Understanding Noise Generator and it’s Applications
Scientech 2806
Product Tutorials
Ver. 1.1
Designed & Manufactured in India by-
An ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, :
[email protected] , : www.ScientechWorld.com
Scientech 2806
Understanding Noise Generator and it’s Applications
Scientech 2806
Table of Contents
1. Safety Instructions 3
2. Introduction 4
3. Features 5
4. Technical Specifications 5
5. Theory 6
6. Experiments
Experiment 1 11
Observe different types of noise and their frequency spectrum
Experiment 2 14
Practical implementation of mathematical equation y (t) = x (t) + n (t)
Experiment 3 19
Measurement for signal to noise ratio
Experiment 4 22
Study and analysis of eye pattern
7. Warranty 30
8. List of Accessories 30
2
Scientech 2806
Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To
avoid any personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected to it.
Do not operate the instrument if suspect any damage to it.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your safety:
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this instrument.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This instrument is grounded through the protective
earth conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric
shock the grounding conductor must be connected to
the earth ground. Before making connections to the
input terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this
instrument.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the
manual.
Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
3
Scientech 2806
Introduction
Scientech TechBooks are compact and user friendly learning platforms to provide a
modern, portable, comprehensive and practical way to learn Technology. Each
TechBook is provided with detailed Multimedia learning material which covers basic
theory, step by step procedure to conduct the experiment and other useful
information.
Scientech TechBook 2806 provides an extensive hands on learning on Noise
Generator and its applications.
4
Scientech 2806
Features
Detail study & analysis of signal with & without noise.
Complete study of mathematical equation y(t) = x(t) + n(t).
Variable signal frequency.
Clock generation from 20MHz crystal Oscillator.
On-board DDS signal generator for five types of signals with variable
frequency.
Technical Specifications
Noise generator : White Noise
Additive White Gaussian noise Periodic Random
Noise
Crystal Frequency : 20 MHz
Signal Generator : Random data, Sine, Square, Triangle, arbitrary
signal
Input Signal Frequency : 1.2 Hz, 2.4 KHz, 4.8 KHz, 9.6 KHz
Test Points : 6 nos.
Power Supply : 5V, +12V and -12V.
Dimensions (mm) : W 326 x D 252 x H 52
Power Supply : 110V - 260V AC, 50/60Hz
Weight : 1.5Kg (Approximately)
Operating Condition : 0-400C, 85% RH
5
Scientech 2806
Theory
Understanding Noise Generator and its Application
What is Noise?
In communication systems, the noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a
useful information signal, introduced before or after the detector and decoder. The
noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes
man-made sources. Noise is, however, typically distinguished from interference,
(e.g. cross-talk, deliberate jamming or other unwanted electromagnetic
interference from specific transmitters), for example in the signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR).
Waveform of Random Noise
6
Scientech 2806
Why study noise in Communication system?
All communication systems aim at minimizing noise to the maximum extent possible.
Hence, it is important to study about the noise and their nature.
Let’s make it clear by taking an example
Suppose figure shown below is a random noise n(t) and when one device is
communicating with other device while this communication due some natural source
or man made source some unwanted signals are produced and they disturb our main
signal so, it very necessary to study noise how they are generated and their types
Types of Noise
White Noise
White noise is a random signal (or process) with a flat power spectral density. In
other words, the signal contains equal power within a fixed bandwidth at any center
frequency. White noise draws its name from white light in which the power spectral
density of the light is distributed over the visible band in such a way that the eye's
three color receptors (cones) are approximately equally stimulated.
7
Scientech 2806
Additive white Gaussian noise
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a linear addition of wideband or white
noise with a constant spectral density (expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth) and
a Gaussian distribution of amplitude.
Pseudorandom noise
A Pseudo-random Noise (PNRG) sequence is a sequence of binary numbers, e.g. ±1,
which appears to be random; but is in fact perfectly deterministic. The sequence
appears to be random in the sense that the binary values and groups or runs of the
same binary value occur in the sequence in the same proportion they would if the
sequence were being generated based on a fair "coin tossing" experiment. In the
experiment, each head could result in one binary value and a tail the other value.
