-oxygenation rate constant 0.1
at20"C (perday, base l0)
Re-oxygenation rate constant 0.3
at20"C (per day, base l0)
Saturation DO at 20"C (me/l) 9.t7
At what location in the river, the critical DO deficit would oecur if the flow velocity in
the river is 2 km/hr?
1.1

7. a) Design a grit chamber to remove grit size of diameter more than 0.2 mm present in 58
MLD of sewage at atemperature of 25"C. Assume specific gravity of grit and organic
matters as2-65 and 1.2 respectively. Adopt k:
0.06 and f = 0.03 to calculate critical
velocity. t8l
b) Design a conventional activated sludge trebtment plant to treat the domestic sewage
with diffused air aeration with the following data. (Design up to dimensions of
aeration tank only) t8l
Population = 50,000
Per capita sewage flow = 80 liters/day
Settled sewage BODs = 200 mgtL

Food/micro-organisms : 0.3

Concentration of microorganisms (MLSS) = 2000 mgtL

c) Calculate the effluent BOD of a two stage trickling filter with the following data: t8I
D Sewage flow:5 MLD
ii) Influent BOD in first nicking filter:350 mg/l
iii) Volume of first filter = 650 m3
iv) Volume of second filter = 450 m3
v) Recirculation ratio for both frlters : 2.0

8. What is sludge digestion? Explain the periods during sludge digestion and the factors
affecting the digestion process. [2+6]
9. A household having 22 persons produces 135 liter/person/day of sewage. Design a septic
tank and drain field to dispose the sewage in a soil having infiltration rate of 35
liters/m2lday. Assume that the septic tarrk is cleaned once in three years. t8]
I0. Describe the methods of composting for solid waste management and its merits and
demerits. , [4]
++t
 06 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
* Examination Control Division
2075 Baisakh Yeer lPa;rt i III / II

Subject:
'/ Candidates are required to give their answers iri their own words as far as practicable.
{ Attempt All questions.
{ The Jigures in the margin indicate fiull Martcs.
{ Assume suitable data if necessary.
1. Describe the methods used in the management of wastewater and solid waste producing
from a locality.
tsl
2. Describe the method of estimating quantity of sewage for a clty inNepal indetail.
t6l
3. Determine the size of combined circular sewer for a discharge of 1.5 m3/s rururing half
full. Assume a gradient of I in 2000 and Manning's rugoiity coefficient N - -0.013
(Constant for all Flows). In the dry season if the flow drops to O.SO m3/sec, does the flow
maintain desired self cleaning velocity of 0.60m/sec. tgl
4- Define manhole. Explain the constructibn of manhole with the help of neat sketch.
u+41
5. | of a sewage sample take_n under the Thapathali bridgc of Bagmati river was pipetted
'ol
into a 300 ml capacity BoD botrle which was then completely nu"a *io ailution water.
dris
at
5.3
'c i tsl
6. 4-
city discharges sewage at the rate of 1200 vs, into a strean whose minimum flow is
litervs€cf the temperature of.both being 20"c. The 5 day BoD at zo.c ror
:099 se*ug"
is_ I60mg^ and that of river water is 2mgfl. The Do conent
of se",ug. i, o* *rii. tl"t
of sheam is 90zo of rhe saturation Do. Find out the degree or
minimum Do to be maintained in the stream is 4 -mg/rit. Assume a"i*vc"*tion
t""frJ
."quJ-ir o"
coefficienr as 0.10 (base.lO) and re-oxygenatio" *"m"ii"i-* O.il
saturation DO at 20oC as 9.17 mghit. d;i6)". A"*
tSl
7. what is a grit chamber? why do a sewage treatment plant nced grit
charrbef Enlist &e
considerations adopted in the design of grit chamber, [l+2+5]
8. Determine the size ahigh rate trickling filter for the following data:
t10l
Sewageflow-5Mld
BOD of raw sewage = 250 mgl
BOD removal in prirnary clarifier :30yo
Final effluent BOD desired = 30 mgl
9' Design a sludge digestion tank to treat siudge of primary
sedimentation tank from the
following data:
t8l

250 mgll

g) Pti**y settling tank removes 55% of suspended solids

10' Design vIP lakine and septic tank for a
family of l0 users.
-t The detention time for septic
tank is24 hr. Sludge is cleaned in every three y"rrr.
t t Err^l-i- l^---t .ctr' t8l
i TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2074 Bhadra

S.1tbj9cL ; Sanit?ry E_ngileering (C8656)

'/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
./ Attempt All que.stion.s.
{ Thefigures in the margin indicate Fult Marks
,/ Assume suitable data if necessary.

l. What do you mean by sanitation? How' it is related with our human life? Why water-
cnriage systern ofsanitation is popular than conservancy system nowadays.
t4l
,2. As a sanitation engineer how would you determine the quantity of storm water for a
highly populated urban area? What type of limitations exists in storm water quantity
determination for such area? Discuss in detail.
t4l
3. What would be your preferable combined sewer section for an 85-hectare residential area
having average runoffcoefficient of 0.45 for serving altogether 1500 population? average
rainfall duration is 26-min. Self-cteansing velocity is 0.98 m/sec. residential.area have
average elevation difference of 22m in horizontal 5 km longitudinal distance. Assume any
other appropriate data if required.
t8l
4. Briefly describe drop-manhole with neat sketch mentioning its importance and discuss its
alternative structural option rvith appl icabiiity.
t4l
5. BOD1.22"sof a sewage sarnple is 310 mgil, What will be its BODs.:o"c? Assume reaction
rateK2s:0.12 per day.
t8l
6. You are assigned by an industry as a Sanitary Engineer to recommend the degree of
treatment required for their industrial waste water. The effluent from the treatment plant
is to be discharged into a river with a minimum flow of 5000 lps, a dissolved oxygen
content of 7 -4mgll and BOD of zero. In order to thrive aquatic life, it is necessary
to
maintain a minimum DO content of 4mgll in the rivlr. A sanitary reveals the
characteristics of industrial waste water as follor+,s:
t8l
Discharge:2*106 l/day
BOD: 5000 rng/l
DO:0
Recommend the degree of treatment required for the plant. Assume saturation DO
of 9.2
mgll in the river after mixing rvith wastewater. It is equal to DO content of river before
mixing. Assume any other appropriate data if required.
7. a) With neat sketches, describe the purpose and construction of a skimming tank.
t4l
b) If the effluent BOD is to be equal to or less than 35 mg/1, what will be the
recirculation ratio required of a single high rate trickling filter having volume
of 510
ml which receives a flow of 2.8 MLD. ih. ,u*, se\,vage has BOD of Zl0 mg/l. The
primary treatmbnt removes 20% BOD.
t8l
l c) What will be the suitable dimensions of a circular sewage sedimentation tank for an
industrial area having population of 5500? The average water demand is 180 lpcd.
Assume that 75%o water reaches the treatment plant and maximum demand is 2.4
tirnes average demand. Dimension of the suspended silica particles available in
influent water are larger than 0.14 mm. tSl
d) What are the advantages in using the dorrco aerator in activated sludge process
method; briefly describe its operation with neat sketch. t4l
8. The biological process occurs in trickling filter. PST removes 60Yo suspended solids and
30% of BOD. Detetmine the volume of sludge produced by PST as well as SST with the
following data. tgl
solids : 2.65, Sp. gr. of organic solid : | .02
Sp. gr. of inorganic
Flow of sewage : z0* 106 vd BoDs of sewage : 220 mg/l
Suspended solids in the sewage: 280m/l Water content of the sludge :95o/o

9. What would be the internal dimension of a septic tank and numbers of soak pits for an
isolated hotel situated at mid-southern zone of Nepal having average 80 numbers of
average users? Rate of sewage discharge is 210 lpcd. Cleaning period of septic tank is
3 years. Assume other necessary data if required. tS]
10. Discuss about the solid waste composting and its methods? t4]
 06 TRIBHWAN UNIVERSIry
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

