This topic is mapped with CO3 of the course
Bragg’s Analysis:
Figure 1 WH Bragg and WL Bragg [1]
A technique in which a beam of x-rays is directed against a crystal, the atoms of
which, because of their lattice arrangement, reflect the ray in the same way as a
series of plane surfaces. If the wavelength of the x-rays is known, the
measurements of the diffraction patterns formed by the reflected radiations
provide a means of calculating the distances between the atomic planes.
Fig.2 diagram for Braggs diffraction[1]
Bragg diffraction. Two beams with identical wavelength and phase approach a
crystalline solid and are scattered off two different atoms within it. The lower
beam traverses an extra length of 2dsinθ. Constructive interference occurs when
this length is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength of the radiation.
Bragg diffraction occurs when radiation, with a wavelength comparable to atomic
spacings , is scattered in a fashion by the atoms of a crystalline system, and
undergoes constructive interference. For a crystalline solid, the waves are
scattered from lattice planes separated by the interplanar distance d. When the
scattered waves interfere constructively, they remain in phase since the difference
between the path lengths of the two waves is equal to an integer multiple of the
wavelength. The path difference between two waves undergoing interference is
given by 2dsin θ, where θ is the angle and note that this differs from the
convention in Snell's law where θ is measured from the surface normal). The
effect of the constructive or destructive interference intensifies because of the
cumulative effect of reflection in successive planes (h, k, l) of the crystalline
lattice (as described by Miller notation This leads to Bragg's law, which describes
the condition on θ for the constructive interference to be at its strongest.
where n is a positive integer and λ is the wavelength of the incident wave. Note
that moving particles, including electrons , protons and neutrons have an
associated wavelength called de-Broglie wavelength. A diffraction pattern is
obtained by measuring the intensity of scattered waves as a function of scattering
angle. Very strong intensities known as Bragg peaks are obtained in the
diffraction pattern at the points where the scattering angles satisfy Bragg
condition. As mentioned in the introduction, this condition is a special case of the
more general Laue equations and the Laue equations can be shown to reduce to
the Bragg condition under additional assumptions.
The phenomena of Bragg diffraction by a crystal lattice shares similar
characteristics with that of thin film interference, which has an identical condition
in the limit where the refractive indices of the surrounding medium (e.g. air) and
the interfering medium (e.g. oil) are equal.
Equation of Bragg’s Law:
DERIVATION OF BRAGG’S LAW
Bragg considered to be made up of parallel planes of atoms . Incident waves are
reflected from parallel planes of atoms in the crystal , with each plane reflecting
only a very small fraction of the radiation.
Capture.JPG
Fig.3 diagram for Braggs diffraction[1]
BC =d sin𝜃
AB= d sin𝜃
AB+BC= 2 d sin𝜃
nλ = 2 d sin𝜃
Constructive interference of the radiation from successive planes occurs
when the path difference is an integral number of wavelengths. This is the
Bragg Law.
Relevant Books for this topic
https://thecrystalhealingshop.com/collections/free-downloads-and-ebooks
https://www.amazon.com/Crystal-Structure-Determination-Werner-
Massa/dp/3540206442
https://www.amazon.com/Crystal-Structure-Determination-Werner-
Massa/dp/3642058418
Relevant Web links for this topic
http://web.pdx.edu/~pmoeck/phy381/Topic5a-XRD.pdf
https://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-affairs/academic-
resource-center/pdfs/Crystal_Structures.pdf
https://www.mah.se/upload/_upload/Crystal%20structures.pdf
http://srjcstaff.santarosa.edu/~yataiiya/E45/CRYSTALS%20-%20Copy.pdf
Relevant Videos for this topic
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113/104/113104014/
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/75283/3-091-fall-
2004/contents/video-lectures/lecture-18/index.htm
