Series & ProgressionsDISCLAIMER “The content provided herein are created and owned by various authors ard licensed to Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and liabilities in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible towards, without limitation, any claims, liabilities, damages or suits which may arise with respect to the same.”Series & Progressions Introduction: “ ctction = lC A sequence is a set of terms which may be algebraic, real or complex numbers, written . 4, 6, according to definite rule and Note the series thus formed is called Minimum number of terms in a sequence a progression. should be 3. Arithmetic Progression : It is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a fixed number. Fixed number is called the common difference. If ‘a’ is the first, term and ‘d’ is the common difference, then the standard appearance of an A. P. is a,(a+d),(a+2d),..,(a+m—1d) nM term = T,=a+(n—1)d Note: If d > 0 = increasing A. P. If d <0 > decreasing A. P. If d = 0 > all terms remain same Sol. T= 17> at8d =17 A) T,= 32 = attod = 32 ii) di) - @ Bd=15=>d=3 Putting in (1) a+5(Q)=17>a=2 at+i9d + 19(3) = 59 now, T, Sol. t.=q>at(p-d=q tr=p2at(q-td =p @- Gi) q-p=(-a)dQ.3 Sol. Q4 Sol. Q5 Sol. d=-1 from (1), a+ (p - 1)(-1) =q>a=ptq-1 Now teat(r-Nd= (P+ q- Nt (r-Y-) =ptq-r In an A. P. if a, + a, - a,= 10 and a,+ a, = 17, then find the 1" term and the common difference a, +a,-a,=10 (a+ d) + (a+ 4d) - (a + 2d) = 10 a+ 3d =10 Ai) a,+a,=17 (a+ d) + (a+ 8d) =17 2a+9d =17 wail) Gi) - 2 « (i) 3d =-3 > d=-1,a=10- 3d=13 If pt, q® & r term of AP are respectively a, b and c, then prove that a(q - 1) + b(r-p) +c(p- q)=0 T,2A+(p-1)D=a (i) T>A+Q@-)D=b T>At(r-1)D=c @ - Gi) >(P-q) O=a-b (i) - Gi) > Q- 1) D=b-c (i) -@ >(@-p)D=c-a a(q - 1) + blr ~ p) + c(p - Q) c(a-b) Do =1{ab-actbe-ab+ac-be} = 0 Hence proved. Oo if a, b,c, d are distinct integers in an A.P. such that d = a? + b? + c?, then find the value of a+b+c+d. letb=a+a,c=at+t2a,d=a+3a now d=a?+ b?+ c? a+3a=a?+(at+a)?+(at 2a)? a+ 3a = 3a?+ Gaa + Sa? = 5a? + 3(2a - 1a + a(3a - 1) = 0 Ai) nowa ec R=>D20 = 9(2a ~ 1)?~ 4.5.a(3a - 1) 20 => 36a? - 36a + 9 ~ 60a’ + 20a>0 => 24a7+16a-9<012 12 “ae | hence a=0 or -1 = +4[=f 20 but for a = 0, a = 0 or 2 which is not permissible hencea=-1>a S (Rejected) a=-1b=0,c=1,.d=2 >Patbtc+d=2 Sum of nterms of an A. P.: s, =$[2a+(n-1)d] Ss, Flat Qwherec=a+(n—1)e HIGHLIGHTS ABOUT AN A.P. (i) tfeach term ofan AP. is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by the same non zero number, then the resulting sequence is also an AP. (ii) Three numbers in AP can be taken asa - d, a, a+ d; four numbers in AP can be taken as a-3d,a-d,a+d,a+ 3d; five numbers in AP can be taken as a-2d, a-d, a,a+d,a+2d& six terms in AP can be taken as a - 5d, a - 3d, a-d,atd,a+3d,a+5detc. (iii) The common difference can be zero, positive or negative. (iv) The sum of the two terms in an AP equidistant from the beginning & end is constant and equal to the sum of first & last terms. (v) If the number of terms in an A.P. is even then take it as 2n and if odd then take it as (2n41) (vi) For any series T,= $,- S,,, forn>1. (vii) If a, b, ¢ are inA.P. => 2b=atc Points to Remember!!! @ Sum of first n(n+1) natural numbers is Gi) Sum of first n odd natural numbers is n? (ii) Sum of first n even natural is n(n +1)Q1 The first term of an AP is 5, the last is 45, and the sum 400, find the number ] of terms and the common difference. Sol. Givena=5 C sat(n-1)d=45 -(1) Also, S, = Sfa+ qa $(60) = 400 n=16 number of terms = 16 from (1) 5+(16- d= 4530-40 15 wie (9,2. The sum of first 3 terms of an AP is 27 and the sum of their squares is 293 then find S, Sol. a+ (a+d) + (a+ 2d)=27 = 3{a+d)=275a+d=9 ol) now, a? + (a + d)? + (a + 2d)? = 203 (@-d)? + 9 + (94d)? = 293 243 + 2d? = 293 = 2d?