“Notes for the preparation of

Apprenticeship Interview”
Specially for the following Companies:

1. Engro Fertilizer Company Daharki.

2. Fauji Fertilizer Company (FFC) Mirpur Mathelo.
3. Fatima Fertilizer Company Sadiqabad.
4. Lotte Chemicals Karachi.
5. Pak Arab Multan and e.t.c.

Prepared By: Rahim Bux Soomro

Composed By: Vijay Kumar Lovha
Teacher @ New Roshan Tara Model High School Daharki

***PREFACE***
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Composed by: Vijay Kumar Lovha 17-10-2016
 These notes have been prepared to
help the candidates who are looking forward to
join the companies through apprenticeship
programme. After passing written test the most important step is
to clear “The interview” In this regard little work has been done
to provide the important topics for the preparation of Interview.
These notes contain the material about which
mostly questions are asked during interview. As you look through
these notes you will see short definitions which are not enough to
clear your interview, I say yourself study, self confidence,
presence of mind and academic achievement play vital role in this
regard .
I express thanks to my teachers Sir Taqi Muhammad
Shah, Sir Abdul Shakoor Kanju and Sir Asif Ali Malik and for
their Support in this work..
I am also thankful to Sir Abdul Majeed Kanju
(Principal) and all staff members of my school including
composer Mr. Vijay Kumar Lovha and sir Hafeezullah Awan for
their support and best wishes to me. I dedicate these notes to
students of my school New Roshan Tara Model High School
Daharki.
I shall always appreciate with thanks any suggestion,
comment ,error and ommision from the readers for the
improvement of these notes thanks.
Rahim Bux Soomro
Teacher @ New Roshan Tara
Model High School DAharki
Residential Address: Village
Saindino Malik, Taluka Daharki
Distict Ghotki
Mobile Numbers:
0301-3484979
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 (1).CHEMISTRY:
The branch of Science which deals with the properties, Composition and
Structure of matter is called Chemistry.
(2).PHYSICS:
The branch of science which deals with the study of matter and energy and
relationship between them is called Physics.
(3).MATTER:
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called Matter.
(4). SOLID:
Solid has definite shape as well as definite Volume.
(5).LIQUID:
Liquid has definite volume but no definite shape.
(6).GAS:
Gas has neither definite shape nor volume.
(7). ENERGY:
Ability of doing work is called energy
(8) .KINETIC ENGERY:
The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called Kinetic energy.
K.E= 1/2 mv2
(09).POTENTIAL ENGERY:
The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called potential energy.
P.E= mgh
(10). DENSITY:
Mass of substance per unit volume is called density
Unit of density is kg/m3 or g/cm3
Density = mass/ volume
(11).MASS:
The quantity of matter contained in a body is called Mass.
Its S.I Unit is kilogram (kg). Formula: m= F /a
It is constant quantity.
(12).WEIGHT:
The Force of gravity acting on a body is called weight. Formula = mg
S.I unit of weight is Newton (N).
It is not constant quantity its value is different at different places

(13).GRAVITY:

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The attraction of the Earth which pulls the object towards the ground is called
Gravity.
m 2
The Acceleration due to gravity is denoted by “g” its value is 9.8 / sec

(14).VOLUME:
The amount of 3-dimesional space occupied by an objact is called Volume.
(15). PRESSURE:
The force exerted per unit surface area is called pressusre
p=f/a
N 2
S.I Unit of pressure is /m or pascal (pa).
(16). STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:
It is the pressure exerted by a merrcuy columm of 760mm height at sea level. It is
equal to 1 atm
1 atm = 760 mm of Hg
= 760 torr.
= 101325 Nm-2 = 101325 Pa
(17).SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
When we compare density of any subtance with the density of water is called
specific
gravity.
It has no unit because it is ratio between similar quantities.
Water has maximum density at 40C which is about 1.00 g/ cm3
(18).SCALAR:
A Physical quantity which is completely specified by magnitude with proper units
is called scalar quantity.
Example: Mass, Distance, Speed, Energy, Time, Electric charge work etc…...
(19).VECTOR:
A Physical quantity which is completely Specified by magnitude with proper Units
and direction is called a vector quantity.
Example: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Weight, Momentum,
Torque etc…….
(20).SCALAR PRODUCT:
When the product of two vectors results into a scalar quantity then product is
called Scalar Product.