I Examination Control Division Programme BCE PassMarks

2073 Year lPart Time i 3 hrs.
Subjecf: - Sanitary Engineering (CE656)
,/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
./ Attempt AII questions.
,/ The figures in the margin indicate FUA Marks.'
,/ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. Which [pe of sewerage system do you recommended for urban area of Nepal? Discuss
briefly with your justification. I4l
2. How do you determine the quality of storm water for a locality? t4l
J. Calculate the diameter of a sewar to surve an area of 12 sq.km with a population density
of 250 persons per hectare. The average rate of sewage flow is 235 lpcd. The coefficient
of runoff for 50Yo farthest area is 0.3 and rest of the atea is 0.75. Time taken to reach
storm water inlet from the farthest point of the catchment is 25 min. Assume storm
duration : 20 min and n : 0.013 t8l
4. Explain sand, grease and oil trap with the help of neat sketch. r4l
5. Why BOD value is important for waste water? Describe the procedure for determining
BOD of waste water sample in laboratory by dilution method. t8l
6. The teated domestic sewage of a town is to be discharges in a natural stream. Calculate
the percentage purification required in the treatment plant with the followittg data: t8l
Population: 50000
BOD contributed per capita:0.07 k{day
BOD of stream on U/S side - 3 mg/lit
DO to be maintained in D/S - 5 mgllit
Domestic sewage : l40lpcd
Lean period discharge of stream : 0.13 m3/sec
Assume, rate constants Kr :0.1 per duy.- Kz:0.5 per day and stream with a saturation
DO as 9.17 mg4it
7. a) In a continuous flow sedimentation tank, 4 m deep, 60 in long, if flow velocity of
sewage is observed as 1.20 cm/sec, what size of particles with specific gravity 2.65
may be effectively removed? Assume 25"C temperature and kinematic viscosity of
water is 0.01 cm'lsec. If the particle size is half, determine the change in Yo of
particles remowd- t8l
b) What will be the recirculation
ratio required of a single stage filter having volume of
350 m3. A effluent having maximum- BOD concentration of 35 mgAit, for a flow
sewage of 5 MLD having BOD of 180 mgllit and 33Yo BOD is removed in PST. tSl
c) With the neat sketctr" describe the purpose and location of skimming tank. Explain the
factors govern the degree of tredhnent required of municipal wastewater. t8]
8. Discuss about volume moisture content relationship in sludge. Calculate the specific
gravity of sludge considering 20% of solid matter in a sludge containing 95% water is
composed of fixed mineral solids with specific gravity of 2.65 and 80% is composed of
volatile solids with specific gravity 1.0. t8l
9. a) What is the purpose of pit privy? Describe the construction of pit privy with a neat
sketch. t4l
b) Design a septic tank for a household havin g average users of 15. Assume suitable data
suitably. t4l
J i

TRIBT{UVAN LNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
* Examination Control Division
2073 Bhadra

S ubi e cf - S anitary_Engh-t-.:H QFSI I

t Candidates are required to give their answers in,their own words as far as
practicable.
,/ Attempt $tl questions.
{ The figures in the margin indicate Fall Mark*
{ Assume suitoble data if necessary.

l. Why scientific management is necessary for wastewater and solid waste produced in
community? Enli$ th; objectives of the sewage disposal. [l+3J

2. What are various factors affecting the discharge of sanitary sewage? How do you
calculate sanitary sewage dischargei t4l

3. What will be the diameter of a circrrlar concrete sewer carying U3'd depth at the peak
discharge of 0.70 ,n3l, laid in a gradient of I in 1000? Also check whether it is safe for
norr-r"orrring velocity or not. Assume Manning's 'n' as 0.012. t8l
4. Explain the necessity of providing manhole in sewer line with a neat sketch. t4l
5. How do you determine the Total Solid, Total Volatile Solid, Total Fixed Solid, Settable
Solid and Non-settable Solids contained in a sewage sample? t8l
6. A city is discharging of I 00 //s in the river having discharge of 1000 //s and a
sewage
velocity of 60 km/day. The BODs of sewage and river water are 450 mg/l and 4mglL
respectively. The DO of sewage is zero. The DO in river is70% of saturation DO value.
And, the saturation DO at
20"C, is
9.17mgll. Take deoxygenation constance
: :
(Kr) 0.1 lday (base 10) and reaeration constant (kz) 0.51day (base 10). Calculate the
u"t,r" of critical DO deficit. t8l
a) propose the dimensions of grit chamber for a sewage treatment plant with 50 MLD of
7. -
sewage flow at25"C to remove 0.2 mm size of grit iraving specific gravity of 2.65.
The Specific gravity of organic matter is 1.02. Assume k:0.06 and f
:0.03. t8]
b) Design a conventional activated sludge treatment plant to treat the domestic sewage
with diffrrsed air aeration with the following data. (Design up to dimensions of
aeration tank only) t8l
Population : 1,00,000
:
Per capita sewage flow 96liters/day
Settled sewage BOD5 :200 mglL
Food/micro-organisms 0.3 :
Concentration of microorganism (MLSS) : 200C1 mglL
c) What is an oxidation Pond? Explain the theory of oxidation pond with a neat sketch.
Explai#its commissioning methods [1+3+4]
8. A raw sewage having suspended solids content of 220 mg/lit is passed through primary
sedimentation tank at a flow of 4 MLD. The PST removes 55% suspended solids.
Determine the volume of sludge produced per day if moisture content and specific gravity
of sludge are 95% and 1,02 respectively. What will be the volume if its moisture content
reduceJ to 80% after digestion? Also design a digester for sludge digestion period of 80
days. t8I
9. a) With a neat sketch, describe the suitable septik tank effluent disposal method for the
areaof high ground water table and for the rocky area. t4l
b) Design a VIP latrine for a household with 10 numbers of people. Assume necessary
datasuitably. t4l
 I

06 TRIBHUVAN I.'NIVERSITY x Exam. C}\ :l

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80

Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass Marks 32

2072Magh Year / Part rutI Time 3 hrs.

Subiect: - Sanitary Engineering (CE6s6)

/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
/ Attempt All questions.
r' The/igures in the margin indtcate Full Marks.
/ Assume suitable data if necessary.

,6rfare the favorable conditions for the adoption of separate and combined sewerage
system? t4l
?. /A population of 30000 is residing in a rural area of 60 hectares. If the average coefficient
" of runofffor this area is 0.60, time required to the entry port is 25 minutes and the time of
travel from the entry port to the section of sewer under consideration for design is 5
minutes. What will be the design discharge for a combined sewer at the section to be
coTrdidered if the average flow of sewage in rural is 45 lpcd and pack factor is2.l? t4l
,/
sewer for separate system to carry peak flow 0.5 m3/sec at a slope 10 in 10000.
v Sewer should
,3r,/Designa
run 0.7 times depth at peali flow. The value of n in Manning's formula is
0.012. Will the self cleansing velocity be maintained in the sewer dwing dry weather
flow? Take peak factor: 3. t8l
g{ Explain the necessity of providing drop manhole in sower line with aneat sketch. t4l
f'
s;ffiescribe the procedure of BOD in laboratory. t4l
--!)zlf the 5 day BOD at 37oC is 200 mg/lif,ond if the rate of deoxygenation is 0.17/ day,
calculate the ultimate BOD and BOD
{paining after 5 days. t4l
6. What *" ,*ious methods of sewage disposal? Describe with their advantages and
disadvantages. t8I
7. a) What is hicking filter? Why it is used? pxplain the construction of tricking filter wittr
a neat sketch. t8I
b) Design a sedirnentation tank and oxidaf{pn pond for a town with the following data: t8I
Population: 10,000 Ii
Sewage flow = 100lpcd
BOD of incoming sewage = 250 mg/l
BOD in the effluent of oxidation pond should be less than 30 mg/l
. c)zDesign a grit chamber for the following data:
v tE
Discharge=5MLD
:
Size of the grit particles 0.2 mm
Sp. gravity of grit particles :2.65 at temperature 20"C
8. Design a sludge digestion tank to treat sludge of primary sedimentation tank'from the
following data: t8I
Capacrty of sedimentation tank: 812.5 mr :

Detained time in Sedirnentation - 3 hrs.

Suspended Solids in raw sewage = 250 mg/lit
Wbter.contertt in foesh sludge = 95Yo :

Water content i1t di.gestetl sludge ".. 80o4

Specific gravity of sludge = 1.02
Digesthn period in digester - 2 months
Primary sedimentation tank rernoves 55% of suspended solids
9. Design the septic tank and dispersion trenches in Nepalese perspectives for 20 users. t8l
10. Write short notes on sanitary landfill'of solid waste. What are its advantages and
disadvantages? t41
+r:r
 06 TRIBHUVAN I.'NIVERSITY Exam. Rcgular i Back
Full Marks 80

Examination Control Division BCE Pass Marks 32

2071 Bhadra Year / Part III/U Time, J

Subject: - Sanitary Engineerin g (CE6 5 6)

r' Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
/ Attempt All questions.
r' Thefigures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
{ A.ssume suitable data if necessary.