=50 = 25> from (1) itd itd Now, fora=4,d=5>5,= S[e+(n-1)5]= 3(3+5n) For a=tdd=6 =, =2[28+(n-1)(-6)] =2(33-5n) © Inan AP of which ‘a’ is the 1" term, if the sum of the 1" p terms is equal to aq(p + 2) zero, show that the sum of the next q terms is =f 7 = Sol. Givens, = 0 B[2a+(p—1)d] =0 = 2a+(p-1)d=0 d= ‘I (1) now sum of next q terms + T,ast.(q terms) are +pd) +(q-1)d]1 Rio [22229] --oo(228) p-1 p-1 O.4 Find the value of the sum §° k cosk® Sol. sum $= 0c0s0° + tcost? + 2cos2" + dc0s3° +... + 369c08359° 'c0s359° = cos1° cos358° = cos?” cosi8t° = cosi79° hence $= 360{cost?+cos7°+...4.cos179°} + (cost80*)180 n=179, 0 =1,B=1 0s (90°) - 180 - 180 0.5 nan ap if T, =1/n and T, = t/m then show that S,., = (m+) Sol. t,=a+(m—1d -2 fl) Tynat(n-t}d=* (2) a -@) (m-a)d= de from (1) at(m-yteatoas mann1 sas mn now Sy_ = 7 {2a + (mn —1)d) 2 mn{ 2 -mn-1)_1 ame = 2 (mn41) 2 Imn’ mn f 2 a | How many terms of the sequence, 2041944182 + .» Must be taken so that their sum is 300. Explain the reason of double answer. Sol. Sequence is AP with a=20 and d=19. let number of terms = n 6 he S, = 300 =—[2a -1)\d ence S, Baa +(n—t)d] f, a 2 > B{40-(0-92] = 300 > o(20-23")- 300 3 = n(61-n) = 900 =n? ~6In+900 =0 = (n - 36)(n - 25)=0 = n = 25, 36 This is decreasing AP hence T, to T,, terms are po Hence S,,= 300. After this terms are getting reduced so sum will be increasing but when negative terms add up in the sequence, then sum will again get reduced and we get S,, = 300 again. (0.7 The sum of n terms of two AP's are in the ratio of 7n#1 : 4n + 27, find the ratio of their 11 terms. $[2a+(n-1)d] a4 Sol. Given wy $ [20 +(n-10] 2a+(n—1)d _ 7n+1 Qa4(n—1)a 4ne27for T,we have PD t0 n= 21 Put in (1) put n = 21 B410d Ty 72) +1 148 4 a+id’ T,” 4(21)+27 m3 If $,,S,,8;, .. S, are the sum of n terms of ‘p’ arithmetic series whose first terms are 1,2,3,4.... and whose common differences are 1,3,5,7.... prove that S\+ Sy+ S.+..48,= 5% (np + 1) Sol, Clearly S= Bl2x1+ (9-1)4} Ss, = Sf2x2 + (n-1).3} s, = {2x3 + (n-1) 5} +8, =F {2xp + (n-1).(2p -1)} $45, +..8, = F224 a4 tp)e(n- (14348 +...+ (2p-N)] =3f2 Peto -ayert = Finp+a HP. 0.9 nan ap s, = q and S,= p then show that S,,, = - (p +4) Sol. s, = Sfra+(p-1d}=q n> ap+p(p-)S=4 of) also S,= p = Ma+(a-t)a}=p = aq+q(a-1)$ = (2) (1) - (2) d => a(p - q) + {(p? - )-(p-a)} a (p- a) dL > at(ptaet) 5 = - = 2at(ptq-t)d = - 2 (3) now rsa = s = PD ras (orang) = Beda =-(p+q) HP. © © Let a,,2,,ag,..4%99 be an arithmetric progression with a, =1 and S, = Sa, 1 p<100. For any integer n with 12 hence sequence is 11, 17, 27, 37, ..., (where T,= S.) (0.74 Evaluate : $=100? - 997 + 98? - 977+ 967- 957+...+27- 7? Sol, $ = (100-99)(100+99) + (98-97)(98+97) S = 100+99+98+97+...+241 (2-1)(241) =100x a = 5050 | Suppose a,,a,,... are in A.P and S, denotes the sum of the first k terms of 2 this AP. If for allm, ne N, then prove that 2m = (+1) mm any (2n+1) Sol, Sua (0/22 +(n-14] _ nt “'s, (m/2)[2a, +(m-1)d dat (n-Id 2a,+(m—1)d_m+ In (1) replace n> 2n41 ajtnd _(anea) ™>2MH a,+md- (2m+1) Hence, (Let ay darnndse be an AP, S= Dia and T= Saian If ag =27 and S-2T=75, then a, is equal to (a) 87 (8) 47 (©) 42 (0) 62 Sol. © = 2i22, +(30-1)d] 2 S = (2a, + 29d]15, ot) Tsa,tayta,t..+any 15, = gee + (15-1) 2d] 2T =15([2a, + 28d] (2) ()-(2) §- 27 = 150) =75>d=5 Also a, =27 > a+dd=27 > a,+4(5)=27 a=7 =a, +9d=7+9(5) =52 O.17 Ifa, b,¢ are in AP then prove that b + c,¢ + a,a+ b are also in AP. Sol.» abe in AP = -a,-b,-c in AP add (a + b + c) in all terms> (atb+c)-a(atb+c)-b,(atbtc-e in ap =bteectaatb in ap | fa, b,c are in AP then prove that (b+c)’ —a?,(¢ +a)’ —b’,(a+b)’—c? are also in AP Sol, a,b,c in ap = -2a, -2b , -2¢ in AP Add (a+ b +c) (b + c)-a, (C + a)-b, @+b)-c in AP Multiply bya +b +c (b+ c)'—a',(c+a)'—b’,(a +b) —c? in AP S a a If a’,b’,c? are in AP then prove that ——,——, —— are in AP. b+e'c+a'ath a?,b?,c? in AP add (ab + be + ca) to each term = (a+ b)(e +a), (a+ b\(b +0), (b+ Oe +a) in AP Divide by (a + b) (b +c) (c + a) > 1 1 > ——.——.