→ →
Example: Work= f ..d =fd cos0.

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 → →
Power= f . v = Fv Cos0.
(21). VECTOR PRODUCT:
When the product of two vectors result into a vector quantity, then product is
called vector product.
→ →
Example: Torque = r x. f
→ →
Linear velocity= ω. x r .

(22). VISCOSITY:
The resistence in the flow of liquid is called viscosity.
It is Expressed in poises ( 1 poise = 1gm/cm )
Its S.I Unit is Newton x Second per square metre (N.s.m -2)
(23).SURFACE TENSION:
The force per unit length or energy per unit area of the Surface of liquid is called
Surface tension.
The force which tends to pull the surface molecules of liquid downwards is
responsible for Surface tension
It is Expressed in dynes/cm or ergs/cm2
(24).EVAPORATION:
The Process of changing of a liquid into gas phase is called evaporation.
It is a continuous Process taking place at all temperatures.
It is a Cooling Process.
(25). CONDENSATION:
The process of changing of a Gas into liquid Phase is called Condensation.
(26). SUBLIMATION:
The process in which a solid is directly converted into gas without passing
through liquid phase is called sublimation.
Example: Iodine, Ammonium chloride, Napthaline.
(27). MELTING POINT:
The temperature at which solid starts melting is called melting point
(28).BOILING POINT:
The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to external
pressure is called Boiling point
the boiling point of liquid varies with outside pressure. In mountanous regions,
the B.P of water will be below 100oc.
At hight altitude foods take longer time to cool because of the low boiling
tempertures.
(29).VAPOUR PRESSURE:
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The pressure exerted by the vapours of liquid at particular temperature is called
Vapour pressure of liquid.
(30).FREEZING POINT:
The temperature at which liquid and solid coexist in dynamic equillibrium is
called freezing point of a liquid.
(31).HEAT:
Sum of total averge kinetic energy of molecules in a body is called heat
transfers from hot body to cold body.

(32).TEMPERATURE:
Degree of hotness and coldness of body is called Temperature.
Normal body temperature is 98.6of or 37oc
(33). TEMPERATURE SCALES: (conversion formulae)
(a). k = oc +273.
o
c = k-273.
(b). oF= (9/5 ×℃ )
o
c = (oF-32)x 5/9.
-40oc is equal to -40 of
(34). CONDUCTION :
Heat transferred from one atom to another.
(35).CONVECTION:
Heat transferad due to the movement of molecules.
(36). RADIATION:
Heat Transferred in the form of waves or rays.
(37).ABSOLUTE ZERO:
The temperature at which the volume of gas is considered to be Zero and all
the motion of molecules stop this temperature is -273.16oc is reffered as absolute
Zero.
(38). SPEED:
The rate of cahnge of distance is called Speed.
(39).VELOCITY:
The rate of change of displacement is called Velocity
(40).ACCELARATION:
The rate of change of velocity is called accelaration. Its unit is m/sec2

(41).MOMENTUM:
The product of mass and velocity is called Momentum
Formula = P= mv.
(42).SENSIBLE HEAT:
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The heat that causes change in temperature in an object is called sensible Heat.
(43).LATENT HEAT:
The heat that causes a change of state with no change in temperature is called
latent Heat.
(44).ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF WATER:
when water is heated from 0oC to 4oC it contracts continuously instead of
expanding. Conversely expands when cooled down (from 4oC to 0oC) is called
Anomalous Expansion or Anomalous behavior of water
(45).RADIOACTIVICTY:
Tthe process in which certain elements emit invisible radiotion is called
radioactivity.
(46).ISOTOPES:
Atoms of the same element having same atomic numbers but different atomic
masses are called Isotopes
(47).ELECTRONEGATIVITY:
The tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons towards itself in a
molecule is called Electronegativity.
(48).DIPOLE-MOMENT:
Product of magnitude of charge and distance between the centres of opposite
charge is called Dipole mement.
Its Unit is Debye or coloumb metre.
(49).CHEMICAL BOND:
The force of attraction that holds atoms together in a molecule or crystal is called
Chemical Bond
(50).IONIC BOND:
The bond which is formed due to completely transfermation of electrons from one
atom to another atom is called Ionic Bond.
(51).COVALENT BOND:
The Bond which is fromed due to mutual sharing of electrons between atoms is
called Covalent Bond.
(52).CO-ORDINATE COVALENT BOND:
The bond which is formed due to one sided sharing of electrons is called co-
ordinate covalent bond.
(53).HYDROGEN BONDING
The force of attraction between positive Hydrogen atom of one molecule and
negative Oxygen, Flourine and Nitrogen of another molecule is clled Hydrogen
Bonding.
(54).HYBRIDIZATION:.