,)z'Descibe the components of solid waste management methods. 14l

j,zDiffercrrtiate dry weather flow and we weather flow. Briefly describe various sources of
sanlury sewage. t4l
3.Tbesigtra circular section of combined sewer from the following data: I2+Sl
Area to be served = 60 ha
Population = 65,000
Maximum permissible velocity = 3.2 m/sec
Time of entry = 5 minutes
Time of flow: 18 minutes
Rate of water supply:235 lpcd
Overall runoffcoefficient = 0.55
1 Assume suitably any other data required.

,/Dex:rlbe street inlets and catch basins rvith neat sketches. t4I
{
I
,S/Descibe
v briefly the physical characteristics of wastewater. I{ow the decomposition of
{
I
I
wastewater takes place? Explain the processes. t8I
i OR

i Define BOD and COD and explain their significance in wastewater examination. Derive
BOD equation showing relation between ultimate BOD and BOD remaining at any
[ime, t. t8l
Jrl A wastewater treatment plant.disposes off its effluents into a stream at a point A.
f
,! Characteristics of the stream at a location upstream of point A a.nd of the effluent are as
:i follows: I8I
I Item Effluent Stream
Flow Rate, m'lsec 0.35 0.60
Dissolved Oxyeen. ms/l 2 7

I
TemDerature, "C 29 .22
BODs at}O"C.me/l r5s 2
.

Assume that the deoxygenation constant at?OoC (base e) = 0.2 per day and the reaeration
constant at20"C (base e):0.35 per day. Forthe mixture, equilibrium concentration of
dissolved oxygen for the freshwater is as follows:
Temperature, oC 2t 22 23 24 26 28
DO, mpll 8.99 8.83 8.68 8.53 8.22 7.92

The velocity of stream downstream of the point A is 0.25 m/sec. Determine the critical
oxygen deficit and its location.
""..a:48!*4*" , ." .. "

- .';arr"", l, . ! r',H i

i
1j
li

l
I

7. a),.Designa gdt chamber for a wastewater flow of 180 l/s with SOR: 1.5 cm/second and
i

"/ detenlion period of 50 seconds. Specific gravity of organic and inorganic particles are
I

1
i
1.2 anaZ.OS respectively. Assume the size of both organic and inorganic particles as
0.25,mm. Take k:0.06 and f = 0.03. I

b/A municipal wastewater having a BODs of 190 mg/l is to be treated by a two stage
i
trickling filter. The desired BODs,20"C of the final effluent is to be 25 mgll.If both ,i

the filter's depth is to be 1.85 m and recirculation ratio for both filters is 0.5,
determine the required filter diameters. Assume the wastewater flow rate of 7665 I

m3/day,ail35% BOD is removed in primary sedimentation tank. t8l

I

i
,/
.c/ Wtrat is meant by activated sludge? Describe with sketches the treatment process of j

wastewater by activated sludge process. t8l

:

OR I

Describe the theory of oxidation pond. Design an oxidation pond for treating domestic
I

sewage of 2500 persons supplied wtth225lpcd of water. The BODs of the wastewater
is 250 mgll. Perrnissible organic loading for the pond is 550 kg/ha/day and the
detention time is 12 days. Assume the width to length ratio of the pond as I :2 and the
operational depth as 1.25 m. [3+5]
S/Why treatment of sludge is necessary?
,\-/ Explain the method of dewatering of sludge by
sand drying bed. l8l :

J('Descibe the purpose, constnrction and design criteria of VIP latrine with neat sketch.
Differentiate it \4,ith pit latrine. l8l
,g Write a short note on incinelation of solid waste.
***
t4l il
t:

J
 {

j
Exam. Nen'Bacli (2066 & Latcr Batch)
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80
Examination Control Division , BCE Pass Marks 32
2071Magh Year / Part IIIiI Time 3 hrs.
i
;
Subject: - Sanitary Engineering (C8656)
/ Candidates are required to give their ansuers in their own words as far as practicable.
I
i
/ Attempt All questions.
i / Thefigures in the margtn indicate Full Marks.
I
/ Assume suitable data dnecessary.
l
t

l. Compare between water carriage and conservancy methods of sewage disposal with
.
merits and demerits of each method. 14l
! 2. T\e catchment area of a city is 45 hectares. Assuming that the surface on which rain falls
:
is classified as follows: t4l
Type of Surface o/o Area Runoff Coefficient
l l. Forest and Wooden Area l0 0.15
2. Open ground * Unpaved street t0 0.20
3. Parks * Lawns + Gardens 15 0.15
4. Gravel Road 20 0.25
5. Asphalt Pavements 20 0.85
6. Water tieht Roof Surfaces 25 0.90

: Calculate the quantity of storm water if time of entry is 20 minutes and time of flow is 10
minutes.
3. With the help of neat sketches, describe in detail the various steps of sewer construction. t8l
4. With the help of neat sketch, describe the purpose and construction of a drop manhole. t4I
5. a) Describe in detail about BOD and COD with their significances. t4I
b) 2.5 ml of raw sewage is diluted to 250 ml. D.O. concentration of the diluted sample at
the beginning was 8.0 mgA and 54.0 mgfl after 5 days of incubation at 20"C. Find 5-
day B.O.D. of raw sewage and kg. B.O.D. contained in 5 million liters of sewage. 14l

6. The population of a town is 30,000 and domestic sewage is 175 lpcd. The per capita BOD
is 50 gmlday. The dairy waste of the town is 2.2 x 106literdday with BOD of 5000 mg/l
and the waste from other industries is 1.80 x lOs literVday with BOD of 2200 mfi. DO
of both domestic and industrial wastes are zero. The effluent from the sewage fieatment
plant is to be discharged in the natural river having minimum discharge of 8000 liters/sec,
a dissolved oxygen content of 8.0 mgA and BOD of zero. The minimum DO content in
the river. to be maintained is 4.5 mgll. Determine the degree treatment required to the
sewage. Assume saturation DO in the river after mixing with waste is equal to DO
content of river before mixing. Assume any other data not given- l8l
7. a) Design a gnt chamber for a sewage flow of 200 liter/sec with SOR =,2 cm,/sec and
detention time = I min. Specific gravity of organic and inorganic particles are 1.2 and
2.7 respectively. Assume size of both organic and inorganic materials as 0.21 mm.
Takek=0.06andf:0.03. t8I

j
 -->",*E&ft+;*+.;.r .
".
i -l
- I "'l''' '

b) With the help of neat sketch, explain the activated sludge process. What are its

c) A sewage having BOD of 180 mg/l is fed to a tlvo stage trickling filter u,ith a flow of
5 million liters per day. The BOD required in the final effluent is <30 mg/I. The
effrciency of the first stage trickling frlter is 2 times the efficiency of the second stage
trickling filter. If depth and recirculation ratio of both first stage and second stages are
1.2 m and 2 respectively, determine the diameters of t}e first stage and second stage
trickling filters. t8l
8. a) Describe the purpose and methods of sludge thickening. t4l
b) A sedimentation tank treats 6 mld of sewage containing 300 mgA of suspended solids.
The tank removes 65Yo of the suspended solids. Compute the volume of the sludge
produced yearly if the moisture content of the sludge is95%. t4l
9. a) Describe the purpose and consfruction of an evapo-transpiration mound. l4l
b) Design a double pit VIP latrine for a family of 15 users. Assume the necessar,v data
suitably. l4I
1 10. Describes briefly the various methods of solid waste disposal. t4l
**:t'

J
 06 TRIBHUVAN TINIVERSITY Exam. Nen' Buck (2066 ct Latcr llatclt
TNSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80
Examination Control Division Programme BCE PassMarks 32
' 2070 Magh Year / Part m/lI Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Sanitary Engineering (cE6s6)

{ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
{ Attempt All questions.
{ Thefigures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
{ Assume surtable data tf necessory.