—— _inap bi+c'’c+a’atbh a2 § © sein ap If a2,b?,c? are in AP then prove that st Q.20 p bee'c+a'a+b Sol, = a’.b’.c? in ap add (ab + be + ca) to each term =(a + b)(e + a), (a + b)(b +c), (b + c)(c + a) in AP divide by (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 1 bic’c+a’atb in ap multiply by (a + b +c) = ato+e) BH(C+a) c+ (a+b), bre cta a+b a b me Bt in ap bec c+a ‘a+b AP subtract 1 s # b c bec'c+aatb in ap 12,ARITHMETIC MEA! Consider n positive quantities a, a,, ay... a _ tat ta, a When three quantities are in AP. then the middle one is called the Arithmetic Mean of the other two. To insert ‘n’ AM's between a and b. Let A,A,Ay.uA, are n Arithmetic means between a and b beat(nt+2-1)d =ntimes Arithmetic mean of 1* and last term. Qi If 101 arithmetic means and are inserted between 1 and 99 then find their sum. Sol, Sum ofall arithmetic means = 101 x (mean of 1 and 99) torx(1429 2 101 x 50 = 5050 " Q2 Insert 20 AM's between 4 and 67. SOL. 4.4, Ay Aye oon Age 67 in AP common difference d= =. 20+1 #21 A=4+d=7 A. 442d =10 Aj= 4 + 20d = 64 13.Q.3 If p arithmetic means are inserted between 5 and 41 so that the ratio Aa <2 then find the value of p. a, 5 Sol. 5,4,4,,A,..... Ap, 41 Q.4 Sol. common difference d= 41-8. 36. pet p+ Ar 22 5a, = 28, A, 5 ™ = 5(5+ 3d) = 2(5 +(p-1)d) = 25+18d=10+(2p-2)d = (2p-17)d=15 36 -17) 38 at = (@p- 17) 55 215 = 12(2p-17) =5(p +1) = 19 =209 p= A number sequence a,,a),a),....a, is such that a,=0 ; [a|=[a +1]; la] =la+t] s- la Prove that the arithmetic mean of a,,4,,..2, is not less than + Ha +1] on squaring = a} = a? + 2a, +1 similarly, a +2a, +1 3 + 2a, +1 a3, = al +2a, +1 on adding all equations, we get a2, =a? +2(a,+a,+..¢a,)+n = 2a, +a; +...+a,)+n20 tay tintay a Hence Proved. 14.General Illustration on A.P. .5 tf tog,2,t0g, (2-5) & tee,(2"-) are in AP determine x. Sol. aog, (2" -5) =log,2 +log, ( - 5] = log, (2"-5)° = to - 3) let = => (t-§)' =2t-7 = t?-12t+32<0 = (t-4)(t-8)=0 22 =4,2°=8 =x = 2 (rejected as 2"- 5<0),x=3 =x 23 Q.G solve the equation 2142-2, 4103 x x x Sol, *{1-2+94..+(e-n}=3 > {esas xl 2 The fourth power of common difference of an arithmetic progression with integer entries is added to the product of any four consecutive terms of it prove that the resulting sum is the square of an integer. Sol. Let 4 consecutive terms in AP are a - 3d, a - d,a+d, a + 3d where common difference = 2d el now required exp. = (a-3d)(a - d) (a+d)(a + 30) + (2¢)* = (a? - 9d?) (a? - d?) + 16d*=a‘ - 10a"d? + 25d* = (a -5a°)’ = {(a-3d) (a +30) + (2a = (lh +8) = (Integer)’ Find the condition that the roots of equation x? ~px? + gx—r=0 may be in AP. Sol, Let rootsa-f,a,a+p Sum of roots = 3a = p > a= p/3 a8 pa + qa = 2p*+1pq-r=0 a "3 - = 2p -9pq+27r =0 required condition | If the first 3 terms of an increasing AP are the roots of the cubic 4x¢ — 24x? + 23x +18 = 0 then find T,. Sol, Let roots are a - B. a, a + f (in AP) (B > 0) Sum of roots = 3a a 6 a=2 Product of roots = ata - f)a +B) = 2(4 - p) = 2 24-p== 16.If the sum of the roots of the equation ax’ +bx +¢ =0 is equal to the sum of the square of their reciprocals, then show that be”,ca?,ab? are in AP. Sol. Let roots «8 now given that a+ $= ap a? +B («8)" = (a+B)(aB) = (a +B)’ - 208 > a4B hence be?,ca?,ab? are in AP are in AP. Prove that saltra-ra} Sol. We know that a, +a, =a,+a,, 5a, +a,, 5... =k(let) 0) Given ayayay, now LHS is 7.| LetaP (ad) denote the set of all the terms of an infinite arithmetic progression with first term a and common difference d > 0. If AP(1;3) AP(2;5) 9 AP(3:7) = AP(a;d) then atd equals. Sol. Common terms of two or more than two APs also form an AP whose common difference is LCM of common differences of these APs now APC; 3) = {1,4,710131619,22,25....} AP(2 ; 5) = {2,712,17,22,27,32,37,42,...} AP(3 ; 7) = {3107,24,31,38,...} first common terms in all these APs will be 52 hence a= 52 d = LCM (3, 5, 7) = 105 hence a+d = 524105 = 157 Let a,,a,,...a, be a given AP whose common difference is an integer and S, =a, +a, +... 