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The mixing of different atomic ortitals to produce the same number if equivalent
orbitals, having same shape and energy id called Hybridizition.
Sp3 Hybridizaition gives Tetrahedral geometry with bond angle 1090.28 .
Such as in CH4, CCl4 etc....
Sp2 Hybridizaition gives trigonal geometry with bond angle 1200. Such as
in, C2H4 BF3 etc….
Sp Hybridizaition gives Liner geometry with bond angle 1800. Such as in,
C2H2 CO2 etc….
(55).SIGMA BOND
The bond which is formed due to linear or Head to Head overlapping of atomic
Orbitals.
(56).PI- BOND:.
The bond which is formed due to side to side or parallel overlapping of atomic
orbitals.
(57).SPECIFIC HEAT:.
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of one kg mass of a
substance by one kelvin is called Specific Heat.
(58).MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT:.
The amout of heat required to raise the tempratrue of one mole of the Substance
through 1 kelvin is called Molar Specific Heat.
(59).LATENT HEAT OF FUSION:
The quantity of heat required to change 1kg of solid to liquid state to change the
temperature is called Latent heat of fusion.
(60). LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURIZATION.
The amount of heat needed to change one kg of liquid to vapour at a fixed
temperature is called latent heat of fusion.
(61). ISOBARIC PROCESS:.
The process which takes place at constant pressure is called Isobaric Process.
(62). ISOCHORIC PROCESS:.
The process which takes place at constant volume is called Isochoric process.
(63). ISOTHERMAL PROCESS.
The Process which takes palce at constant temperature is called Isothermal
Process.
(64). ADIABATIC PROCESS:.
The process which takes place at constant heat is called Abiabatic Process.
(63). ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
The Branch of Chemistry deals with the study of hydrocarbon Compounds and
their derivatives is called Organic Chemistry.

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(66).HOMO LOGOUS SERIES..
It is a Family of similar organic compounds which follow a regular structural
pattren, in which each successive member has difference of >CH2
(67). FUNCTIONAL GROUP:.
Functional group is an atom or group of atoms present in a molecule which gives
the molecule unique character is called Functional Group.
(68). ISOMERISM:.
Isomerism is the existence of two or more compounds, having same molecular
formula but different structural formula.
(69). SATURATED HYDROCARBONS:.
Those Hydrocarbon which contain only single bond means valency of carbon is
fully utilized Alkanes are the example of Saturated Hydocarbon.
(70). UNSATURETED HYDROCARBONS:.
Those Hydrocarbon which contain double or triple bonds means the valency of
carbon is not fully Utilized.
Alkenes and Alkynes are
Example of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
(71). HARD WATER:
Water which contain dissolved impurities of Hydrogen carbonates, Chlorides and
Sulphates of Calcium and magnesium is called hard water.
Hard water does not give lather with soap.
(72). SOFT WATER:.
Water which contain dissolved impurities but in small quantity and easily
produces lather with soap is called soft water.
(73). HYDROLYSIS:.
The Reaction of cation or anion (or both) with water so as to change its pH is
known as hydrolysis.
(74). SOLUTION:..
Homogeneous mixture of two or more Substances is called Solution .
Example.Suger + water = solution.
(75). SUSPENSION:.
Hetrogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called Suspension.
Example: Sand+ water = Suspension..