8
Scientech 2806
Noise effect on baseband signal
Baseband signal = x(t)
Noise = n(t)
Then,
Final signal will become y(t)
So, y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Signal to Noise Ratio:
Signal-to-noise ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and
engineering to quantify how much a signal has been corrupted by noise. It is defined
as the ratio of signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal. A ratio higher
than 1:1 indicates more signal than noise. While SNR is commonly quoted for
electrical signals, it can be applied to any form of signal (such as isotope levels in an
ice core or biochemical signaling between cells).
In less technical terms, signal-to-noise ratio compares the level of a desired signal
(such as music) to the level of background noise. The higher the ratio, the less
obtrusive the background noise is. "Signal-to-noise ratio" is sometimes used
informally to refer to the ratio of useful information to false or irrelevant data in a
conversation or exchange
9
Scientech 2806
Calculations for SNR
Step 1:
Signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the power ratio between a signal (meaningful
information) and the background noise (unwanted signal):
Where P is average power. Both signal and noise power must be measured at the
same and equivalent points in a system, and within the same system bandwidth. If the
signal and the noise are measured across the same impedance, then the SNR can be
obtained by calculating the square of the amplitude ratio:
Where A is root mean square (RMS) amplitude (for example, RMS voltage).
Step 2:
SNRs are often expressed using the logarithmic decibel scale.
In decibels, the SNR is defined as this may equivalently be written as
10
Scientech 2806
Experiment 1
Objective:
Observe different types of noise and their frequency spectrum
White Noise
Additive White Gaussian Noise
Pseudo Random Noise
Setup:
TechBook Scientech 2806
Power Supply
Oscilloscope, or equivalent
Test probe
Patch cord
Connection Diagram:
Procedure:
Step 1 : Connect the power supply of Scientech 2806 and switch on Instrument.
Step 2 : Select different types of noise by using push button i.e. White noise,
Additive White Gaussian noise and Pseudo Random Noise given at Noise
Generator. And respective LED will glow according to the selection.
Observe the input signal on test point n (t).
11
Scientech 2806
Observation:
Observe the noise type at TP n (t) on the oscilloscope screen.
Observe the difference between them according to their definition.
Type of noise. Noise signal
White Noise
CH1: White Noise
Type of noise. Noise signal
White Noise And
its Spectrum
CH1: White Noise Green Color=spectrum
Additive White
Gaussian Noise
CH1: AWGN,
12
Scientech 2806
AWGN and it’s
Spectrum
CH1: AWGN, Green color: spectrum
Pseudo Random
Noise
CH1: Pseudo Random Noise,
Pseudo Random
Noise and its
Spectrum
CH1: Pseudo Random Noise
Green color: Spectrum
13
Scientech 2806
Experiment 2
Objective:
Practical implementation of mathematical equation y (t) = x (t) + n (t)
Setup:
TechBook Scientech 2806
Power Supply
Oscilloscope or equivalent
Test probe
Connection Diagram
Procedure:
Step 1 : Connect the power supply of Scientech 2806 and switch on Instrument.
Step 2 : Select input signal type by using push button i.e. Random Data, Sine,
square, Triangular and Arbitrary, given at Signal Generator. And
respective LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the input
signal on test point (TP) X(t).
Step 3 : Select input signal frequency using push button i.e. 1.2Hz, 2.4 KHz, 4.8
KHz and 9.6 KHz given at Signal Generator. And respective LED will
glow according to the selection. Observe the change in frequency on test
point (TP) X(t)..
Step 4 : Select Noise type by using push button i.e. White noise, Additive White
Gaussian noise and Pseudo Random Noise, given at Noise Generator . And
respective LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the input
signal on test point (TP) n(t)..
Step 5 : Now set the amplitude of input signal by the help of pot. Observe the
change on test point (TP) X(t)..
14
Scientech 2806
Step 6 : Now set the amplitude of noise signal by the help of pot. Observe the
change on test point (TP) n(t).
Step 7 : observe the effect by varying amplitude.
Observation:
Observe the input signal.
Observe the Noise signal.
Observe the output signal and verify with equation y(t) = x(t) + n(t).
