Reviewer

What is Computer?
- Derived from the word compute.
- Originally defined as a superfast calculator.
- It had the capacity to solve complex arithmetic and scientific problems at
very high speed.
- They also perform arithmetic and logical operations on alphabetic, numeric
and other types of information.
Data
- Information provided by the user to the computer.
Input Data
- The information in one form which is presented to the computer

Output Data
- Information in another form is presented by the computer after performing a
process on it.
Computer Program
- The set of instruction given to the computer to perform various operations.

Data Processing
- The process of converting the input data into the required output form with
the help of the computer program.
The Hardware
- Is the machinery itself.
- It is made up of physical parts or devices of the computer system like the
electronic Integrated Circuits (ICs).
The Software
- The computer hardware itself is not capable of doing anything on its own. It
has to be given explicit instructions to perform the specific task.
Evolution of Computers
The First Generation
- Vacuum Tubes
- Punched cards for data input
- Punched cards and paper tape for output
- Machine Language
- Magnetic tapes and drums for storage

The Second Generation

- Transistorized
- Assembly Language
- Concept of stored program emerged
- High level languages are invented

The Third Generation

- Integrated Circuits(ICs)
- Magnetic tapes and drums for external storage
- Design of operating systems and new higher lever languages
- Commercial production of computer

The Fourth Generation

- Very Large Scale Integration
- Invention of microcomputers
- Introduction of personal computers
- Networking

The Fifth Generation

- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Parallel processing

Classification of Computers
Analog Computers
- Data is recognized as a continuous measurement of a physical property like
voltage, speed, pressure, etc. Reading on a dial or graphs are obtained as the
output.
Digital Computers
- High speed electronic devices. These devices are programmable. They
process data by way of mathematical calculations, comparison, sorting etc.
Limitations of Computers
- The computer cannot think on its own, since it does not have its own brain.
- It can only do what is has been programmed to do.
- It can execute only those jobs that can be expressed as a finite set of
instructions to achieve a specific goal.
- Each of the steps has to be clearly defined.
- The computers do not learn from previous experience nor can they arrive at
a conclusion without going through all the intermediate steps.

Computer Architecture and Computer Organization

Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer architecture is concerned Computer Organization is
with the way hardware components are concerned with the structure and
connected together to form a computer behavior of a computer system as
system. seen by the user.
It acts as the interface between It deals with the components of a
hardware and software. connection in a system.
Computer Architecture helps us to Computer Organization tells us how
understand the functionalities of a exactly all the units in the system
system. are arranged and interconnected.
A programmer can view Whereas Organization expresses
architecture in terms of instructions, the realization of architecture.
addressing modes
and registers.
While designing a computer An organization is done on the
system architecture is considered basis of architecture.
first.
Computer Architecture deals with Computer Organization deals with
high-level design issues. low-level design issues.
Architecture involves Logic Organization involves Physical
(Instruction sets, Addressing Components (Circuit design,
modes, Data types, Cache Adders, Signals, Peripherals)
optimization)
Computer Systems
- It is an electronic that not only stores data but also processes and
manipulates data to carry out functions.
- Upon receiving valid instructions, a computer can perform a variety of
operations.

Elements of Computer System

Hardware
- These are all the physical aspects of a computer system.
- They are tangible, i.e., you can see and touch them.
Four Types of Hardware:

Input Hardware
- For users to input data into the computer system. Examples: Keyboard, mouse,
Scanner
Output Hardware
- To translate and display the result of the data processing. Example: Monitor
Screen, Printer etc.
Processing and Memory Hardware
- Where data and information are processed and manipulated to perform the task at
hand. It is also the workspace of the computer, where it temporarily stores data.
Examples: Central Processing Unit (CPU), Read Only Memory (RAM)
Secondary Storage Hardware
- Where the computer system stores data permanently. Example: Hard disk, Pen
drive etc.
Software
- Software is nothing but a set of programs (computer instructions), which
helps the user to do a set of specific tasks.
 - Software, as you can imagine, is the intangible aspect of the computer
system.
Six Types of Software

Operating System
- These specialized programs allow the communication between software and
hardware.
Application Software
- These are designed to perform a specific task or a bunch of tasks.
Utility Software
- Like operating systems, it is a system software. It helps maintain and protect the
computer system.
Language Processors
- Software that interprets computer language and translates it into machine
language such as compiler, assembler and interpreter.
System Software
- These types of software control the hardware, the reading of the data and other
such internal functions.
Connectivity Software
- The special software that facilitates the connection between the computer system
and the server. This allows the computer to share information and communicate
with each other.
People
- The people interacting with the computer system are also an element of it.
We call this element the Liveware.

Three Types of People

Programmers
- Professionals who write the computer programs that allow users to interact with
the computer.
System Analyst
- They mainly design data processing systems, and solve problems that arise in
data processing
End-Users
- Also known as operators, they are the people who interact with the
computer system.
Procedures
- These are a set of instructions, written in code, to instruct a computer on
how to perform a task, run a software, do calculations etc.
Three Types of Procedures

Hardware-Oriented Procedure
- Instructs the hardware components of the system, ensures they work smoothly
Software-Oriented Procedure
- Provides instructions to launch and run software programs
Internal Procedure
- Directs the flow of information and sequences the data
Data
- Data is essentially the raw facts and figures that we input in the computer.
The data gets processed via the computer system and becomes information,
which is processed and organized data. Information can then be used for
decision-making purposes.

Connectivity
- This is when the computers are linked to a network. It facilitates sharing of
information, files, and other facilities. Computers can connect to a network
via LAN cables, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellites etc.
Computer Virus
- A computer virus is a type of malware that, when executed, replicates itself
by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code into those
programs.
Types of Computer Viruses

Resident viruses
- infects programs that are currently executing.
Non-resident viruses
- by contrast, can infect any executable code, even if it isn’t currently running
Boot sector viruses
- infect the sector of a computer’s startup disk that is read first, so it executes
before anything else and is hard to get rid of
Macro virus
- infects macro applications embedded in Microsoft Office or PDF files.
Many people who are careful about never opening strange applications
forget that these sorts of documents can themselves contain executable code.
Don’t let your guard down!
Direct action virus
- accesses a computer’s main memory and infects all programs, files, and
folders located in the autoexec.bat path, before deleting itself. This virus
typically alters the performance of a system but is capable of destroying all
data on the computer’s hard disk and any USB device attached to it.

Polymorphic virus
- slightly changes its own source code each time it copies itself to avoid
detection from antivirus software.
Web scripting viruses
- execute in JavaScript in the browser and try to infect the computer that way.
Multipartite virus
 - uses multiple methods to infect and spread across computers. It will
typically remain in the computer’s memory to infect the hard disk, then
spread through and infect more drives by altering the content of applications.
This results in performance lag and application memory running low.
File infector
- is one of the most common computer viruses. It overwrites files when they
are opened and can quickly spread across systems and networks. It largely
affects files with .exe or .com extensions.
Overwrite viruses
- are extremely dangerous. They can delete data and replace it with their own
file content or code. Once files get infected, they cannot be replaced, and the
virus can affect Windows, DOS, Linux, and Apple systems. The only way
this virus can be removed is by deleting all of the files it has infected, which
could be devastating.
Network viruses
- are extremely dangerous because they can completely cripple entire
computer networks. They are often difficult to discover, as the virus could
be hidden within any computer on an infected network.