4a. If a,=1,a, = 300and16 b? = ac 20.Q1 The sum of first 3 consecutive terms of a GP is 19 and their product is 216. find S,, Also compute S, if it exists. Sol. Letterms are a/ faa Given product xouce =216 > a= 6 >a=6 a also sum > +0 +0B= 19 5 6 put a =6 then see 36+ 6B + R= > 6-138 +6 => 6? - OB - 4p + => 3R(2f-3) - 2(28-3) = 0 => (3f-2)(2B-3)=0. 3 B= or 3 hence numbers 198 0 Case-Il: GP 4, 6, 9 ... a=4are3 2 21.S_ will not exist as r= 3 >1 ©.2 inaGe find a, if a,+a, +a, =13 anda? +a3 +a} =91 Sol. tet a, =ay,a, 24,7 now a, +a, +a, 13 = atartar =13 > ater?) =13 =A) Also, a? +a3 +a? = 91 > at eat? pairt 91 2 a(l4rtr)=91 (2) (2) + ay a(itrer)(t-r+?) 43%7 see ee ai(t+rer), 13) tort? 7 ° Taree 3 313-13 +137 = 7+ r+ 7 > 6r-20r+6=0 23 -10+3=0 =(@r-1)(F-3)=05 tepees from (1) itretoa(tetst)s3a,29 3 3°9 if r=39a,(1+3+9)=13a,=1 22.a, = 1(3) If sinx, sin?2x and cosx - sindx form an increasing geometric sequence, find the numerical value of cos*2x + cos2x. Also find the common ratio of geometric sequence. Sol. As sinx, sin’2x,cosx sin4x are in GP = (sin?2x}’ =(sinx). (cosx sindx) = (sin’2x)’ = (sinx cosx) (2sin2x cos2x) = (sin*2x}" = (sin?2x) (cos2x) = (sin’2x} {sin’2x -cos2x} = 0 = sin2x = 0 (not possible), 1 - cos’2x - cos 2x = 0 = c0s*2x + cos2x =1 ~) joy? = £08% sindx {common ratio)’ = £°5% Sindx ‘sinx cosx 2sin2x_cos2x sinx osx 2(2sinx Cosx)cos2x sinx 4cos'x cos2x = 2(1 + cos2x)cos2x 2(cos’2x +cos2x) = 2(1) [Using (1)] {7 (as GP is increasing) 23.4 The sum of an infinite number of terms of a GP is 15 and the sum of their squares is 45. Find the series. Sol. tet GP be aarar’,.. sum of infinite terms = = a=18(1-r) wll) squared sequence: a?,a°?,a%,... sum = Spa AB a 245(141) (1-1) a2) (+2) 225(1-r) (1+r)(t=r) (141) =5(1-r) 3 r= 4 r=? 3 from (1) => anie(t- Hence, series is 2 ,(2) 5, 5.5, 5(2) eae Ifaand pare the roots of equation 375x? - 25x-2 0, then lim Ya! +i is equal to a 29 (A) —— (8) — a 346 ®) 358 Sol. © p= 25-4, p= 22 375 «15 375 Now given exp. is Sa’ + Sp Slat at or...) + B+ fs pr.) 1 ce) + Og 6 24,a, 8 a(1-B)+B(1-a) = 4-a'1-B (1-a)(1-B) Lo+8)-208 [25 22) > 1-(a+B)+ap 375 375 (-2-4) 375 «375 291 348° 12, ©. Use infinite series to compute the rational number corresponding to 0.423 Sol. vet x =0.4232323... ).4 +0.023+0.00023+...00 xe 4 23 4g 28g 28 coe 10° "10° 23 10° ce 10° 2.3 2. 2 419 xo 2 73 2 2 5" 10°99 5990 990 OT Find the sum : $ = 9 + 99 + 999 + ...+ 999...9(n times) Sol. = (10-1)+ (10? -1)+(10" -1) +... + (10° -1) $=(10+10? +10°+...4+10")-n 10(10" —1) 9 $=—(10"" - 9n-10) 3 (©. Find the sum : $= 0.9 +0.99 +0.999 +... upto n times Sol. 5-229 2%, 10 10? 10° (10-1) | (10- ), (10° -1) (10" -1) + tent 10 10° 10° 10° =(1-2)+(1- yee fe 0 0 10 25.Sol. Solve the following equations for x and y log,x +log,x + log,x+.. =y¥ 14345 Given equation 1 1 log.x + Flog.x + 7 log.x +. Teal log, x {142 +a ti = = toga firdedentey = logx{— fey 1 a1 2 y log,x =» ol = logx = 5 ) Second equation L654 (ay +1) Bed Hoge => y(3+2y) = dog,x .y* > 2 +2y=22y'= y?—2y? -3y=0 = y(y?—2y-3)=0 = y(y +1)(y-3)=0 >y=0,4,3 Asy EN, Soy=3 3 from (1) log,x = 3 axe a2 26.© For any three positive real numbers a, b and ¢, 9(25a” +b”) + 25(c? — 3ac) = 15b(3a +c) then (A) b, ¢ and a are in GP (8) b, ¢ and a are in AP (C) a,b and care in AP (0) a, b and ¢ are in GP Sol. © Given equation is (18a)" + (36)° + (Se)* - (15a) (Bb) ~ (36) (Se) ~ (18a)(5e) = 0 = 18a = 3b = 5c =k(let) = b,c,a in AP “| Ifa, b and be three distinct real numbers in GP and a +b + ¢ = xb then x cannot be (aa (8) -3 (C) -2 (2) 2 Sol. © Let b = ar, c = ar? (r 2 #1) Now, a+b+c=xb >atart+ar=xar Sltrt+ Peer _() > 41 - xr + 120. Now D20 = (1-xf -4(1)20 > (1-x+2)(1-x-2)20 > (x-3)(x4+1) 20 > xe (-~, =] U[3, 2) from (I) ifr=1=%=3 ifr=-1ax=-1 clearly, x € (-2, -1) VQ, «)| Find four successive terms of a GP of which the 2% term is smaller than the / first by 35 and the 3" term is larger than the 4 by 560. Sol, Let terms are a, ar, ar, ar? given a-ar= 35 O08 es Sol. tet a(t-r)=35 =) and ar? -ar? = 560 ar’ (1-1) = 560 (2) @:0) Ze = =16 r= i4 35 Ifr=4 then as-—> r jen a=-3 