ELECTRONIC PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

BASICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Yazen A. K. 1
Ohm's Law
It deals with the relationship between voltage and current
in a linear resistance. This relationship states that:

“The potential difference (voltage) across a resistance is proportional

to the current through it”.

In other words:
Ohm’s law is an equation that establishes a relationship among the
Current, Voltage, and Resistance of an electrical system.

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 It is clear that the current is directly
proportional to the applied voltage
and inversely proportional to the
resistance.
 The constant of proportionality is
called the “Resistance", R.

 The symbol E is used to represent

voltage of the sources.
 The symbol V is used to represent the
voltage drops across the components
of the network.
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By simple mathematical manipulations, the voltage, current and
resistance can be found in terms of the following three relations:

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For any resistor, in any network, the direction of current through it
will define the polarity of the voltage drop across the resistor.

flow

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OHMMETERS
The ohmmeter is an instrument used to perform the
following useful functions:
1. Measure the resistance of individual or combined
elements.
2. Detect open-circuit (high-resistance) and short-circuit
(low-resistance) situations. checking the status of a
fuse or wires.
3. Test the semiconductor devices.

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ELECTRICAL POWER: the term electrical power is applied to provide
an indication of how much work (energy conversion) can be
accomplished in a specified amount of time;
that is, power is a rate of doing work. Measured by Watt (W)

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The power supplied (delivered) by a battery can be determined by:

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ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASUREMENTS
Since the power is measured in watts (or joules per second) and time in seconds, the
unit of energy is the (wattsecond) or (joule). The wattsecond, however, is too small
quantity for most practical purposes, so the watthour (Wh) and the kilowatthour
(kWh) are defined, as follows:

Most popular
of electrical
energy unit

NOTE:
1 kWh is the energy consumed by a 100 Watt bulb while working in 10 hours.
1 kWh is the energy consumed by a 2000 Watt water boiler in half hour. 13
 Smart Analog
Digital meter Mechanical Meter

The kWh meter is an instrument for measuring the energy supplied to

the customers. It is normally connected directly to the electrical lines at
a point just prior to entering the power distribution panel of the
building.
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EFFICIENCY
ETA
Efficiency ( h ) is a ratio of the output power to the input power. It provides
information about the energy-converting in a system.

Note that the output

energy level is always
less than the applied
(input) energy due to
losses within the system.
Energy input = Energy output + Energy lost
The best case is that
Win = Wout + Wlost Wout and Win are
relatively close in
magnitude.
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The maximum efficiency is 100%, which occurs when Po = Pi and this means that the
power lost in the system is zero. This happens only in an ideal systems.
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LOST LIKE HEAT
ENERGY

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(1) SERIES RESISTORS: in this connection, the elements should be
connected one after one.

Electrical and electronic systems are grounded for reference and safety
purposes. The symbol for the ground connection appears in the Figure with
its defined potential level (zero volts).
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Series connection characteristics:
 Only one path for the current to pass. The current has the same value at every
point in a series circuit. This means that “All elements handle the same current”.

I1= I2= I3= IS

 The total applied Voltage (VT or E) is divided among the connected series
resistors according to their values.
E or VT = V1+V2+V3

 The total resistance (RT) or called equivalent resistance is the sum of all
resistors that connected in series as following: RT=R1+R2+R3

R =140
T
v1=0.6 v3=6 I = 0.06
v2=1.8 S

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 R1 AND R2 IS
NOT OF THEM SIRIES SERIES
R1 IS SERIES WITH (R2+R3)

R3 AND R4 IS
R1 IS SIRIES WITH (R2+R3)
SERIES

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It is important to realize that when a dc supply is connected, it does not
“see” the individual connection of elements but simply the total resistance is
“seen” at the connection terminals, as shown in Figure (a). In other words, it
reduces the entire configuration to one such as in Figure (b) to which Ohm’s
law can easily be applied.

Note:
 The total equivalent resistance RT of series resistors is greater than each others.
 Series resistors can be interchanged in place without affecting the total resistance. 23
NOTE: the polarity of the voltage across a resistor is determined by the
direction of the current as shown below:

The magnitude of the voltage drop across each resistor can then be found by
applying Ohm’s law using only the resistance of each resistor. That is:

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The power delivered by the supply can be determined using:

The power dissipated by the resistive elements can be determined by any of

the following forms (shown for resistor R1 only):

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VOLTAGE DIVISION IN A SERIES CIRCUIT

 The voltage across series resistive elements will divided

according to the magnitude of the resistance levels.
In other words,
 In a series resistive circuit, the larger the resistance,
has larger voltage drop. I=2 A.m
In addition,
 The ratio of the voltages across series resistors will be
the same as the ratio of their resistance levels.