I/P Signal Type Noise Output y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Type/ Freq. of Amplitude
/amplitude noise n(t)
x(t)
Random White 0 Volts
Data/247Hz Noise
/3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,
Random White 1 Volts
Data/247Hz Noise
/3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,
15
Scientech 2806
Random White 2.2 Volts
Data/247Hz Noise
/3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,
Random White 3 Volts
Data/247Hz Noise
/3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,
16
Scientech 2806
I/P Signal Type of Noise Output y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Type/ Freq. noise Amplitude
/amplitude n(t)
x(t)
Sine/1.2KH White 0 Volts
z/3Volts Noise
CH1: y(t) ,
Sine White 1 Volts
/1.2KHz/3V Noise
olts
CH1: y(t) ,
17
Scientech 2806
Sine/1.2KH White 2.2 Volts
z/3Volts Noise
CH1: y(t) ,
I/P Signal Type of Noise Output y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Type/ Freq. noise Amplitude
/amplitude n(t)
x(t)
Sine/1.2KH White 3 Volts
z/3Volts Noise
CH1: y(t) ,
18
Scientech 2806
Experiment 3
Objective:
Measurement for signal to noise ratio
Setup:
TechBook Scientech 2806
Power Supply
Oscilloscope, or equivalent
Test probe
Connection Diagram
Procedure:
Step 1 : Connect the power supply of Scientech 2806 and switch on Instrument.
Step 2 : Select input signal type by using push button i.e. Random Data, Sine,
square, Triangular and Arbitrary, given at Signal Generator. And
respective LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the input
signal on test point (TP) X (t).
Step 3 : Select input signal frequency of channel 1 using push button i.e. 1.2Hz,
2.4 KHz, 4.8 KHz and 9.6 KHz given at Signal Generator. And respective
LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the change in
frequency on test point (TP) X (t).
Step 4 : Select Noise type by using push button i.e. White noise, Additive White
Gaussian noise and Pseudo Random Noise, given at Noise Generator. And
respective LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the input
signal on test point (TP) n (t).
Step 5 : Now set the amplitude of input signal by the help of pot. Observe the
change on test point (TP) X (t).
19
Scientech 2806
Step 6 : Now set the amplitude of noise signal by the help of pot. Observe the
change on test point (TP) n(t).
Step 7 : Measure and note the input voltage on oscilloscope.
Step 8 : Now, increase the Noise level, measure and note the noise level.
Step 9 : Now, calculate the SNR by:
20 log10 (Signal RMS value)/ (Noise RMS value)
Observation:
Observe the input signal at TP and frequency on the oscilloscope screen.
Observe the noise signal at TP and its amplitude on the oscilloscope screen
Observe the output signal.
Now, measure the SNR and match with manual results
I/P Signal Type of Noise Output in (dB) SNR = 20 log10 (Signal
Type/ Freq. noise Amplitude n RMS value)/ (Noise RMS value)
/amplitude (t) Vrms=
x(t) Vmax/1.414
Random White 0 Volts(Vpp)
Data/247Hz Noise
/3Volts
SNR = maximum
20
Scientech 2806
Random White 1 Volts(Vpp)
Data/247Hz Noise
/3Volts
SNR = 9.54 dB
Random White 2.2
Data/247Hz Noise Volts(Vpp)
/3Volts
SNR = 2.69 dB
21
Scientech 2806
Experiment 4
Objective:
Study and analysis of eye pattern
Setup:
TechBook Scientech 2806
Power Supply
Oscilloscope, or equivalent
Test probe
Connection Diagram
Before starting this experiment we should know what EYE Patterns is
The performance of a digital transmission depends, in part, on the ability of a repeater
to regenerate the original pulses. Similarly the quality of the regeneration process
depends on the decision circuit with the repeater and the quality of the signal at the
input to the decision circuit. Therefore, the performance of a digital transmission
system can be measured by displaying the received signal on an oscilloscope and
triggering the time base at the data rate. Thus, all waveform condition is
superimposed over adjacent signaling intervals. Such a display is called an eye
pattern or eye diagram. An eye pattern is a convenient technique for determining the
effects of degradation introduced into the pulses as they travel to the regenerator. The
test setup to display an eye pattern is shown in figure. The received pulse stream is
fed to the vertical input of the oscilloscope, and the symbol clock is fed to external
trigger input, while the sweep rate is set approximately equal to the symbol rate.
22
Scientech 2806
Figure shows an eye pattern generated by a symmetrical waveform for ternary signals
in which the individual pulses at the input to the regenerator have a cosine-squared
shape. In an m-level system, there will be m-1 separate eyes. The vertical lines
labeled +1,0 and -1 correspond to the ideal decision times. The horizontal lines,
separated by the signaling interval, T, correspond to the ideal decision times. The
decision levels for the regenerator are represented by crosshairs. The vertical hairs
represent the decision time, where as the horizontal hairs represent the decision level.