Terms are —25 =140 -560 -2240 3° 3 3 r= ~4then a= 27 Terms are 7, -28, 112, -448 a" ,r'*,s terms of an AP are in GP show that p-a, q-r, -s are in GP. at(p-1)d=A (1) a+(q-1)d=AR (2) a+(r-1)d= AR’ (3) at(s-1)d=AR’ ofA) () - 2) = @ ~ q)d = AVI-R) (2) - (3) > @—- Nd = ARGI-R) (3) ~ (4) = (r ~ s)d = AR*1-R) Clearly, p - qq - 1, - sare in GP O14 If loga, Logb, loge are in AP then prove that a, b, ¢ are in GP. Sol, Given loga.togb.loge in AP = Dlogb = loga + loge = logb? =logac = b=ac => a,b, c are in GP 28.Q.:15 If 8,885, terms are 1,2,3, tes respectively then find the value of °S? Sol. For Siantret Fensry(ansy)—1 GEOMETRIC MEAN : Consider n positive quantities a, a,. a, GM. = (a, a, a To insert ‘n’ GM's between aand b Let a and b are two positive numbers and G,,G,,.4G, are ‘n’ GM's then (2 a) here Ts = (8) where G is G.M. between a and b Hence product of n GM's inserted between a and b is equal to the n® power of single GM between them. It may be noted that between two positive numbers AM2 GM .. and whose common ratios are Syun are the sums of infinite geometric series whose first iin — If a, b, ¢ are three positive numbers in GP then b is called geometric mean between a and cand b?= ac.QA Insert 4 GM’s between 5 and 160. Sol. Let 5,6,,6,,6,,6,,160 — in GP bYF_(160¥ _ a2 =(2F" = (182¥ - (a0) = 2 (TCP oe G=5r=10,6,=5°=40, GC, =5" = 20,6, = 5r* = 80 (9.2 IFAM between a and b is 15 and GM between a and b is 9. Find the number. Sol. 22? 215a+b=30 Q Jab =9. > ab=81 =(2) 81 by (1) and (2) a+—= 30 a a? 30a +81 = 0 > (a-27)(a-3)=0 a=3,27 Ifa =3 then b= 27 a= 27thenb=3 9.2. Hf sum of two numbers a and b (a > b) is n(n > 2) times their GM then show that a:ben+ nt —4:n—vhr-4 Sol. Given AM = 9 GM bin atb=nvab = 24 2vab 2 by using componendo and dividendo a+b+2Vab _n+2 a+b-2Jab n-2 -($8) n42 Hence proved. 30.O5 Sol. Qe Sol. If a, b, ¢ are in GP and x, y are respectively the AM’s between a, b and b, ¢ respectively, then prove that 141.2 nga ae tye? and24fe2 tye aety Let bearcear and x= 21> 28 (444) 22 yo P28 oir) gon, Dede 2g 2 3 re ee 6 Ty" alten)“ ar(ten) ar(ter) arb 2a, _2ar? “xy attr)” ar(t+r) etter Hence proved. Ter Tr If ais the AM of b and c and the two geometric means between b and c | are G andG, then prove that G? +@! = 2abe Clearly, a Pf spec =a 0) now G andG, are GM's between b and c = b,G,,G,,¢ + in GP = G=bG, and? =Ge and GG, =be G =bG.G, and G} =6,G,c Gi =b(be) and G3 = (be}< G +62 = bie + be? = be(b +c) = abe Hence proved. If a, b,c, d are four positive real numbers such that abcd = 1. Prove that (1 +a) (1 +b) (1+ 0) (1+ d)216 ‘: AM 2 GM 2 Bales tarne 0) Similarly 1+b 2 2b 14022e 14220 a.Q7 Sol. Sol. (Qs Sol. ‘on multiplying we get (1+ a) (1+ bY + (1 + d) 2 16 Yabed = (1+ a) (1 +b) (14 ot +d) 216 Hence Prove If x>0,y > 0,2> 0 then prove that (x + y) (y + 2)(z + x) 2 Bxyz AM>GM => ad iy => x+y 22hy Similarly, y+z 2 2yyz ztx22vex on multiplying we get = (x+y) (y + 2)(@ + x) 2 Bxyz Hence proved. If the sum of first 20 terms of the series log .x +log .x+log , x +... is 460, # 8 # then x is equal to we (7 (er (7 (8) sum = 2og,x + log,x + 4log,x +... > log,x{2+344+...+21} = 460 > ogo 2822 - 1)= 480 = (log,x) (230) = 460 = log,x = 23 x= 7 Prove that a 4 ABC is equilateral if and only if tanA + tanB + tanC = 3¥3. Let A ABC is equilateral triangle then A = 8 = C = 60° = tanA + tanB + tanC = 3 tan60° = 33 Conversely, Let tanA + tan8 + tanc = 3y3 = tana: tanB- tanc = 33 = none of tanA, tanB, tanC can be negative so applying AM 2 GM tanA + tanB+tanC 3 tanA + tan + tan€ = tanA.. tanB . tan€ = a(let) 2 {tana.tanBtanc}? 