l. Why waste water management is important for civil society. State the objectives of waste
water disposal. t4l
2. Calculate the diameter of combined circular sewer with following data: water supply
rate : :
100 lpcd, population density 100 personslhec, peak factor 2.7, area 35 : :
hectares, rainfall intensity :
l5mm/tr, slope :
11750, Manning's coefficient of
:
rugosity 0.011. The coeffrcient of run-off = 0.4. The sewer should run 0.6 depth full
during peak flow. t8l
3. State the steps envolved in construction of sewers in urban area. Briefly describe the
testing of sewer line. l4l
4. With the help of neat sketch, explain the necessity and construction of drop manhole. t4l
5. If one day BOD of a sewage sample at23"C is 105 mg/l. What will be its five day BOD
at 30"C? Assume Kzo:0.1 per day. t8l
6. An industry is going to be established in an urban area near to the river side. The river
water and industrial effluent characteristics are as follows: l8l
Industrial effluent River water
Flow (m3ls) 1.8 22
DO (mg/l^) 0 8.7
BODs,20o 350 6.0

ka, 20":0.25 d'l

kr, 20":0.11 d-l
DO saturation: 9.1 mg/l
At what location in the river critical DO deficit would occur if the flow velocity in the
river is 0.20 m/s. Also find out DO at the end of I and 3 days.
7. a) With neat sketch, describe briefly about the skimming tank. Also enlist differences
between grit chamber and sedimentation tank. [5+3]
b) What do you mean by suspended and attached growth process? Explain the principals
of biological treatment. t8l
OR
The effluent from PST is applied to a standard rate Trickling Filter at the rate of 1.2
million liters/day having BODs of 200 mgA. Determine the depth and volume of filter
considering surface loading of 1200 liters/m2 day and organic loading of 250 gm/m3.
day. Also, calculate the efficiency of fiter using NRC equation. [5+3]
c) A town discharges sewage at the 55x106 Vd. The specific gravity of gift particles in
that sewage is found from an experiment as 2.65 and the temperature as 27"C. Design
grit chamber for removal of grit particles of 0.21 mm. Use: K:0.06 and f = 0.03. t8]
8. Briefly describe about the methods of sludge treatment with its functions. t8l
9. With a neat sketch describe the working and design procedure of ventilated improved pit
latrine. t8I
10. Describe sanitary landfill with its advantages and disadvantages. t4]
 05 TRIBHWANIJNIVERSIry Exam. Ilegular (2066 & Lnter llatclt)
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80

Examination Control Division. Programme BCE Pass Marks 32

2069 Bhadra Year / Part m/r Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Sanitary Engineering (CE6S6)

r' Candidates are required to give their answers in their ovun words as far as practicable.
{ Attempt All questions.
{ Thefigures in the margin indicate Fall Marks.
y' Assume suitable data if necessary.

t
l. Compare the separate and combined systems of sewerage in a tabtrlar form. t4l
2. Define sanitary sewage. Describe various factors affecting quantity of sanitary sewage. l4l
3. Design a circular sewer nrnning 0.70 full at maximum discharge for a town provided
with the separate system serving a population of 100000 persons. Water is supplied from
the water works at a rate of 200 liters per capita per day. Take a constant value of n :
0.013 at all depths of flow.'lh-e permissible slope is I in 600. Take apeak factor of 2.25. t8I
4. What are sewer appurtenances? Explain brief the necessity of sewer appurtenances. t4I
5. How sewage sampling is done? Explain the method of BOD determination in the
laboratory by dilution method. t8I
OR
Why examination of, wastewater is necessary? Describe in detail the procedure of :

determining fixed, volatile and total solids in the laboratory. j

6. A stream saturated with DO has a flow of 2m3ls, BOD of 3mdl mdrate constant (K1 to
base l0) of 0.1 per day. It receives an eflluent discharge of 0.5m3/s having BOD of 200
mgll and DO of Zmgn.The average velocity of stream is 0.2mls. The average depth of
stream is 1.2m. Calculate DO deficit 60km downstream of outfall. Assume temperature
of 20"C tlroughout and saturation DO at 20"C is 9.l7mgll. t8l
7. a) With neat sketches, describe the theory, construction, design criteriq commissioning
and maintenance of an oxidation pond with its advantages and disadvantages. t8I
OR
What do you understand by suspended growth and attached growth processes in
wastewater treatnent? Explain in detail the principles of biological wastewater
treatnelrt.

b) Determine the sizepf a high-rate single stage trickling filter for the following data: t8I
i) Sewage flow: 5MLD (ii) Recirculation ratio: 1.5 (iii) BOD of raw
sewage :Z5}mgllit(iv) BOD removal in primary clarifier = 30o/o (v) Final
eftluent BOD desired = 3Omg/lit
c) What is a grit chamber? Describe with the help of neat sketches the construction and
design criteria of a grit chamber. l8l
OR

I
I:wrz"

.
oR."
Why recirculation is necessary in trickling filters? Compare the low rate and high rate
trickling frlters.
8. Sewage with a suspende4 solid content of 200m1 flows continuously in a
sedimentation tank of 500mr capacity. Sewage is detained in the sedimentation tank for
4 hours. Sixty percentages of solids are removed in the sedimentation tank during its
: detention. The sludge produced in the sedimentation tank has moisture content of 98%
and specific gravity of 1.02. The sludge from sedimentation tank is fed to digestier for its
digestion. The volume of sludge is reduced to 40Yo of its original volume during
if
digestion. Calculate the diarneter of digester its effective depth is 6m. Assume
detention period in the digester is 30 days. t8l
9. Design a septic tank and soak pit to dispose the sewage generated from a household of 8
persons. The sewage is generated at the rate of 100 literVperson/day. Assume that septic
tank is cleaned once in 3 years and infiltration rate of soil is 50 literVm'/day I8l
10. Describe the methods of composting for solid waste disposal.' ta1
L.l

rC

0
 ,:

+ '.!l
I 'l:,
.
.1

oti IU,TTTVANUNIVERSITY Ersnr.

IN.STI'TUTE OF ENGINEERING Level tsE Full Illarks 80

Control Division Programurc BCE i Pass ivlarks : 32

"Examinaiion-
,, ilt/il i,,
' 2069 Poush Year / Part ; Time 3 iirs,

s (cE6s6)

/ Canclidates are required to give their answers in their own vrords as far as practicable. ,

{t .4ssume
?l,i*,y1,
i i:f;:;{"Hsuitable dara d
i ndicate
necessqry.
rur! u a *
:
,'-.
l. a) Wastewaler and solid waste managernent are lhe major issues in metropolitan citics. , '''i
.::.

Discuss it briefly with respect to their importance and rypes of sanitation systenrs. t6l
I',
;-..
b) A rvastewater sample was incubated at 25oC"and follorving observations were marJe:.
k,ry=0. Nt f?'u/
.5 day BOD of sanrple = 200mgll,1l day BOD of sample = 268m11y'1. Calculate rate . .l,:J

reaction constaflt and 6 day BCD at 30'C.

7.. a) ll'you were appointed as a sauritary
engineer, how would you cletermine (luar)iiry ol'
l]'Ib,o.Dt Plr:
stonn water for a high.ly populated sub-urban area. What type of limitations exist in \ro' ' oTtti?o
h.
(' n.7A{1
" ' '.. storur water quantity determination for such area? Discuss in detail.
"
r - s.lnml\ ,t\2.dl5l-- o 12Yt:l0i'
'/ -Cot.ulate - jo
fu,f b/ the rjiameter and velocity of a circular combined server at ir slope ol' 1 in rboDa i t ae ;ss
I50 when it is running just full at a discharge of 1.05m3/sec. The valuc oi'n in
/ r, o.n
)',,. I" Maruring's f<rfmula is 0.01i. \Mhat will be the discharge and velocity when llo,"ving at ;

I '- L79f nq{5 depth of pipe for the same slope? Ir 0j

'Bl. a1ffirot tlo you unclerstand about the Dorrco aeration rnetlrod; briefll,clescribe its
Dfd"tntio, with neat sketch. l6l
,o iAoqg
b) Ttre raw sew?ge tras ultimate BrJD of 215 mgil. The primary treatrnetri rernoves 3091,
BOD. The required effluent BOD should be equal to or less than 32 rngll. Does a f -. tEa'i P
single high rate trickling filter having volume oiSSO*I which receives a ilorv ol'4.1 Dt= (lf'&
MLD is enough to attain required eflluent BOD level? What u,ill be the recirculation
ratio required.{or a single/two stag0 high rate trickling filter? ilOj , _ ,A
' 4. a) ln what cases natural metbocls of sewage disposal systems aue applieci and rvhat are 9,' ' lj

the nccessary condition for irnplementation of tlrose methods? l)iscuss. l4l 4

OR LI I

Dcscribe the purpose and working of sludge drying bed rvith a neat skeich,
[r) A small tow-lr with a popuiation oi 12000 is to be designed u,rth a sewagc trcatntel]t
plant [o handle botjr its industrial and domestic wastewatcr. A sanitarv slrrvev reveals
ihe ibllowir:g: rlairy waste of ?.7*106 //d rvith BOD oia4rJO mgii. sugar mill rvzrste u.l'
2.2*106//d rvith tX)D of 2200nrg//. and domestic sewage is 200 /pccl traving tlOD 88
gnir*day. DO r:f Lroih i;ri.li.rstrial aurd clomestic waste are zero. 'l'lte efiluent iioll tirc
reatrncnt pltnt is to be discharged into a strezrnl with a inini;nunr llc;rv r.if 70iitj liUscc.
and dissolvccl oxygen content oi'8.U rngil. It is necessarv to ntainiain a DO cr-rntcnt oI
4.0mg/1. Find the degree o1't-reatrnent requireci [or.the p]anr? Assuir:e K; =. 0.4 day''',
Kl ='0.fr rla1,'l rt',oth to the basc l0) itnd saturation DL) in lhe rir,cr after irriritrS rviiir