The eye pattern shows the quality of shaping and timing and discloses any noise and
error that might be present in the line equalization. The eye opening (the area in the
middle of eye pattern) defines a boundary within which no waveform trajectories can
exist under any code-pattern condition. The eye opening is a function of the number
of code levels and the inter symbol interference caused by the ringing tails of any
preceding or succeeding pulses. To regenerate the pulses sequence without error, the
eye must be open (i.e., a decision area must exits), and the decision crosshairs must
be within the open area. The effect of pulse degradation is a reduction in the size of
the ideal eye. In figure, it can be seen that at the center of the eye (i.e., the sampling
instant) the opening is about 90%, indicating only minor ISI degradation due to
filtering imperfections. The small degradation is due to non ideal Nyquist amplitude
and phase characteristics of the transmission system.
Mathematically, the ISI degradation is
ISI = 20 log h/H
Where H= ideal vertical opening (cm)
h= degraded vertical opening (cm)
For the eye diagram shown in figure
20log 90/100 = 0.9l5dB (ISI degradation)
23
Scientech 2806
In figure, it can also be seen that the overlapping signal pattern does not cross the
horizontal lines at exact integer multiples of the symbol clock. This is an impairment
known as data transition jitter. This jitter has an effect on the symbol timing (clock)
recovery circuit and, if excessive, may significantly degrade the performance of
cascade regenerative sections
24
Scientech 2806
Procedure:
Step 1 : Connect the power supply of Scientech 2806 and switch on Instrument.
Step 2 : Select the Random Data as a input signal type by using push And respective
LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the input signal on test
point (TP) X(t)
Step 3 : Select input signal frequency of at 9.6 KHz using push button. And
respective LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the change in
frequency on test point (TP) X(t).
Step 4 : Select Noise type by using push button i.e. White noise, Additive White
Gaussian noise and Pseudo Random Noise, given at Noise Generator. And
respective LED will glow according to the selection. Observe the input signal
on test point (TP) n(t).
Step 5 : Now set the amplitude of input signal by the help of pot to the maximum.
Observe the change on test point (TP)X(t)
Step 6 : Now set the amplitude of noise signal by the help of pot to the minimum
position. Observe the change on test point (TP) n(t)
Step 7 : Now observe the result by varying the noise amplitude and match the result
will the given results in the manual.
Observation:
Observe the Random data of frequency 9.6 KHz on the oscilloscope screen.
Observe the noise signal.
Observe the output signal keeping the noise level minimum.
Match the result with the manual result.
25
Scientech 2806
I/P Signal Type of Noise Output y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Type/ Freq. noise Amplitude
/amplitude n(t)
x(t)
Random White 0 Volts
Data/1.98 Noise
KHz/3Volts
CH1: y(t) , Eye Pattern= 100% opening
Random White 0.2 Volts
Data/1.98 Noise
KHz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) , Eye Pattern= 90% opening
26
Scientech 2806
Random White 0.6 Volts
Data/1.98K Noise
Hz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,Eye Pattern= 80% opening
I/P Signal Type of Noise Output y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Type/ Freq. noise Amplitude
/amplitude n(t)
x(t)
Random White 1 Volts
Data/1.98K Noise
Hz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) , Eye Pattern= 70% opening
27
Scientech 2806
Random White 1.5 Volts
Data/1.98K Noise
Hz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,Eye Pattern= 50% opening
Random White 2 Volts
Data/1.98K Noise
Hz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) , Eye Pattern= 40% opening
28
Scientech 2806
I/P Signal Type of Noise Output y(t) = x(t) + n(t)
Type/ Freq. noise Amplitude
/amplitude n(t)
x(t)
Random White 2.5 Volts
Data/1.98K Noise
Hz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,
Eye Pattern= 15% opening
Random White 3 Volts
Data/1.98K Noise
Hz /3Volts
CH1: y(t) ,
Eye Pattern= 5% opening
29
Scientech 2806
Warranty
We warranty this product against all manufacturing defects for 12 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
The warranty will become void, if
• The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
• The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
• The customer resells the instrument to another party.
• Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately
giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning
the type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
List of Accessories
Patch Cord 16" ............................................................................................. 3 Nos.
Mains Cord.....................................................................................................1 No.
30