32.Lg = £208 =X 2007227 3 a a2av3 So, the equality holds if and only if tanA = tanB = tanC => A= B = C => AABC is equilateral. Hence Proved. ont (0.10 Ifa +b +c=3anda,b, care positive then prove that atb’c? <=> Sol. Using AM > GM Ce ee 322 373 *2*2, (ad’c T 23" y atb%c? 9? => eatee)) 5, aie =F xotx3? > arb’c? a 24s 7 = ate’? <2 Hence Proved. (0.17 if nis positive integer, show that 2" > 1+(2n+1)2" Sol. using AM = GM 142427 +2) +...42” 2 amycty Meese SE et 5 (12.2.2) (nt) at } (Here numbers are unequal hence equality will not hold) =A aon (2n+1) ang at = 2! -1>(2n+1) 277) ) = 2" >1+4(2n+1)(2") Hence proved. (0,12 In the equation x* + px? + qx? + rx 4 5 = 0 has four positive real roots then find the minimum value of pr. Sol. Let roots are a,b, ¢ and d thena+b+c+d=-p ab +ac +ad + be + bd cd =q abe + abd + acd + bed =~ abcd = AM 2 GMaxbicta, (abcd) Batbict daa >- p24)" (1) ° sbs:vabd acts bed » (arp'erd)t = abc + abd + acd + bed = 4(5)* = - > 4(5)24 AQ) by (1) & (2) (Ce) CO), = 46.46") = 16(5) PF n= BO alse > |> If a,b, care positive real numbers, then prove that [(+a)(1+b)(1+0)] > 7atbtc Sol, Using AM > GM arbtcrabetert ea abe 2 (atbtet)i 1+atb+c+ab+be+ca+abe 7 = [(1+a)(1+b)(14¢)]' > 7’atb'c* Hence Proved. >(atb*et)? ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (AGP) ‘Standard appearance of an AGP is S=a+(atd)r+(a+2d)r+(a+3d)r+.. (0.1 It fk] <1 then compute the sum : 14 2x +31? + 4x9 + ..00 Sol. tet Sa 14 2x+3x’ + 4x" +. xS= X+ 2K? +3 +... (1-x)S =14+x4 7 4294.. (i-xJse— 4 e(a-x)? =S= x (xy 34,0.2. fk] <1 then compute the sum : 143x +6x7 +102? +. Sol, Let S=143x+6x" + 10x" +... XS] X43 + Ox +. (1-x)S =14 2x 43x? + 4x? +.. (l-xJS=(1-x)? (from previous question) $= (1x)? 0.2 Find the sum to n terms and also S, of series dee. Sol. vet 3n-2) oF S, 4,3(;.1,1 ( az teg(tratatee ‘terms _(3n-2)+3474 2 eH 15 45138 5 (3) Ss. 35,7 ant + when ny then =1-=0 and also tants a hence S, 10°10 7 c 3, 33, 333, 3333 (.5 Find the sum ton terms and also find S_ for shite tae Sol, tets,- 2 (2.2) (2) (2 {e+e 3) |19 “ls 13 19 19°19 analat-(S)}ab-2) 10 1 a then (2) 20 ate when n. the (3) 0 a =0 hence S, 2-2 ag _ 38) 3l9 18. 54 MISCELLANEOUS SEQUENCES Type-1: Sequence dealing with En, In’, En? Ene nny) a(eety0nea Qin Proof: consider the identity kK? -(k-1)" = 3k? - 3k +1 fork =1= 1 - 09= 3(1) - 301) 41 k= 25 2- P= 3(2%) - 302) +1 k=3>3-2= 367) - 3) +1 k= nani. (n- 1)? =3(n%) - a(n) +1 n = 3(En?)-3(Ea)+n as spt = MOHAN +1)@ ee [et] a cen Proof: consider the identity kt (k-1)' = ale? - 6? + ake -1 for k=1=> 1! - O*= 4(1) - 6(1) + 4(1) -1 k= 2 = 24 — 14= 4(23) - 6(29) + 4(2) -1 k= 3 = 34 - 2= 43) - 6@%)+4@)-1 K =n snt— (a-t}t= 4(n%) - 6(n?) + 4(n) -1 nt = 4(En*)—6 (En?) + 4(En)—n 3 yn eM nty Note: @ Yla +b.) = Ya + yb, Gi) Ska, =kSa, (K € constant) Gi) Sewn =n Evaluate : SLE + En] Sol. Given equation is 4[n(n+1)(2n +1) 2 6 a inin+tfanet 2213 2(n+2) 3 = pn(+t) = in(aesyin+2) 38.Find the value(s) of the positive integer n for which the quadratic equation, oa is) ¥Yc+k-1)(c +k) = 10n has solutions a and a+ 1 for some a. Sol, Given equation is She? + (2k 1) +k(k-1)) =10n = PY14 xF (2k -1)4 F (le Ke) = 100 n(n+1)(2n+1)_v(n+t 6 2. nteety(mst_, Sot tne > nt enix nfa+ay(n-1) _ 3 Sn tne 10n > BW? +3nxtr? = 3x? + Snx + (A? — 31) x. difference of root {(a+1)- af =1 {(a+1) +a} -4(a+1( 731) 3 fy _4(@=31)_, 3 3) 0 0 (a +1, are its roots) O.2 Compute the sum : (31)? + (32)? + (83)? +...+ (60) Sol, Required sum is (1? +2? +3? +...4507)-(P +2? +...4307) 50.51.101_ 30.31.61 eg BO.BTAON... 6 6 = 334700.4 Compute the sum of the series whose n™ term is given by ~ Ty=a(n+1)(3n—1) Sol. sum 8, = 37 = dr(r44)(3r-1) S (a +2" =) = 339 +257 - Sr am int+1y In(n+1\(2n+1) a(n+1) ak) ae et n(n+1) ont (nat)? +2 (n+ (2net)- O.5 #47 +17 +.. (sum ton terms) Sol. 1, = (4-17 T, = 16? -8r+1 8, = 37, = S16 - ar ays erg tDAn+1) gaint) | n= Enins ty(ans) - nine en 2 If total number of runs scored in n matches is (7 )e"-9-2) where not, and the runs scored in the k® match are given by k-2"*™, where 1< k sn, find n. Sol. Given that ters am) 40.by comparison St! 2-n07 ‘Type-2 (Using method of difference) : if Te Te Ty are terms of a sequence then the terms T, - T,, T,-T,. T.- Ty sometimes are in AP and sometimes in GP. For such series we first compute their n® term and then compute the sum to n terms, using sigma notation (Ou) 6 +13 + 22 +33 +4 ..n terms Sol. tet $=6413+22433+..4+T, T, mt +7, s 6 +13 +22 +, O=64+74+9+N+4...