(a, : o a7/X'x
A.IAAL , r.p.{X.(
\r
 I iil
5. a)

lti I

b)

water is more than 0.14mm.

ll0l

Er7)q lh {b>
qrl

s2 I
J *P't s, rtse:zskfA ) o ooSL(*i
j

1: ' lk7'(*t-3"1
n-- zt.J- (
4..- I l^ t--
-?1-
t _,
,)--/'
i
C= )o'7{6rn
p,3 -{
.-.1
I
?
A-'- 3. ,'- J 'lr-3's r^- [
I
/3 L_
1-)f dz
AS, ?S. <78 It\
,lntL= /,f
1,,* 'L_-.
a- yv\

9. a,
o_ Sa
t K Iu, '/-
I
t

Lf o- So

)rn 0.7 8727 o(

U r.cuilA-r'*tr)
o
( t/,0{
I t0.44
gs"r Fl
Lt' 3r5
Xr{ro 7,()@9
{,= 2'9/8 P lvo/ a
6tf {
,q A.

4L--
l+f L- 2.279 ,l a sr
bfry, )d)
{+o z{'ot5 Pf tr''
-pltry, boD 913-e s*f Pf "" J-

'*s
rly o 4lt rrt7. bte
?r n^t^ t\ou{ fful'asJtt
res,f^ c
t
yN:v.J, -: e &, 4< c

) )"n

FP rt
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lir'$dtJ le !
I

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I1
 05. :.Exam.. :.i.f . ', Regular/Back . ;i:, ir.,
', :i''' - :''D{STITUTE OF 'Level''fu:i.:;: tsE FullMark3 ' 8o;i t':
.-.*.,:,
tf,6
Examination Control Division ?rogrammb BCE'" PassMarks 32
; 2068Bhadra' Year / Part m/II Time 3 hrs.

Subieet: ,, S anitary Engine ering

-, . ',/,,.r-C?4d.i4alp.*af,q*g,quiradrte.givs'theiransarrs'in lheir.owf,words as far as practicahle;rlr.:-.:i. :r,'r.: r']i;rirr.sr!
"
,/ Attempt any Five questions.
.'/ Thefrgares in the margin indicate Fult Marki.
/ Assume suitable datg if niecessary.

l. a) Describe in detail the objectives of sewage disposal. t6l

b) Calculate the diameter and velocity of a circular sewer at a slope of 1 in 400 when it is
running just fall at a discharge of lm3/sec. The value of n in.Manning's formula is
0.012. Will the self cleansing velocity.be maintained in the sewer when flow drops to
0.6m3ls? tlol
I
2. a) As a designer for a highly populated urban core area how would you determined
quantity of storm water? Discuss. t6l
.b) The BODs of a sewage incubated for one day at 30oC has been found to be 170mg/1.
What will be the 5 day BOD at20"C? Assume K = 0.12 per day (basel0) at2}bc. tl0l
3. a) Explain the necessity of providing a manhole in a sewer line. Describe, with the help
of a neat sketch the cornponents of a manhole. t6l
b) The sewage of a town is a mixture of domestio sewage and industial sewage. The
sewage is to be treated at the sewage fr.eabnent plant before discharging into river.
Determine the degree of tueahnent required for the following data: [10]
Population':40000
Domestic sewage : 175lpcd
BOD of dom"rti" r"*"g" = S0gm/rcapitalday
Flow of industrial waste: 4 x 106 liten;/day
BOD of induskial waste:4000rng/l
DO of both domestic and industrial sewage = 0
River discharge: 8500 literVsec
't BOD of river watetr: 0
Do of riverwater:8mgA
k1 : 0.1/day and kz = O.-tlday.

Assume other data as required.

4. a) With neat sketches, describe the purpose and conskuction of a grit charnber. t6]
b) The effluent from a primary sedimentation tank is applied to a standard rate filter at
the rate of 3 million liters per day, having a BODs of 175m-g/1. Determine the depth
and volume of filter, adopting a surface loading of 150grr/mr/day. Also determine the
efficiency of such filter,unit, using NR"GdmnulaaAssunae recirculation ratio : 1.:2. [10]
5. a) Explain the necessity of sludge treatnaent. Draw a sketch of sludge digester and
_-*xplainitsworking. .l,. L2+61

b)",;pesign a doubleplit VIP latrine fora family of 15 users. , j

t8l
6. Wtite short notes'on: (any four) Pxa)
a), Typ€S of sewerage system b) Catch basin
,,',ar.d):rBacteria-algal-synrbiosis process
',. ...., ,. ,... . ;,,;, i.9)r.,Incineration of solid,waste i-'.t .r:l-l.ijii'.'ir''i:.i:1 :'i
***
 05 TRIBHWANI.'MVERSITY Exam. Reeular / Back
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE FuIlMarks 80
Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass Marks 32
2067 Mangsir Year / Part m/II Time 3 hrs.

Subj ect : . Sanitary Engineering

'/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
'/ Auempt any Five questions.
'/ All questions carry equal marks.
,/ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. a) Compare separate and combined systems of sewerage in a tabulax from.

b) As a designer for rural with scattered populated area how would you detennined the
quantity of storm water? Discuss in detail.
2. a) The BOD5 of sewage sample at 20 C is 300mgfl. If K:0.23(base e), what is the
ultimate BOD? Calculate BOD3 at 15oC.
b) Design a septic tank and soak pit for the following data.
No. of persons: 100
S :
ewage/Cap ital day I 20 liters
Sludge cleaning period = I Year
:
Soil infiltration 40 Vr* n
3. a) Calculate the diameter and velocity of a circular sewer at a slope of 1 in 400 when it is
running just full at a discharge of 0.85m3/sec. The value of n in Manning's formula is
0.011. What will be the discharge and velocity when flowing 0.6 depth of pipe for the
same slope

b) With a neat sketch, describe the purpose and constnrction of a drop manhole.
4. a) In what cases natural methods of disposal systems are applied and how, discuss.
b) Design an oxidation pond ior a town with the following data:
People: 10,000
Sewage flow: 135 lpcd
BOD of incoming sewage =250mgll
Organic loading: 100Kg BOD/ hectare/day
Detention time: 30 days
5,a)Withneatsketches;.deseri'be.theaetivateds1udgeprocess.
b) The volume of fresh sludge obtained from PST and trickling filter humus tank is
85.1m3 atgSYomoisture content. After sludge digestion, the moisture content redrrced
' to 83%. What will be its volume and design a sludge digestion tank for it? Assume
specific gravity remains sarne before and after dilution.
6. Write short notes qn (any four):
a) Inverted siphon
b) Sewage sampling
c) Bacteria-algal-symbiosis process i

d) Composting of solid waste

e) Overland flow and rqpjd.infiltration
{: {. d.
 05 . TRIBHWeN uuwnSlrr Exam. RegularlBack
INSTITUTE OF ENGhIEERING LeveI BE FullMarks 80