The largest resistor of 6W captures the bulk of the applied voltage, while the smallest
resistor, R3 (1W), has the least voltage.
In addition, note that since the resistance level of R1 is six times that of R3, then, the
voltage across R1 is six times that of R3. The fact that the resistance level of R2 is
three times that of R1 results in three times the voltage across R2. 31
 -5
I=9.9*10 A.m
-6
I=2*10 A.m

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Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)
The voltage divider rule (VDR) permits the determination of the voltage
across a series resistor without first having to determine the current of the
circuit.

The voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of total
applied voltage times the resistance divided by the total resistance of the
series configuration.

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The single-subscript notation Va specifies the voltage at point a with respect
to ground (zero volts). If the voltage is less than zero volts, a negative sign
must be associated with the magnitude of Va

The double-subscript notation Vab specifies point a as the higher potential. If

this is not the case, a negative sign must be associated with the magnitude
of Vab.

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(2) PARALLEL RESISTORS: Two elements, branches, or circuits are in parallel
if they have two common points.

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Recognize the individual parallel elements in these networks
SERIES
PARALLEL

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Parallel connection characteristics:
 The current has many paths to pass. For single-source circuit, the total current
(source current IS) is equal the sum of the individual currents in the branches.
IS=I1+I2+I3
 The voltage is the same across all parallel elements.
V1=V2=V3=VT or E
 The total resistance (RT) or called equivalent resistance is the found as
following:

Is=0.022
R =545.454 ohms
T

I =0.012 A.m -3 -3
1 I2=6*10 A.m I =4*10 A.m
3

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Note:
 The total equivalent resistance RT of parallel resistors is Less than the of each others.

 Parallel resistors can be interchanged in place without affecting the total resistance.
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Special Case 1: N - equal Parallel Resistors:

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Special Case 2: Two Parallel Resistors:
The total resistance of two parallel resistors is simply the product of their
values divided by their sum.

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POWER DISTRIBUTION IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
In any electrical system, the power applied “delivered” will equal the power
dissipated or absorbed. For any parallel circuit, such as in the Figure below.
the power applied by the dc supply must equal to that dissipated by the
resistive elements. In equation form:

Note: in a parallel configuration, maximum power is delivered to the

smallest resistor.
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 57.6
0.48
HW: Find PE, P1, P2, and P3
60.742 2.662

for parallel resistors, the

greatest current will exist
in the branch with
the least resistance. 49
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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

This law is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), was developed

by Gustav Kirchhoff in the mid-1800s. It is a cornerstone of the
entire field and. The law specifies that:

“The algebraic sum of the voltages rise and drop around an electrical closed
path (or closed loop) is zero”

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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

Professor Gustav Kirchhoff is also credited with developing the following

equally important relationship between the currents of a network, called
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL):

“The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving a junction (node) of
a network is zero”.

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Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

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CURRENT DIVIDER RULE:

Example: For the parallel network in Figure determine current I1

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Questions Bank 3 A (Tutorial Problems):
1. What is the current drawn by an iron of a 26 W resistance if the applied voltage is 220V?

2. What is the resistance of electrical device if the current passes through it is 24mA and the
voltage drop across it is 12 V?

3. How much voltage is required to make the current 1.5 mA through resistor of 1.5 kohm?

4. The power of a device is 40 joules per second (J/s). How long will it take to deliver 640 J?

Fill the following blanks. The units are required:

5. If 420 J of energy are absorbed by a device in 4 min, then its power equals _ _ _ _ _ _ .

6. A CD player draws 125 mA when 5 V is applied, then its internal Resistance = _ _ _ _ _ _.

7. If the power applied to a system is 324 W and the drawn current is 2.7 A, then the voltage
across the line is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
8. a. How many joules of energy does a 2 W nightlight dissipate in 8 h?
b. How many kilowatthours does it dissipate?

9. What is the power in watt delivered by a 6 V battery if the charge flows at the rate of 48
C/min?

10. A 10 W device is connected across a 12 V battery.

a. How many joules of energy will it dissipate in 1 min?
b. If the device is left connected for 2 min instead of 1 min, Will the energy used increase?
Will the power dissipation level increase? Prove your answers.

11. A 60 W bulb is ON for one hour. Find the energy converted in

a. watthours
b. wattseconds
c. Joules
d. Kilowatthours
12. A small, portable television draws 0.455 A at 9 V.
a. What is the power rating of the television?
b. What is the internal resistance of the television?
c. What is the energy converted in 6 hr. of working?