- T, 7 terme a.Q2 Sol. Q.3 Sol. y 26+ OD pai+(n-22]=6+(n-H(n+8) Tam eanet s-3n- nfo t)n +), Aln# _ n(n+4)(2n-+1) mine tien 348415 +24 +... upton terms. Let $=34+8+15+24+...4T, S= 348415 +..4T 47, O=3+5+7+9+ T, % =S[20a)+(0-n2]=0 4+2n n(n+t)(2n+1) , n(n+t) n(n) 6 2 a(n+1)(2n+1) 6 5+7 +13 +314 85+ ...n terms Let $=5474134314854...4T, S= 0 §474134314+... +7, +7, 0=5+24+64+18+54+ (3-1), T=5+ =o 44 (3-1) s,= 31 =y97 +54 1(3°-1) +4n= (3 -1)44n 3-1 2 42.O48 245414 + 414122 +n terms Sol. tet S52+54144 414 1224...+T, S= 2454144414...4T 4 4Ty O=2+3+9+27+8I+ 0.5 u(ves}(u seg} 2 Sol, For the above series nefisls Meet a°F ‘Types-3 (Splitting the n" term as a difference of twe): @) He ries in which each term is composed of the reciprocal of the product of r consecutive terms of AP. 43.ES 1 z a 2345" 3.4. Sol. -=—__*_,__(+3)-r_ "ree (r+2)(F+3) 3r(r+t)(r+2)(r +3) p= __ "3a tes2) 3(r+ +243) 1 1 now T, — 23) 3(2.3.4) 1 1 *3a5a) 30348) 1 1 %* 37345) 3(456) 1 1 3n(nstj(n+2) 3(n+1)(n+2)(n+3) on addition we get s,=h a ameaesl °° 3 [12.3 (n+1)(n+2)(n+3) Gi) et at et. — OTe ser are 1 Sol. "Grae aea __(2r+3)-(2r-1) "(20 =1) (2 + 1)(2r +3) 1 1 FRNA FOr r+3) now 1 1 5" 703) 45) 1 1 “4(85) 4(67) %1 1 n= 415.7) 4(7.3) t= —_.-_____ °4(2n-1)(2n+1) 4(2n+1)(2n+3) eft. 1 __| "43 (an+1)(2n+3) 1 afi and s.-1{t-o- 2 (b) In this case a factor is missing oan wt a5 + sgt then split the n®* term and solve (+2) (+2) Sol = Fees ATHG FATS _ (#43) 41 ODED) ———— (r+) e(r42)(r+2)(r +3) (r+2)-6 (r+3)-r Saree oa aren) at. tg 1 _ 1 2 2(r42) | Se(reA(r+2) 3(r+A(r+2)(r+ 3) pet, ' 2() 2(3) © 3(1.2.3) 3(2.3.4) Tee gC, 2° 2(2) 2(4)” 3(2.3.4) 3(3.4.5) Fan yt dt 2(3)2(6)” 3(3.4.5) 3(4.5.6)1 1 1 1 To Finny 2(net) Baa dnney Jalna tyne) 1 a 1 Tee **2(n) 2[n+2)” 3n(n+H)(n+2) 4f,,1 1 1451 syieg-— tet ae 13 4j,-___ 4 35.7.(an+1) 1 a =if1-o}=2 also S_ 3t 0} 3 | 4 é 1 Bae (n+ 2)(n+ 3) 1 Fo (e+ 243) 46.43, 138 24246 2468 (v) Find S, for pe ES:Sa(2n=1) _1:3:5..(2041) 2-4-6..(2n) Find the sum of the n terms of the sequence 2: 4 3 +P 4 147 43% Sol. Wagar” Geree)aere) (eset "" 2(l+r+r) at tt ‘a(i-r+P) 2(erer)tat 23) 2(7) 1 1 2H 203) 1 1 2(1-nen') 2(1+n+0) x © Let f(x) denote the sum of the infinite trigonometricseries, f() = sin cin, Find f(x) (independent of n). If the sum of the solution of the equation f(x) = 0 lie in in the interval (0, 629) is 2kx, find k x ~ Let — 36 Sol. tet 5 then [email protected]@ = 2sin@ cosé = 2(1-cos"0)cose = 2cos@- 2cos’6 = 3[4cose ~ 4cos°e] = 3[cose ~ (4c08°0 - 3cos8)] = 3080 -cos30] hence 1, = sin sinX = tcos% cos Fg ge Now 43.1 1 = S_ = 5 (cos0- cosx] = 3(1- cosx) = f(x) now equation f(x) = 0 = cosx = x = 2n,4n,...200n Sum of all solutions = 2n(1+2+... +100) =n, 100-101 k= 5050 Type-4 Here is a series in which each term is composed of r factors in AP. the first factor of the several terms being in the same AP. Q 1.2.3.44+2.3.4.5 + 3.4.56 +... upto n terms Sol. T=r(r+1)(+2)(6+3) t = Beles N(r42\(r43){(e+4)-(r-9} t = Relea nea ayes 3y(r4 a) Lorde (eae +2) +3) 1 1 T= 3(-2-3-4-8)-2(0-1-2-3-4) 1 1 1, = FQ-3-4-6-6)-2(1-2-3.4-5) 1 1 T, = <(3-4-5-6-7)-—(2-3-4-5 6) 1 Zl 1-H ) T= Eolasd)(n+a)(n4a)(nea)-2(n-I)n(n+ in +2)(n+3) s, = EN(neqyin+2}(n+3}(0 +4) 49.Harmonic Progression (HP): ae S| A standard HP is +,— : u a’atd’at2d —— ‘A sequence is said to be in HP atn-a if the reciprocal of its terms are in AP. Noto: Gi) If the term of a HP is not defined this means that the corresponding term of the AP is zero. Gi) There is no general formula for finding the sum to n terms of HP. Gii) If a, b,c are in HP Jac 4a _a-b atc oc b-c if the 3, 6% and last term of a HP are 15 respectively, find the ols number of terms. Sol. O) (2) also T, 2-2 3 ——! 3 sas (nd 22 8) 203 as(n-1d 208 (2 -() > 3d=2>d=2/3 and an3-2d—9-$ S 203 5 (n-1)2 = 198 == 100 5 2 fi Sy (n-2 rom (3), 3 +(n-1) ifm term of a HP is n, and n* term is equal to m then prove that (m+n)” term is men Sol. Given T, = =at(m-t)d -) also T,=m=a+(n—1)d= Q) 50.