Ex:, rnination Control Division Programme BCE PassMarks 32

2066 Magh Year / Part m/II Time 3 ltrb.

Subject; - Sanitary Engineering

/ . Candidates are required to give their ansv/ers in their own words as far as practicable.
,/ Attempt any Five.questtons.
,/ Thefigures in the margtn indicalte Full Marks.
./ Assume suitable data if necessary.
1. a) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of the separate and combined system of
sewerage. AIso give .the conditions favourable for the adoption of each one of them.
Describe how time of concentration is found out graphic{Jf L4+2+21
b) In a thickly built up residential area, the average surface coverage are 40Yo roofs and
pavements havrng run off sssffielient of 0.8 and 6A% laWns and gardens having run
off coeflicient of 0.2. lf the population density per hectare is 2000 and rite of water
supply is 125 {pcd and time of concentation (t) is 30 min, calculate the required size
of the combined sewer. t8l
2. a) Draw a neat sketch of manhole, showing its components. Wiere apd why drop
manhole is to be provided? t6l
b) A town discharges 120 cumec of sewage into a river having. a rate of flow 1600
cumec, during lean period with a velocity of 0.1 m/sec. The 5 day BOD of sewage at
the given temperature is 250 mylit. Find the amount of critical DO deficit and when
and where it will occur in the downstreain portion of the river. Assume deoxygenation
constant K as 0.1 day-' and coefficient ofielf purification f .as 3.5. Saturation DO at
mg/lit.
grven temperatur e is 9.2 t10l
3. a) Draw ltt stage and.2.nd stage BOD curye and indicate its salient features. Define grab
sanrple and composite sample. Describe the factors affecting self pwification of river.[3+1+4]
b) A rectangular primary sedimentation tank is to treat 1 MLD sewage per day. If
detention period is 1.5 hrs, the velociiy of flow is 10 cm/miri, depth of sewage and
sediments is 3.5m, calculate t8]
i) Dimension of tank ii) Overflow rate of the tank
4. a) What are the principles of biological ffeatnrent? Draw the figures of any one tlpe of
grit chzirnber and skimmiug.tank. What are the working principle of those units? - l7l
b) Determine the dimensions of a high rate trickling filter for.the following data:
t9l
1) Sewage'flow.- 3.0 MLD ii) Recirculation.ratio 1.5 :
iii) BOD of raw sewage 250 mgllit iv) BOD removal in the primary settling tank = 25%
:
v) Final effluent BOD desired = 30 mg/lit
vi) By what percent the diameter of the filter will have to be modified if it is to be
designed as a standard rate frickling filter for the above requirements.
5. a) What is septic tank and soak pit? Debcrib'e about design procedure of septic tank and
.soak pit. Ul
b) What is primary and secondary sludge? List out the necessity of sludge heatrnent.
Assuming 30% solid ma[ters iu a sludge (containing g}Yowater)'is composed of fixed
mineral solids with sp.gr. of 2.5 aad70% composed of volatile solids with sp.gr. of !,
Find specific gravity of sludge. W2+57
. 6. Write short notgs on: (any four) r[4x4]
a) Evapotranspirationmound b) Sewage sickness .c) Street inlets
d) Solid.waste ana its hrpes e) Testing of sewer
!f {.tf
 -lnr-e_s
05 TRIBHWANUNIVERSITY Exanr. Reeular/Back
iNS TITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Nlarks 80

Examination Control Division ' Programme BCE PassMarks 32

i 2056 Magh Year / Part III/U Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Sanitary Engineering

,/Candidatesarereqrrired.togivetheiranslversintheirorvnwordsasfaraspracticable'
/ Attenrpi any Five questions.
'/ The.figures in the margin indicate Futl Msrki.
/ Asstnte suitable data if necessary.
,
, / ?) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of the separate and combined sy'stem of
serverage, Also give the conditions favourable for the adoption of each one of them.
Describe how time of concentration is tbunri out graphically- t1+2+21
,b) In a thickly built up residential area, the average surface coverage are 4Oo/o roofs and
pavements having run off coefficient of 0.8 ard 60% lawns and gardens having run
off coefficient of 0.2. If the poprrlation density per hectare is 2000 and rate of water
supply is 125 4pcd and time of concentration (t.) is 30 min, calculate the required size
of the combined sewer. t8l
2. fi Drarv a neat sketch of manhole, showing its components. Where and why drop
manhole is to be provided? t6l
,/
v L
t.VY towr discharges 120 cumec of servage intc ariver having,arate of flow 1600
cumec, during lean period with a velocity of 0.i m/sec, The 5 day BOD of servage at
the given temperature is 250 mg/iit. Find the amount of critical DO deficit and w'hen
and where it will occur in the downstreain portion of the river. Assume deoxygenation
constantK as 0.1 dayl and coefficient of self purification f as 3.5, SaturationDO at
given temperaf.ire is 9.2 mg'lit. [i0]
t\'/?! 'r\ Draw l't stage and 2.nd stage BOD curv'e and indicate its salient features. Define grab
sample and composite sample. Describe the factors affecting self purification of river.[3+1=4]

$ A rectangular primary sedimentation tank is to treat 1 MLD sewage per day. If

. detentionperiod is 1.5 hrs, the velocity of flow is 10 cm/min, depth of sewage and
sediments is 3.5m, calculate I8l
i) Dimension oitank ii) Overflow rate of the tank
,/.,
\t4. a) What are the principles of biological treatment? Draw the figures of any one tlpe of
grit chamber and skimming tank. What are the working principle of those units? t?l
pl D"t"r*ine the dipensions of a high rate trickling filter for the following data: tel
i) Sewage flow.= 3.0 NILD ii) Recirculation ratio = i.5
iii) BOD of raw sewage = 250 mg/lit iv) BOD removal in the primary settling tank = 25%
v) Final effluent BOD desired:30 mg/lit
vi) By rvhat percent the diameter of the f,rlteruill have to bc moriified if it is to be
desigrred as a standard rate trickling filter for the above requirements.

,4' What is septic tank and soak pit? Describe about clesign procedure of septic tank and
soak pit. l7l

!
v What is primary and secondary sludge? List out the necessity of sludge treatment.
Assuming 30% solid matters in a siuy'geltontaining 90% water) is composed of fixed
:
i mineral solids rvith sp.gr. of 2.5 and 7002 composed of volatiie solids with sp.gr. of 1-
i
Find specific gravity of sludge. t1+2+51
i
I
I
6. Write short notes on: (any four) [axa]
a) Evapotranspiration mound b) ' Sewage sickness c) Street inlets
d) Solid.waste and its types
I

I
e) Testing of sewer
I :
I
' *"'l'
I
I
I

i\'

I .. .---:...-.-.-._--------r,.- .
 ., ... ',Jj,..-'1}

05 TRIBHUVAN I.JNIVERSITY Erem. Reerlnr/Beck

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE FullMerks 80

Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pess Marks 32

2065 Chaitra Year / Part m/fl Time I 3 hrs.
e

/ Candidates are required to give th'eir answeis in their own words as far es practicable.
/ Attempt any Five questions.
'/ Thefigures in the margin indicate Fu'll Marks.
r'' Assume suitable data if necessary.
il
l. a) , Describe the systems of sanitation with their advantages and disadvantage.s. .Why

l, water-carryrng system of sanitation is popular than conservancy system?

i
l,i If the se'i,en-day BOD at 20oC is 280 mg/l and one day BOD at 20oC is 35 myl.
t6l _ _:r_+

Caiculate the rate reaction constant k' 20"C and five-day BOD at 25"C. [10]
:. ir) Desigr a combineci server section t'crr a 45-hector residential area haviDg runoff
coefficient0.40.0.70,0.25,0.80,0.lCforareaof l-i,20,25, l0and309'0respectively'
'*ith altogether 1500 population? Avei-ase rainfail duration is 2l-rnirr. S.:lf-cleansing
leldcity is 0.88 rilsec. -A.ssume"rvater su;:ply'ra:e - i0(l lpcd and time of ioncentratiort
; ! ,!
- 20 min. i !,, j t
'., With a neat si:etch, describe the consiruutron o!'l manhoie. i'61
.i

.iii
.:-. ai Su-egest suitable dimensions of a circtilr:; ser',age sedimentation tank for an indusrnal 'a
et
.i :'e: li,rvin,: i-,or:rilaticn of 480tlr 'l'he at.eraqe rvater de::rand is 150 lpcC. .{ssume that t
-,i9'6 rvrtei reaches at Eeatment piant. j
Iri;j !
:-I 't'hat clo vou understand b1'st:llpr.rri iicaliox oistrgilnr.) Describe the var-iotis tactbrs
;tfecring sc I f pirritication. [ ,;:
.:-.
\\:hat rl'ill be tire recirculatiorl ratrLr ieqrirreci oi a single stage trickling iiiter havtn,e
','olume of 550nri i.lt flory of 3.7 \'lLD. The rarv sewage has BOD of i80 mg'I. The
primary treatment removes 33% BOD. The effluent BOD is to be equal or less than
-15 mdl. ll0l
b.r Describe activated'sludge treatmenr process rvith schematic diagram. Also describe
ol'BOD reduction in the treatment'process.
the principle 16l -

i .,r
A raw sewage having suspended solids content of'250 mg/l is passed through primary :,.
.',i$:
i :.,;,
sedimentation tank at a flow of -i MLD. The sedimentation tank removed 550,/o :::.1.

suspended solids. Determine the volume of sludge produced per day if moisture
content anci specific gravity of sludge are 98%o and 1.02 respectively. What rvill be the
volume if its moisture content reduces to 8t,.5% aftei.digestion? I l0]
Z
h\ Describe the various methods of solid waste composting. t6l +
t
:, Write short notes on (any four): Pxa) t
a) Time of Concentration I
b) lncineration of Solid Wdste It
c)
d)
lntermittent Sand Filter*
Inverted Siphon
I.
t'
e) Bacteria-Algal-Symbiosis Process II
li
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 os-' TRIBHWAI.TUMvERSITY Exam. Back
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEPJNG Level BE f,'ull Marks 80
Examination Control Division Programme BCE PassMarks 32
2065 Kartik Year / Part m/u Tlme 3 hrs.

