2020
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES
DPT 2ND YEAR
Prepared By: Hifza Riaz
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
CELL from Mushtaq
It’s only for MCQS give it a read!
Define Biochemistry & describe its significance
Compare the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (imp for MCQ)
Describe the biochemical structure of cell membrane & enlist its functions
(imp)
Enumerate the components of cytoskeleton and infer the importance of these
components
(Microfilaments, microtubules, & intermediate filaments)
BODY FLUIDS
Chapter 1 from lippin but I recommend FAIQ for this MCQ portion
Define and enumerate weak acids & bases
Define pH & pK
State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation & enlist its applications
Define buffers & discuss their mechanism of action
Enumerate body buffers and infer their role in acid-base homeostasis
Chemistry of carbs:
Fiaq is recommended.
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
Define and classify carbohydrates. Enlist their biochemical functions.
Clearly differentiate between D and L isomers, alpha and beta antiomers
and Aldo and keto isomers. Define epimers and enumerate important
epimers of glucose.
Illustrate structure and function of monosachhrides (glucose, fructose,
galactose and mannose.), disacchrides (maltose, lactose, sucrose,
lactulouse), oligosacchrides.
Illustrate the structure and function of homoplysacchrides (starch, glycogen
and cellulose)
Illustrate structure and function of hetropolysacchrides
(glycoseaminoglycan) from lipin
Chemistry of PROTEINS (lippin)
Do amino acid classification flowcharts not details from any short book (I
recommend faiq)
Structure of proteins is v.imp (primary sec tertiary etc)
Protein misfolding is for mcqs
Do chapter summary of fibrous and globular protein but figure 4.2 is v imp
don't skip it and role of alpha anti trypsin is imp as well for seq
(PEM) Compare and contrast the salient features of kwashiorkor and
marasm (faiq)
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
Metabolism (Lippincott)
Urea cycle most imp
Ammonia with sources
Digestion absorption (great concept should be made)
Hyperbilirubinemia
Define nucleotide nucleotide with hyperuricemia and gout
ENDOCRINOLOGY
It’s same like u guys studied in physiology do waste Time on it
Just do adrenocorticoids blockers
Type 1 2 hormones
Insulin glucaogon should be done from liipin
Give a read to rest of it
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Do this chapter from Lippin. Most MCQS come from this chapter and pet lines.
Briefly describe the structure, organization and functions of DNA
(Read)
Briefly describe the structure and functions of RNAs (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) (imp)
Briefly illustrate the steps of DNA replication (Important)
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
(In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) & repair. Interpret the significance of DNA
repair mechanisms with special reference to xeroderma pigmentosum (Don't miss
this disease)
Briefly illustrate the process of DNA transcription (in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes) and infer its Significance.
Define genetic code and codons. Infer the consequences of altering the
nucleotide sequence (silent Mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation,
trinucleotide repeat expansion, splice- site mutations and frame-shift mutations)
Briefly describe the pre-requisites (components are important)) and steps of
protein synthesis (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) & repair. Apply this
knowledge to understand how the drugs like streptomycin, tetracyclins,
puromycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin exert their antibiotic effects
(most important)
Define restriction endonucleases, vectors, probes. Briefly describe the
recombinant DNA technology and enlist its applications.
Outline the steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enlist advantage
(important) and applications of this technique.
Vitamins
(liipin or faiq ) choice is yours bcz both are good
MUST DO VITAMIN TABLE FROM Lippincott IF U have less time table is also
enough with sources :)
Define and classify vitamins
Enumerate sources and quote RDA of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E & K).
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
Enumerate sources and quote RDA of water soluble vitamins (B-complex and
vitamin C).
TISSUE BIOCHEMISTRY
GAGS are most important
Genetic disorders of bone are important
Give a read to rest of topics
ENZYMES
Do complete chapter from lipincot. And with given topics from mushtaq.
Define isoenzymes and apply the knowledge of isoenzymes to diagnose
various clinical problems (Isoenzymes of CK & LDH)
Define pro-enzymes. Give significance and suitable examples of pro-
enzymes
AST, ALT, ALP, amylase, & acid phosphatase
Chemistry of lipids (faiq)
Define and classify lipids
Illustrate structure of fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids)
Define and enumerate the essential fatty acids
Illustrate the structure of triglycerols and enlist its functions (imp)
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
Illustrate structure of phosphotidyl choline, phosphotidyl inositol and
sphynhomyline. Enlist respiratory distress syndrome.
Classify lipoprotein and illustrate their general structure.
Illustrate structure of cholesterol and enlist its functions (most important)
Quote the resources and evaluate the health effects saturated and
monounsaturated fats, omega 3 fatty acids, omega 6 fatty acids, essential
fatty acids, Tran’s fats and cholesterol (Lippincott)
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Cycles are important (faiq or lipin)
Process of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are important.
Enlist the seven major types of GLUTs along their functions (imp)
Define glycolysis and do list memorize cycles pyruvate kinase deficiency.
Identify the fate of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
(Important)
Outline reactions of citric acid cycle mentioning their regulatory enzymes.
Outline the reactions of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Infer the
significance of these pathways.
Define gluconeogenesis and enumerate is substrate. Outline the reactions
of gluconeogenesis mentioning the regulatory enzymes. Infer the
significance of the pathway.
Outline reactions of pentose phosphate pathway. Infer the glucose 6
phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
BIOCHEMSTRY GUIDELINES 2020
Metabolism of lipids:
Cycles can be done from faiq.
Outline the steps involved in the process of digestion and absorption of
lipids and apply the knowledge to explain the biochemical mechanism
underlying the clinical features of cystic fibrosis (lipin)
Outline reactions involved in biosynthesis and oxidation (beta oxidation) of
fatty acids.
Outline reactions of biosynthesis and degradation of triacylglycerols.
Outline reactions of biosynthesis and utilization of ketone bodies.
Outline reactions involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol. Identify the
regulatory enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis.
Diagramatically illustrate the process involved in metabolism of
lipoproteins (chylomictons, VLDL, LDL and HDL). Apply this knowledge to
infer the harmful and beneficial effects of raised LDL and HDL. Associate the
development of arteriosclerosis with hypercholesterolemia and interpret its
complications (from lipin)
Classify ecosanoids. Outline the steps involved in their biosynthesis.
Appraise the role of various ecosanoids in health and disease. Evaluate the
clinical use of corticosteroids, COX 1 and COX 2 (faiq)