(76). UNSATURATED SOLUTION:…

A solution which contain less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve is called
Unsatureted solution..
(77).SATURATED:.

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A solution which cantains maximum amount of solute in a given solvent at room
temperature is called unsaturated solution.
(78).SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION:.
A solution which contains greater amount of dissolved solute than that present in
a saturated solution at given temperature.
(79).CRYSTALLIZATION:
The process in which dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms crystals is
called Crystallization.
(80).MOLARITY:
The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter (1 dm3) of solution is called
Molarity.
(81) MOLALITY:
The number of moles of solute dissolved per 1 kg (1000g) of solvent is called
Molality.
(82).ELECTROLYTE:.
The chemical compound which conducts electricity in molten condition through its
aqueous solution with chemical change is called Electrolyte.
(83).NON-ELECTROLYTE:..
The chemical compound which do not conduct electricity in molten or in aqueous
solution are called Non-Electrolytes such as sugar, pertrol ben zene etc..
(84).LE-CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE:
when a stress is applied to a system in equillibrium , the equilibrium Position
change So as to undo the effect of stress
constriants or stress means change in pressure, concentration or
temperature.
(a). EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION:
Increasing the concentration of reactants increase rate of forward reaction
increase , equilibrium shifts to right side and more product will form.
(b). EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE.
(1). FOR ENDOTHERMIC REACTION:.
If we increase the temperature more product will from more if we decrease
the temperature more reactant will form.
(2). FOR EXOTHERMIC REACTION:
If we decrease the temperature more product will form. if we increase the
temperature rate of backward reaction will increase and more reactants will
from.
(C). EFFECT OF PRESSURE:
Not e: Pressure effects only equilibrium of gases (not solid and liquid).
If volume is same both sides pressure will have no effect.
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 If we have a reaction 2NH3 ⇌ N2+3H2 in this condition increase in pressure
will decrease yield of product because volume on product side is greater.
If we have a reaction PCl3 +Cl2⇌ PCl5 in this condition increase in pressure
will increase yield of product.
(85). BOYLE'S LAW:
The volume of given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at
constant temperature. Mathematically PV= k (product of pressure and volume is
always constant at constant temperature.
(86).CHARLE'S LAW:
Volume of given mass of a gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature at
constant pressure.
V
Mathematically: T =k (Ratio of volume to its temperature is always constant at
constant pressure.).
(87).AVOGADRO'S LAW:
Equall volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain same
number of molecules.
(OR).
Volume of gas is direcetly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas at
constant temperature and pressure.
(88).GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION:
Rate of diffusion of gas is inversally proportional to the square root of density of
that gas at constant temperature and pressure.
(89). DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE.
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressure of the
gases in the mixture.
(90).HENRY'S LAW :
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of gas.
(91).HOOK'S LAW:
Within elastic limit stress is directly proportional to the strain.
(92).PASCAL'S LAW.
The pressure exerted by a liquid is transmitted equally in all direction.
(93).ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE.
When an object is immersed in a liquid an upthrust force acts on it which is equal
to the weight of the object.
(94).OHM'S LAW:
Current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across its ends provided physical conditions of the conductor
constant.
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(95).COULOMB`S LAW:
The force of attraction or repulsion between the charges is directly proportional
and the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional the square of
the distance between them.
(96).LAW OF UNIVESAL GRAVITATION:
Everybody in the universe attract another body with a force which is directly
proportional of the product of their masses and Inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their centre’s .
(97). NEWTON`S FIRST LAW OF MOTION:
In the absence of an external force, a body at rest will remain at rest and a body
in motion will continue its motion in straight line .
(98).NEWTON`S SECOND LAW OF MOTION:
When a force is applied on a body it produce acceleration in it which is directly
proportion to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of body.

