Example
Design a cantiliver retaining wall for the condition shown below
Dp
g1,f1
g2 ,f2, C2
b = 150 g2= 16kN/m3
H =9m f2 =200
DP = 20kN/m2 C2 = 50kN/m2
D= 1.5m C25
f1= 340 steel grade 300
g1= 18kN/m3
Requirement
- Stability analysis
- Structural design
o Determination of steel cut offs
o Drainage provision
o Structural Drawing
Solution
i, Tentative Design Dimension
Dp= 20kN/m2
30cm
b=150
9m
2.35m tb
0.80m
7m
- Calculation of the thickness of the base of the stem
D H
H= = = 1.11
g
10.11m
9m
b
tb
The horizontal component of lateral earth pressure on the stem is
Ph = ghcosbKa
f
Where = b = 0.311
b f
Then Ph= 18 * h* 0.311*Cos 150
6.04kN/m2
30cm
When h = 1.11m , Ph = 6.04kN /m2
When h= 10.11m , Ph = 55.03 kN/m2
9m
tb 55.03kN/m2
Shear force at the base of the stem
6.04 + 55.03
= ∗ 9 = 274.815 /
2
Allowable wide beam shear resistance of concrete, Vud
Vud = 0.3 *fctd *1000* (1+50* 0.02)
=0.3 *1.0 *1000* (1+50* 0.02) = 600kPa
.
Then = = = 0.458
Take tb = 0.50m =50cm
ii, Calculation of Vertical Dead Loads
W6 Dp= 20kN/m2
0.30m
b=150 W5 4.15 tan150 =1.11m
W1
W4
9m
W2
W7
2.35m 4.15m
0.50m
W3 0.80m
7m
W1= 0.30*9.0*25 = 67.5kN/m
W2 = ½ * 0.20* 9.0* 25 = 22.5kN/m
W3 = 7.0 *0.80* 25 = 140kN/m
W4 = 4.15 * 9.0 * 18 = 672.3kN/m
W5 = ½ * 4.15 * 1.11* 18 = 41.46kN/m
W6 = 4.3 * 20 = 86 kN/m
W7 =2.35 *16 *0.7 = 26.32kN/m
= 1056.08 kN/m
iii, Calculation of Lateral Earth pressure
Dp= 20kN/m2
b=150
PA H’
150
4.15 m
PA= ½ * g * H’2 * Ka
Where H’ = 0.80 + 9.0 + 4.15 tan 150 + 20/18 = 12.02 m
Then PA = ½ * 18 * (12.02)2 * 0.311 = 404 .40kN/m
Horizontal component of PA
PAh = 404.04 cos150 = 390.62kN/m
Vertical component of PA
PAv = 404.40 sin150 = 104 .67 kN/m
iv, Eccentricity of the resultant
V =∑ ( + ) = 1056.08 + 104.67 = 1160.75kN/m
W6
0.30m
b=150 W5
W1
W4
PAV
9m
W2
W7
PAh
2.35m 0.50m 4.15m
H’/3 = 4.00m
W3 0.80m
t
7m
Point of application of the resultant
To find the point of application of the resultant take moment of all forces about the toe of the wall
Mt = 2.7 * W 1 + 2.48 * W 2 +3.5 * W 3 + 4.925 * W 4 + 5.62 * W 5 + 4.925 *W 6 + 1.175 *W 7
7 * PAV - 4.0* PAh
= 2.7 * 67.5 + 2.48 * 22.5 +3.5 * 140+ 4.925 * 62.3 + 5.62 * 41.46 + 4.925 *86 +1.175 *26.32+ 7
* 104.67 - 4.0* 390.62
= 5459.30 – 1562.48 =3896.82kN-m/m
.
= = 3.36
.
Eccentricity of the resultant, e
= − 3.36 = 0.14 < = 1.17
(The resultant is located within the middle third)
v, Calculation of Bearing Capacity
qult = CNc Scdcic+ q Nq Sqdqiq + ½ B g Ng Sgdgig
B’ = B – 2e = 7 – (2*0.14) = 6.72m
Beraing capacity factors
tanf
Nq = tan2 (45+f/2) e
Nc= (Nq – 1) Cot f
Ng= 2(Nq – 1) tanf
For f = 200
Nq = 6.4 , Nc = 14.84 , Ng= 5.39
Shape factors
For contionous (strip) footing
Sc = Sq = Sg = 1.0
Load Inclination Factors
ic= iq= ( 1-/900)2 , ig = ( 1-/f)2
Where = Inclination of the load to the vertical in degree
= tan -1 (390.62/1134.43)
R = 19
0
VAh = 1134.43
PAh = 390.62
For = 190
ic = iq = 0.62 , ig = 0
Depth Factors
dc = 1+ 0.4 (Df / B)
dq = 1+2 tan f (1-sinf)2(Df / B)
dg = 1
Where f = Angle of shearing resistance of soil in degree
For Df/ B = 1.5/ 7 = 0.21
dc = 1.08 , dq = 1.07 , dg = 1
Then
qult = 50* 14.84 *1*1.08* 0.62 + 18* 1.5* 6.4*1.0 *1.07* 0.62 +
½ * 6.72 * 16*5.39*1.0*1.0* 0
= 611.48kN/m2
vi, Calculation of contact pressure under the base of the wall
- from flexural formula
6
= 1±
1172.03 6 ∗ 0.14
= 1+ = 185.72 / <
7∗1 7
1172.03 6 ∗ 0.14
= 1− = 145.92 / ≫0
7∗1 7
Checking of the thickness of the base for shear stresses
W6
0.30m
W5
W4
2.35m
0.50m 4.15m
W7
WB2 WB1
0.80m
149.56kN/m2
2
174.56kN/m
164.38 kN/m2
166.17kN/m2
Heel
V = 62.3 + 41.46 +86 + 4.15 * 0.80 *25 – (149.56 *4.15) - ½ *(164.38 – 149.56) * 4.15
= 231. 33kN/m2
.
Shear stress ,n = = ∗ .
= 323.54 / < …
Toe
V = 0.7 *16* 2.35 + 25* 2.35* 0.80 – (174.56 +166.17)/2 * 2.35
= 379. 66kN/m2
.
Shear stress ,n = = = 530.99 / < …
∗ .
vii, Stability against Overturning
∑
= ∑
From iv, MR = 5428.37kN-m/m, Mo = 1562.48kN-m/m,
Then
∑ 5428.37
= = = 3.47 > 1.5 … … .
∑ 1562.48
viii, Stability against Sliding
Resisting force, Fr= Vtanf’ + C’B
= 1134.43 tan200 +2/3 (50) = 646.23kN/m
Driving force Fd= Pah = 390.62kN/m
Then
646.23
= = 1.65 > 1.5 … … .
390.62
ix, Structural Design
a, Design of Stem
- For the design of the stem, the vertical component of PA and own weight of the stem
are neglected
6.04kN/m2
9m
55.03kN/m
2
Moment equation
M = 8.165*X3/9 + 3.02 *X2
When X = 4.5m
M = 143.83kN-m/m
When X = 9m
M = 905.98kN-m/m
The required steel quantity at the depth of 4.5m and 9m may be calculated using a cover of
75mm
- Moment capacity of concrete
At X = 4.5 m
M = 0.32 * fcd * bd2 = 0.32 *11.33*1000*1.0 *(0.31)2 =348.42kN-m/m > 143.83….ok
At X = 9 m
M = 0.32 * fcd * bd2 = 0.32 *11.33*1000*1.0 *(0.41)2 =609.46kN-m/m < Mdeveloped not ok
B, Design of Heel