Sani
/ Candidates arc required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
'/ Attempt any Five questions.
'/ The/igures in the margin indicate Full Ma,iks.
{ Assume suitable data if necessary.
. .

1. a) Explain water carriage system. What are its meiits and demerits? Why is it not
suitable to adapt water carriage system in nual areas? t8l
b) A sewage sample.incubated for one day at 30oC has BOD of 150 mgA. What will be
its 5 day BOD at 20'C if the value of the de-oxyge,nation constant is.0.l3 per day
I
I

(base 10) for 20oC? t8l

2. a) Discuss briefly the methods of land treatment. How sewage sickness occurs? t6l
b) Determine the volume of sludge produced in a sewage sedimentation tank for the
following data: [10]

Suspended solids content in iaw sewage = 250 mgfi

Sedimentation tank removes 60% of susparded solids
Specific gavity of sludge = 1.02
Moistnre content of sludge :95Yo
3. a) Draw a neat sketch ofmantrole and describe it withnecessary labeling. t6l
b) Design a sewer for a population of 100,000 persons with water supply per capita of
120 Vd.It is expected that 80% of the water is converted into sewage. The DWF
eslimated will be l/3d of the maximum discharge in this separate sewer. The
permissible slope is 1:1000 and rugosity coefficient is taken as 0,012. For the self
purpose at least 0.75 m/s velociiyneed to be developed in the drain. tl0l
4. a) Discuss the working of trickling filter with neat sketch. t6l
b) Design a conventional activated sludge plant to treat settled domestic sewage with
diffused air aeration system for the following data: ll0I
r) Populationserved:90,000
ii) Per capita sewage contibution: 100 Vd
iii) BOD5 of settled sewage =220mgll
iv) Effluent BODs allowed: 30 mg/l
v) F/IvI ratio:0.2
,il MLSS:3ooo mgA
5. a)r Discuss the principles of oxidation pond. Why is it believed that they are better
alternatives to small towns ofNepal? t8l
_--+fDesign a circular sewage sedimentation tank for a population gfJ$p00. The per
capita sewage contribution is 80 lpcd. Assume necessary data suitably. t8l
6. Write short notes on any for:r of the followings: Iaxa]
a) Coistnrction of septic tanks b) Inverted siphon
c) Crravity thickener d) Double pit pour flush latrine
' e) Soak pits
***
 05 TRIBHUVAN TINIVERSITY Exam. Resular/Back
, Level BE Full Marks 80
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass iVlarks 32

2064 Poush Year / Part m/II Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Sanitary Engineering

,/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own r,vords as far as practicable.
,/ Attempt any Five questions. . .
'/ Thefignres in the margtn indicate Full Marks.
,/ Assume suitable data if necessaty.

l. a) As a designer for a highly populated urban area how would you determine quantity of
storm water? Discuss in detail. , t6l
b) If the five-day BOD at 20oC is 280 mg/l and one day BOD at 20"C is 111.80 mg/l.
Calculate the rate reaction constant k at 20oC and 7-day BOD at 25"C. [10]
2. a) Determine the diameter and velocity of a circular sewer at a slop of I in 500 when it is
running just full at a discharge of lm'/sec. The value of n in lvlanning's formula is
0.012. What w-ill be the discharge and velocity r,vhen florving half full for the same
slope? l10l
b) Describe the purpose and r,vorking of sludge drying bed r,vith a neat sketch. l6l
3. a) Design a grit chamber from the maximum flow of sewage:40*105 l/d, Sp. gr. of" t.t

grit : 2.7, Size of grit particle to be removed = 0.25mm. Assume temp T : 20oC.
Asdume other necessary data suitably.
I t10l i'.!t
b) Deigribe the purpose, construction and working of a manhole. l6l
4'a)Ca{ctr1ateeffluentBoDoftr,vostagetricklingfilterforthefo1lorvingdata: i10l
., a
Sewage flow: 2m3lmin, 'l

BOD of servage after primary treatment = 300 mg/I,

Volume of both filters = 900 m3 and
Recirculation ratio for both filters = 1:5.
Assume necessary data suitably.
b) What do you understand by self purification of streams? Describe the factors affecting
self purification of streams.
't6l

5. a) The volume of fresh sludge obtained from PST and trickling filter humus tank is
84.1m3 al9794 moisture content. After sludge digestion, the moisture content reduced
to 83%. What will be its volume after digestion? Also design a sludge dieestion tank
for it. Assume sludge digestion period as 30 days. [10]
b) Horv does an oxidation pond rvork? Describe its construction nith a neat sketch. t6l
6. Write short notes on (any foul): Iaxa]
a) Evapo-transpiratiorimound
b) Skimming tank
c) Catch bas-in
d) Composting of solid 'vvaste
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80

, Examination Control Division Programme BCE PassNlarks 32 6'

2064 Shrawan Year / Part m/II Time 3 hrs

- Sani a (ox
./ Candidates are required to give their answeis in their own words as far as practicable.
'/ Attempt any Ftve questions.

{ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. a) Discuss the various methods of sewage disposal by land treatment with their merits
and demerits. .

b) Calculate 5-day biochemical oxygen demand of a sewage at 20oC. Its sample analysis'
shows 180mg/1of BOD after 3 days at 30'C. t&l
2. a) What is dry weather flow? Discuss various factors affecting quantity of dry weather
flow. Justify why we need to consider peaking factor. t6l
b) A sewage sample has suspended s'olid-contents of 240 mg/I. The sed.imentation tank
removes 65% of the suspended solids. If the water content of the sludge is 95%
I determine volume of sludge prod.uced in a sedimentation tank after treating 8 .5 x 1 06 1
of sewage. Assume specific gravity of the sludge as 1.02. l10l
I 3- a) With a neat sketch of describe the process of sludge thickening. . l6l
i
b) A newly added ward of a municipality with 40,000 populations covers aii area of
t 50 ha. The projected surface of the area is given as follows: [10]
t.

oh of.total surface Type of surface Runoff coefficient

t) Hard pavement 0.8s
,: 35 Roof surface 0.80
I
15 Unpaved street 0.30
25 Gardens and iawns 0.1s
The time of concentration is 30 minutes. Use US Ministry of Health formula for the
intensity of the rainfall. The average daily water consumption of the area is 180 liters
per capita out of which 80% turns into waste water. The peak flow is three times the
dry weather flow. Determine the discharge of the waste water from the area. .

4. a) Explain principles of
activated sludge process with neat sketch. Elaborate why
food/micro-organism ratio is important in this process. i6l
b) Sewage from Primary Settling Tank is discharged. to Standard-rate Trickling Filter at
the rate of 4 MLD havirig 150 mg/l of 5-day BOD. Determine the depth and velocity
of the filter adopting surfEce load.ing of 2400 llrt-day and organic loading of 160
g/m3-day. Also detErmine the efficiency of the Trickling Filter. Assume necessary
data ifnecessary. [10]
5. a) What is'oxidatibn pond? Elaborate various physical and biochemical processes 'that
take place in oxidation pond.. t6l
b) Design a septic tank for a house in Kathmandu with 12 inhabitants. The rate of
se*age disp6sal is IOO lts@
De-sludging is expected every 2 years. Make
assumptions for necessary data. Draw a plan and cross section of the septic tank with
[10]
6. Write short notes on atly fou of the follofrings $xa)
a) VIP latrine b) Testing of sewer lines
c) Composting of solid wastes d) Grit chamber
e)
-.\4anhole f; Seif purification <if streams
.*t*
 i

05 TRTBHUVAN UNIVERSI]Y Exam. Resular/Back

INSTITUTE OF. ENGINFIERING Level BE Full Marks 80

Examination Control Division Programme BCE Pass IVIarks 32

2063 Kartik Year /.Part m/u Time 3 hrs.

,S
/.' Candidates are required to give their answers in their own'words ?s. far as practicable.
'/ Attempt any zu.questions. ,' .