13. What is the efficiency of a motor that has an output of 0.5 hp with an input of 395 W?

14. The motor of an electric saw is rated 68.5% efficient. If 1.8 hp are required to cut a
particular piece of wood, what is the current drawn from a 120V supply?

15. What is the efficiency of a motor that delivers 1 hp when the input current and voltage are
4 A and 220 V, respectively?
QUESTIONS BANK 3 B (Tutorial Problems)

Q1\ Find the total resistance RT for each configuration in Fig.

Q2\ For each configuration in Figure, find the unknown resistors using the
ohmmeter reading.
Q3\What is the ohmmeter reading for each configuration
Q4\For the series
configuration in Figure
a. Find the total resistance.
b. Calculate the current.
c. Find the voltage across
each resistive element.

Q5\ For the series configuration in Figure

a. Without making a single calculation, which resistive element
will have the most voltage across it?
b. Which will have the least voltage?
c. Which resistor will have the most impact on the total
resistance and the resulting current?
d. Find the total resistance and the current.
Q6\ Find the applied voltage necessary to develop the current specified in
each circuit in the Figure

Q7\ For the network in Figure,

determine:
a. The current I.
b. The source voltage E.
c. The unknown resistance.
d. The voltage across each element.
Q8\ For the circuit in Figure
a. Find the total resistance, current, and voltage across each element.
b. Find the power delivered to each resistor.
c. Calculate the total power delivered to all the resistors.
d. Find the power delivered by the source.
e. How does the power delivered by the source compare to that delivered to all the
resistors?
f. Which resistor received the most power? Why?
h. If the resistors are available with wattage ratings of 0.5 W, 1 W, 2 W, and 5 W,
what is the minimum wattage rating can be used for each resistor?
Q9\ Find the unknown quantities for the circuits in the Figure using the information
provided.

Q10\ Determine the current I and its direction for each network in Figure.
Before solving for I, redraw each network with a single voltage source.
Q11\ Using Kirchhoff’s voltage law, find the unknown voltages for the circuits in Figure

Q12\ Using Kirchhoff’s voltage law, find the unknown voltages for the circuits in
Figure
Q13\ Determine the values of the unknown resistors in the Figure using the provided
voltage levels.

Q14\ For the configuration in Figure:

a. By inspection, which resistor will receive the
largest share of the applied voltage? Why?
b. How much larger will voltage V3 be compared
to V2 and V1?
c. Find the voltage across the largest resistor
using the voltage divider rule.
Q15\ Using the voltage divider rule or Kirchhoff’s voltage law, determine the
unknown voltages for the configurations in the Figure.

Note: More problems in the text book in pages 172-183

Q16\ Find the total resistance for each configuration
Q17\ The total resistance of each of the configurations in the Figure is specified. Find
the unknown resistance.
Q18\ For the parallel network in Figure,
a. Which resistor has the most impact on the total resistance?
b. Without making a single calculation, what is an approximate value for the
total resistance?
c. Calculate the total resistance and comment on your response to part (b).
d. On an approximate basis, which resistors can be ignored when determining
the total resistance?
e. If we add another parallel resistor of any value to the network, what is the
impact on the total resistance?
Q19\ For the parallel network in the Figure
a. Find the total resistance.
b. What is the voltage across each branch?
c. Determine the source current and the current
through each branch.
d. Verify that the source current equals the sum of
the branch currents.

Q20\ Using Kirchhoff’s current law, determine the unknown currents for the
parallel network in Figure.
Q21\ For the parallel network in Figure
a. Without making a single calculation, make a guess on the total resistance.
b. Calculate the total resistance and compare it to your guess in part (a).
c. Without making a single calculation, which branch will have the most current?
Which will have the least?
d. Calculate the current through each branch, and compare your results to the
assumptions of part (c).
e. Find the source current and test whether it equals the sum of the branch
currents.
f. How does the magnitude of the source current compare to that of the branch
currents?
Q22\ For the configuration in Figure
a. Find the total resistance and the current through each branch.
b. Find the power delivered to each resistor.
c. Calculate the power delivered by the source.
d. Compare the power delivered by the source to the sum of the powers
delivered to the resistors.
e. Which resistor received the most power? Why?
Q23\ A portion of a home appliances are shown in Figure:
a. Determine the current through each parallel branch of the system.
b. Calculate the current drawn from the 220 V source. Will the 20 A breaker be
fused?
c. What is the total resistance of the network?
d. Determine the power delivered by the source. How does it compare to the sum
of the wattage ratings appearing in Figure.
Q24\ Find the unknown quantities for the networks in Figure using the
information provided

Q25\ Based only on the resistor values,

determine all the currents for the
configuration in Figure. Do not use
Ohm’s law.

Note: More problems in the text book (ref1) in pages 232-242