(- (n-mjd= SM get man mn 1 from (1), => at(m-)tsa+t-t-1sa-4 am a maa man NOW True = 1 mn mn. a+(m+n—i)d | 1+(m+n—1) mtn If aa,,a3,..8, are in HP then prove that aa, taa,+aa,+..+a,,a, =(n-t)aa, Sol. clearly are in AP aa, axa now aa, +a,2;+..+a,ja, = ef) d =(n-1)d =(n-1 = fa ee (2) from (1) and (2) aa, +aa,+..+a,,a, =(n-1aa, Hence proved. O.4 Ata, b,c are in H. , find the value of P*24 P*E b-a*b-e Sol. 51." b+a bee now given exp. =abd * bed HARMONIC MEAN Consider n positive quantities a,, a,, a HM, =——_® __ tert Not If a, b, ¢ are in HP then middle term is called the harmonic mean between them. Hence if H is the harmonic mean (H.M.) of ab aandb then a, H, bare in HP and H ort n HM between a and b Let H,H,,..H, are n HM’s between a and b S11 hence Y=nt x HOCH Hence sum of the reciprocals of all n HM's between a and b is equal ton times a single HM between a and b. Qi Find the HM between the roots of the equation x? - 10x + 11= 0 Sol. Let roots are u, B then a +B = 10, ap = 11 22 22m 1,1 105 wo ©) Between tand — if 100 HM are inserted then J+ =? 700 2 Zs 1 HM of a and b (a=1, b= Sol. HM ofa and b (a=1, b= =>) 52.=100.4= 100.421 = 5050 H 2 If ais the AM of b and c, bis GM of c and a then prove that c is the HM of aand b. Sol. Given an bie =>2a-bec A) also b? = ac = b? = a(2a—b) ba? =a(a—b) (b-a)(b+a)=a(a—b) >asborb+as-a b=-2a Ifa=b then ¢=2a—a=a from (1) .asb=c=>cisHMofa&b If b = — 2a then c = 2a - (-2a) = 4a 2ab _ 2a(~2a) Also = a+b a+(-2a) =4a=c = cis HMofa and b. Q.4 If a?,b?,c? are in AP, show that b + c,c + a,a +b are in HP Sol. ~ a%,b?,c? in AP add ab + be + ca = (a + bc + a), (a + bY(b +0), (b+ cle + a) Divide by (a + b\(b + c\(c + a) 1 1 t in AP > pre'cta’a+b >b+cc+aatbin HP | The values of xyz is 2 or 2 according as the series a, x, y, Z, bis an AP or HP. Find the values of a & b assuming them to be positive integer. Sol. Given If a,x, y, z,b in AP= xyz = = 53.now b, z,y, x, a also AP divide by ab 1zyxi. = a,8b 20 2 by in HP zy 'x now given 2B, ab ab _ 18 zyx 5 1 _ 18 18 15 > (aby = Fy2 = F.2 = = (ab) #3 ab=3 hence a=3,b=1lora=1,b=3 27 (O.G If the roots of 10x? - ox? - 54x - 27 = 0 are in harmonic progression, then find ¢ and all the roots. Sol. Let roots are a, B, 7 (in HP) the equation having roots 1 a 270 +54x? +x -10 = 0 —1 Also, 3 is a root of given equation. hence 10(27) - (8) - 54(3) - 27 9 {30 - 54.“7 If the roots of the equation a(b - c)x? + b(c - a)x + c(a ~ b) = 0 are equal then prove that a, b, ¢ are in H.P. Sol, Clearly x = is a root hence both roots are 1,1 ¢(a-b) a(b—c) > ca-cb =ab-ac = 2ac = ab + be 2ac >b= 2 ave Now product 1.1 = =a, b,c are in HP. Relation between AM, GM and HM if a and b are two positive numbers then A>G2H and A,G, Hare in G. Pie, G?= AH In fact, RMS 2 AM 2 GM 2 HM b c ~ fab and care positive then prove that —2_+—P_4__ Q1 p p bee c+a a+b Sol. we have ab lec 3 33. bee cua avb 2 a titi Sate das se) cea’ tase 2 arbte arbre arbre, 9 bee * c+a ’ atb 2 1 a4 9 +— 2 bec c+a a+b 2(atb+c) Now, using A.M. 2 H.M., we have erg tg bee cra a+b, 3 3 (arb)+(b+o)+(cra) 1 1 1 3 bec cea a+b 2a+bec) 55.GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS: now p,q, rare in AP hence 2g=p+r Sol. tet > ask beWcakdek™ =d" =k(let) Lat ee KEKY KEK in GP aad 4 in AP xyz w = YZ, ware in HP Soll. Since a, b, c in HP therefore, b is HM of a and c Also, GM > HM vac > b = (Vac) > b° 0) also let numbers a®, c’ AM > GM ate mt atte 7 Ete S(ac’? = > > (Vac) (2) 56.0.4 Sol. Q5 Sol. by (1) and (2) at+c" 7 > bt aval tc > 2b" If a, b,c are in AP. p,q, rare in HP and ap, bq, cr are in GP then prove that pir_ace Pyfn2,F rp ea a,b, care in AP> 2b=a+c : 2or » Q, HP = Pra care in HP = qx Oe Also, ap. bq. cr are in GP => bq? =aper If the roots of equation x? - 11x? + 36x - 36 = 0 are in H. P. find the middle root. Let roots are a , B, 7 (in HP) then equation having roots 6x3 — 36x? + 11x sum = 20-28 tan 36 middle root f = 3