(99). NEWTON`S THIRD LAW OF MOTION:

Every action has reaction which is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
(100). EXOTHEMIC REACTION:
The reaction in which heat in given out is called exo thermic reaction
(101) ENDO THERMIC REACTION
The reaction in which heat is absorbed is called endo thermic reaction .
(102).TYPES OF CHEMCAL REACTION :
There are five types of chemical reaction
1).Addition reaction
2).decomposition reaction
3). Single Displacement reaction
4). Double Displacement reaction
5). Combustion reaction
(104).COMBUSTION REACTION:
A reaction in which substance reacts with oxygen with the rapid release of heat
and flame is called combustion reaction

Example. burning of methane

CH4 +2O2 = CO2+2H2O
(105).MOLE:
When atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass f a substance is expressed
in grams is called a mole.
(106).AVOGADRO`S NUMBER:
One mole of any substance contains 6.02×1023 particles
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(107).NEUTRALLIZATION REACTION:
The reaction in which acid and base react with each other to form salt and water
is called neutrallization reaction
(108) BUFFER SOLUTION
The solution which tends to resist change in its pH is called buffer solution.
(109).CATALYST:.
The substance which alters the rate of chemical reaction but does not take part in
chemical reaction and remains unchanged at the end of chemical reaction is
called Catalyst.
(110).LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS:
Mass can never be reacted nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
(or).
In any chemical reaction initial weight of reacting Substances is equal to final
weight of product.
(111). LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:.
The energy can be change from one to another form but total amount of energy
remains constant.
(112). STRESS:.
Force acting per Unit area is called Stress unit of stress is Pascal.
(113).STRAIN:.
The relative deformation produced in the body on applying Stress is called strain.
(or).
It is the ratio of change in length to the original length.
(114). YOUNG`S MODULUS:.
The ratio of the stress to the longitudinal strain is called Young’s Modulus .
(115. ALLOTROPY:.
The existence of an element in more than one forms in same physical state is
called allotropy.
(116. SQUARE:.
A close four side figure whose all sides are equal in length is called a square
Sum of angles of square is 360o
(117).RECTANGLE
A close four sided figure whose apposite sides are equal in length is called a
rectangle-
(118) RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE
A triangle whose one angle is equal to 900 is called Right angle
Triangle.

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(119). PYTHAGOROUS THEOREM:
In any right angled triangle square of Hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
square of two remaining sides.
H2 = P2 + B2..

* Symbols Full names Atomic Numbers and Atomic Masses of First 20

elements.*
S.no Symbol Full name Atomic number Atomic mass
1 H Hydrogen 1 1
2 He Helium 2 4
3 Li Lithium 3 7
4 Be Beryllium 4 9
5 B Boran 5 10
6 C Carbon 6 12
7 N Nitrogen 7 14
8 O Oxygen 8 16
9 F Fluorine 9 19
10 Ne Neon 10 20
11 Na Sodium 11 23
12 Mg Magnesium 12 24
13 Al Aluminum 13 27
14 Si Silicon 14 28
15 P Phosphorus 15 31
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16 S Sulphur 16 32
17 Cl Chlorine 17 35.5
18 Ar Argon 18 40
19 K Potassium 19 39
20 Ca Calcium 20 40

* Formula and Molar masses of Some Compounds*

s.no Compound Formula Molar mass

1 Methane CH4 16g
2 Ammonia NH3 17g
3 Water H 2O 18g
4 Nitric Acid HNO3 63g
5 Glucose C6H12O6 180g
6 Sugar C12H22O11 342g
7 Urea NH2-CO-NH2 60g

Mathematical Formulae:

1). Area of circle = πr 2

2). Area of square = side × side
3). Area of rectangle = L×W
4). Circumference of Circle =2 πr
4
5). Volume of Sphare = 3 πr 3
d
6). Radius = 2
7). Diameter = 2r
8).Surface area of sphare =4 πr 2
1
9). Volume of a Cone = 3 πr 2h
10). (a-b) (a +b) = a2 –b2

EQUATIONS OF MOTAION.

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 1). Vf = Vi + at first equation of motion
1
2). S = Vit + 2
at2 second equation of motion
3). 2as= Vf2 – Vi2 third equation of motion
Note: Dear readers these notes consists of short definations, you should go
through details of all these topics using different books thanks .

****The End****

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