,/ Thefigures in the rnargin indicate Fyll Marks.

,/ Assume suitable data if,necessary. ,:

l. a) Define sewage, sullage, sewer a1d garbage. Compare between separate and combined
systems of sewerage. ,
:, _.

b) Calculate the diameter and velocity in a circular sewer at a slope of I in 400 when it is '

running just full at a discharge of Zn3lsec. The Manning's coefficient 0.013. What n:
will be the discharge and velocity when flowing one third full? [10]
2. a) What is dry weather flow? Discuss the various factors affdcting the dry rveather flow. . t6l
b) A strearn saturated with DO has a flow of 1.5m3is, BOD 4 mg/l andrate constant (Kr)
of p.3 per day. It receives an effluent.discharge of 0.5 rif/s having BOD 20 mg/l and
,DO 5 mg/l. The average velocity of flow of stream is 0.20 m/s. Thb ayerpge depth of
,,stream is 1.2m. Calculate DO defidit at 30 km and 50,lsn downstredm. Assrune
'temperature throughout 20"C anct BOD is,measured ir.r 5 days. Take saturation DO at
20"C as9.l7 mg/l.
tl
ll0l r{.
.'.::Wilh
3. a) neat sketches, describe the working of em activated sludge process. t8l
b),'tf BOD3 at 15oC is220 nrg/l,frydBODz,at 25oC. t8l-
4. a) State and explain the following terms t8l
i) aerobic decomposition \.!

ii) BoD ,

iii) coD
iv) anaerobic decomposition . ', '

b) A sedimentation tank treats 8 Mtd cgntaining 200 mg/t of suspendecl solids. The tank
removQs 60% of the suspended solids. Compute the weight ancl volume of sludge
produced daily if the moisture content of the sludge is (i) 95% (ii) 90%. t8l
5. a) What is oxygen sag curve? Descripe the self purification of streams.
:

t8l
b) Calculate the BOD removal effrciency foi the single stage high rate trickling filter.
BOD loading is 750 glmskJay and recircula,tion ratio is 0.6. t8l
[axa]
a) Soak Pit
b) Pour Flirsh Latrine
c) Ivlanhole
d) Composting of Solid Waste
e) Flushing Device
{.rFt
rj

m O5 TRIBHUVANUNIVERSITY Exam. Regular / Back

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERiNG Level BE Full Marks 80

m Examination Control Division Programme BCE PassMarks 32

2052 Bhadra Year / Part ui/II Time 3 hrs.

.' - Sam
,/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far ds practicable.
'/ Attempt any zuquestions.
./ The figures in the margin indiiate F4t Marks.
./ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. a) Discuss principles of VIP latrine and its construction with neat sketch.
,
l8l
b) If 3 ddy BOD of a sewage sample is 200 mg/l at25"C, calculate its 5 day BOD at 20'C. t8l
2. a) Describe that the tirne of concentration is an important factor while determining storm water
discharge. Elaborate on time of concentration and time area graph. I8I
b) A grit chamber is provided to remove grit particles up to 0.2mm from a sewage of a town of
population 800,000 producing 100 line waste water per capita per day. Working at 20oC
temperature, the specific gravity of the grits may be taken as 2.6. Determine the size of grit
chamber. Assume necessary data. t8l
3a) Describe the various methods of land treatment. t6l
b) D*:e,irrine'ilie size of combincd ciicular sclver fur a discharge'cf 1 -< rr,3/s running half fu!!.
Assume a gradient of 1 in 2000 and Manning's rugosity coefficient N = 0.013 (constant for all
flows). tn the dry season if the flow drops to 0.5 m3/s, does the flow rnaintain desired self-
cleaning velocity of 0.6 m/s? ll0l
4. a) Discuss the principles of oxidation pond. Do you agree that this method is suitable for waste
water teitrnent in Terai towns of Nepal? Give your opinion lvith reasons. t6l
b) A single stage tickling filter receives sewage flow of 4 million litres per day containing raw
sewage BOD of 300 mg/l. A primary settling tank is provided whose efficiency is 35%.
Detenirine the recirculation ratio reqdired to meet the maximum effluent BOD connection of
60 mg/f? The effective volume of filter is 300 m3. [10]
5. a) What are the differences between high rate hickting filters and low rate trickling filters? t6l
b) Determine storm water discharge for a town of 200 ha. The catchment surface and
corresponding runoff coefficients are provided below. The maximum intensify of rainfall is
40 rnm/hour. u0l
Type ofsurface Yo area Runoff coeff.
Vacant plots 40 0.15
Unpaved roads 10 0.40
Gardens and open spaces 20 0.r 5
Built up surface 30 0.90

It is expected that after 20 years the built up area will be 60Yo of the total by convertlng
additional 30Yo area of vacant plots. What will be the storm water pischarge a! Present and
after?A@? .-
6 Write short notes on any four ofthe follorvings: [axa]
a) Street inlets b) Testing of sewer lines
c) Sludge digestion processes d) Composting of solid lvaste
e) Septic tanks :

*++
il!,

il 0512.25 .TzuBHUVANUNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Exam.
Level B.E.
Back
Full Marls 80

t Examination Control Division

2062 Bai-shakh

s
Programme
Year / Part
BCE
m/II
Pass
Time
Marks 32
3 hrs.

il / . Candidates are required to give their ans'wers in their own words as far as practicable

il ,/
,/
The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
Assume suitable data if necessary.

l.'a) What are the differences between separate and combined systems of sewerage? Discuss the
factors considered tb select combined and separate systems. t6l
b) A wastewater sample is taken from a sewer. The 5-day BOD was fourld to be 180 mg/l at
20oC which is 70% of the ultimate BOD. What will be 4-day BOD of the wastewater at
30'c? [0]
2a) Discuss with sketch the Oxygen Sag Curve in natural streams. t6l
b) A perennial river is receiving waste water from a town with a discharge of 200 m3/s. The river
water fully saturated with oxygen is flowing at the rate of 1500 m3/s at a velocity of 0.15 m/s.
If the 5-day BOD of the sewage is 250 mg/l, frnd out where the critical dissolved oxygen will
occur in tho river. The BOD of the river water is z'ero. The DO of the river water and
'per
wastewater are 8.0 and 0.1 mg/l respectively. The deoxygenation co-efficient is 0.1 day
and self purification constant is 5. The dissolved oxygen in the river at saturated condition
may be taken as 9.17 mg/lite. Assume necessary data. [0]
3. a) List the steps followed in sludge treatment. Discuss the anareobic digestion principle in a
conventional sludge digester. l6l
b) Design a circular sewage sedimentation tank for a population of 80,000. The rate of water
gupply is 150 lpcd. Assume necessary data suitably. ll 0l
4. a) lVhat is land treatment of waste water? Discuss briefly the methods of tand treatment. How
does sewage sickness occurs? t6l
b) Population of 100,000 is living in a town. A separate se*er system for the town is to be
constructed. The water consumption rate is 125 lpcd. 80% of the water consumed is
discharged as waste water. The topography do not allow the slope of the sewer line more than
1:1000. The self cleaning velocity can be achieved at 0.60 m/s. The dry weather flow may be
taken as li3d of the maximum discharge. Design an outfall sewer with RCC hume pipe
having Manning's coefficient of 0.013. u0l
5. a) What is sloughing? Disctss the biological process that takes place in trickling filters. t6l
b) Design a two-stage high rate trickling filter for the following data. [10]
Organic loading of filter = 10,000 kg BODs/hectares/day
Flow = 4.5xl06litreVday
BOD of sewage :280 mg/litre
BOD removal in primary settling tank = 30%o
Recirculation ratio = 1.4 for both filters
Max. BOD aHsWdin finaleffluent = 35 mg/litre
Assume an intermediate sedimentation tank. Assume appropriate data where required.
6. Write short notes to any four-of the following. laxal
a) Chemical Oxygen Demand b) Manhole with neat sketch
c) Design considerations of septic tank d) Skimming tank
e) Working of oxidation pond with neat sketch
**,1.