Zoom Review
Zoom Review
Human
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Gametes formed by meiosis
Haploid chromosome number (23)
Sperm
Egg
Gametes unite during fertilization
Diploid chromosome restored (46)
The Male Reproductive System Organs
Testes
Paired oval glands outside the
body in the scrotum
Produce sperm
Secrete testosterone
System of ducts
Epididymis
Tightly coiled
Site of sperm maturation
Vas deferens
Carry sperm from epididymis to
ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory ducts
Joins the urethra
Urethra
Carries semen to the outside of
the body
The Male Reproductive System Organs
Accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles
Secrete alkaline, viscous fluid
Neutralize acid
Fructose for sperm to make ATP
Contributes to sperm motility
Prostate
Secretes milky, slightly acidic
fluid
Coagulation of semen after
ejaculation
Bulbourethral glands
Alkaline fluid that neutralizes
acidic urethra
Secretes mucus to lubricate the
urethra and tip of penis
Supporting structures
Penis
Expels the semen
Scrotum
Holds testes in a sac
exterior to the body
Spermatogenesis
Formation of sperm
Begins at puberty – ends
at death
Seminiferous tubules
Site of sperm production
Lined with
spermatogenic cells
Spermatogonia
Stem cell for sperm
Sertoli cells
Support, protect, nourish
Leydig cells
testosterone
Structure of a Sperm Cell
Acrosome
• Contains enzymes needed to
penetrate the egg
Nucleus
• Contains 23 chromosomes
(haploid)
Midpiece
• Mitochondria uses the
fructose in the semen to
make ATP
Tail
• Movement
PATHWAY OF SPERM
REFERENCE DIAGRAMS
Hormonal Controls of Male Reproductive Functions
• Hypothalamus
• Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
• Moves into pituitary gland
• Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Secretes gonadotropins
• LH (luteinizing hormone)
• interstitial cell stimulating
hormone
• FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone)
• stimulates the supporting
cells in the seminiferous
tubules to increase in
testosterone secretion
Roles of Hormones
Testosterone
• Before birth,
• form ducts and testes
• Testes descent into scrotum
• After birth,
• Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
Dihydrotestoterone
• Before birth,
• Formation of external genitalia
Androgens
• Anabolic hormones
• Stimulate development of heavier muscle and bone density
• Contribute to male sexual behavior
• Sex drive
• spermatogenesis
Inhibin
• Released from Sertoli cells
• Decreases release of FSH
Female Reproductive Organs
Ovaries
• Create oocytes through oogenesis
Fallopian tubes
• Infundibulum (end of tube) opens
to pelvic cavity but is close to the
ovary
• Fimbriae catch the end after
ovulation
Uterus
• Pathway for sperm
• Site of implantation
• Myometrium
• contractions
• Endometrium
• Mucous membrane
• Nourishes fetus
• Shed during the menstrual cycle
Vagina
• Tubular canal
• Receptacle for the penis and
semen
• Outlet for menstrual flow
• Passageway for childbirth
• Hymen may partially cover the
vaginal orifice
Female Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
Vulva
• External reproductive
organs
• Mons pubis
• Cushions the symphysis
pubis
• Labia majora and minora
• Longitudinal folds
• Adipose tissue, sweat and
sebaceous glands
• Clitoris
• Erectile and nerves
• Vestibule
• Contains the hymen
Mammary Glands
• In the breasts
• Modified sweat glands
Mammary Tissue
Alveoli Lobule Lobe Milk Duct Sinus Nipple
Oogenesis
Oogonia
Formed during early fetal
development
Give rise to primary oocytes
Only 40,000 remain at puberty
Only 400 mature
Do not complete meiosis until
puberty
• Process of egg cell formation
• Primordial follicles
• primary oocyte & follicular cells
• Primary oocyte (46 chromosomes)
• Divide unequally
• Secondary oocyte; first polar body
• Second polar bodies; ovum (not
mature until after sperm penetration)
Ovulation
• Releasing of cells from the follicle
• Anterior pituitary gland
• Luteinizing hormone triggers
ovulation
• Corpeus luteum
• From ruptured follicle
• Produces progesterone
• Egg enters peritoneal space
• Fallopian tube (uterine tubes)
• Fimbriae guide egg into tube
• Carries egg to uterus
Ovarian Cycle
Day 1 - 13
• GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and
LH which stimulate follicle growth and
maturation, slight rise in estrogen
• Rising estrogen levels inhibit the release of
FSH and LH (pituitary is still making them,
but storing them)
• Estrogen levels increase, high estrogen
levels have a positive feedback effect on
the pituitary, causing burst of LH
• The LH burst stimulates the primary oocyte
to complete meiosis I, and the secondary
oocyte continues on to metaphase II
Day 14 - 25
• LH triggers ovulation
• LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a
corpus luteum, which produces inhibin,
progesterone, and estrogen
• Estrogen then shuts off FSH and LH
release from the pituitary gland, declining
LH ends luteal activity
Days 26-28
• Ovarian hormones decrease
• The blockade of FSH and LH ends and the
cycle starts anew
Uterine Cycle & Menstruation
Is a series of cyclic changes that
the uterine endometrium goes
through each month in response
to ovarian hormones in the
blood
Days 1-5: Menstrual phase –
uterus sheds all but the deepest
part of the endometrium
Days 6-14: Proliferative
(preovulatory) phase –
endometrium rebuilds itself
Days 15-28: Secretory
(postovulatory) phase –
endometrium prepares for
implantation of the embryo
Comparison of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Sperm, Ova or Both????
Produced in the teste?
Produced in the ovary?
Formed through meiosis?
Haploid cells?
Stimulated by FSH
Produced from puberty to
menopause?
Produced from puberty to
death?
How many sperm does it take to fertilize an egg?
Pregnancy: From Fertilization Delivery
Fertilization
• Union of egg and sperm
Week 1:
• Cleavage forms blastomeres
• Morula forms
• Blastocyst forms
• Implantation
Week 2:
• Penetrates the endometrium to obtain nutrients,
exchange gases, and eliminate wastes
• Embryo secretes hCG
Week 3: Weeks 4-8
• Gastrulation • Embryo triples in size
• 3 germ layers form • Major organs begin to appear
• Ectoderm gives rise to nervous system and • Precursors to both sex organs
epidermis appear
• Mesoderm gives rise to connective tissues, • By end of 8th week – looks like
blood, blood vessels, and muscles tiny human
• Endoderm gives rise to GI tract, urinary
bladder, urethra, respiratory tract
•Placenta and umbilical cord form
Pregnancy: From Fertilization Delivery
Pregnancy: From Fertilization Delivery
Pregnancy: From Fertilization Delivery
Pregnancy: From Fertilization Delivery
Pregnancy: Changes Mom’s Physiology
• Increased skin pigmentation
around the eyes and
cheekbones, areola region, and
lower abdomen
• Weight Gain
• Breast enlargement
• Stroke volume increases by
30%
• Cardiac output increases by 20-
30%
• Oxygen consumption increases
10-20%
• Increase in appetite
• Heartburn
• Decrease in GI tract mobility
• Frequent urination
• Edema
• Increased blood flow to the
vagina
Pregnancy: Hormonal Changes
hcG Human chorionic
• Maintains the corpus luteum somatomammotropin
• Rises and peaks at the 4th • Secreted by the chorion
month • Prepares the breasts for
• Suspected cause of morning milk production
sickness
Corticotropin-releasing
Estrogens and progesterone hormone
• Initially from corpus luteum • From placenta at 12 wks
• Then secreted by the chorion • Important for beginning
labor
Relaxin
• From the corpus luteum and
placenta
• Softens the symphysis pubis
• Dilates the cervix
Giving Birth
Giving Birth
Giving Birth
Giving Birth
Lactation
