Anthropology- study of humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and present.

Social
Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic
Anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the
biological development of humans.

Franz Boas- the founder & father of modern anthropology, It was Boas who gave modern anthropology
its rigorous scientific methodology, patterned after the natural sciences, and it was Boas who originated
the notion of “culture” as learned behavior.

Biological & Physical anthropology- the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological,
evolutionary, and demographic dimensions.

Linguistic anthropology- the process of human communications, verbal and non-verbal.

Sociocultural & cultural anthropology- Cultural anthropology the study of the manifold ways in which
around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among individuals and groups.

Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts, while Social Anthropology is
more related to sociology and history.

Archaelogy is the study of the human past through its material remains.

Archaelogical anthropology reconstructs human behavior and cultural patterns through material
remains, depictions and interpretations.

History (from Greek iropia, historia, meaning “inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation”) the study
of the past as it is described in written documents. HERODUTOS father of history

History of religion- the main theme for both secular and religious historians for centuries, and continues
to be taught in seminaries and academe.

Social History- sometimes called the new history, the field that includes history of ordinary people and
their strategies and institutions for coping with life.

Cultural History- It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and
arts of a group of people.

Diplomatic History- focuses on the relationships between nations, primarily regarding diplomacy and the
causes of wars.

Military History- concerns warfare, strategies, battles, weapons, and the psychology combat.

Public History- describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the
discipline of history who are generally working outside of specialized academic settings.

Economic History- Business History deals with the history of individual business organizations, business
methods, government regulation, labor relations, and impact on society.

Environmental History- a new field that emerged in the 1980s to look at the history of the environment,
especially in the long run, and the impact of human activities upon it.

World History- study of major civilizations over the last 3000 years or so.
People’s History- a type of historical work which attempts to account for historical events from the
perspective of common people. Study of mass movements and of the outsiders.

Intellectual History- focus on the intellectuals and their books on the one hand, and on the other study
of ideas as disembodied objects with a career of their own.

Gender History- Is a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the
perspective of gender.

Political Science from the Greek word “polis” means “affair of the city or state” deals with systems of
governance, and the analysis, of political activities, political thoughts and political behavior. Politicology
comprises numerous subfields, including comparative politics, political economy, international relations,
political theory, public administration, public policy and political methodology. Aristotle father of
political science

Linguistics- Greek word “etumologia” means “true tense” latin word “lingua” means “language” the
scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and
semantics. Noam Chomsky the father of linguistics

Phonetics- the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception. In the case
of oral languages, phonetics has three basic areas of study:

Articulatory phonetics- study of organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds by the
speaker.

Acoustic phonetics- study of physical transmission of speech sounds

Auditory phonetics- study of reception and perception of speech

Phonology- the study of abstract elements in the speaker’s ,mind that distinguish meaning (phonemes)

Morphology- study of morphenes, or the internal structures of words and how they ca be modified

Syntax- the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and sentences

Semantics- study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations
(phraseology) and how these combine to form the meaning of sentences

Pragmatics- study of how these utterances are used in the transmission of meaning

Discourse analysis- the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

Stylistics- study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context

Semiotics- study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy,
metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication.

Economics from the Greek word “oikonomia” means “household management” the social science that
studies the production and consumption of goods and services.
Microeconomics analyzes the basic elements in the economy

Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy

Price ceiling- price is charged more than a less than the equilibrium price determined by market forces
demand and supply

Price floor- lowest legal price can be sold at.

Suggested retail price- the selling price suggested by the manufacturer of a product.

Sociology- study of society, social interaction and culture of everyday life. It is a social sciences that uses
various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body or social evolution.
Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare.
Auguste Comte father of sociology

Functionalism, Functionalist theories emphasize “cohesive systems”

Conflict theory, Conflict theories which critique the overarching socio-political system or emphasize the
inequality between particular groups.

Symbolic Interactonism, Is a sociological tradition that places emphasizes on subjective meanings and
the empirical unfolding of social processes generally accessed through micro-analysis.

Psychology- scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Factors that affect human behavior

Biological- generally consider the organism the basis of the mind. Psychiatrists work at the interface of
mind and body.

Behavioral- take human behavior as main area of study.

Cognitive- studies the mental processes underlying mental activity.

Social- study of how humans think each other and how they relate to each other.

Psychoanalysis- comprises a method of investigating the mind and interpreting experience

Existential-humanistic theories- Humanistic psychology developed in the 1950s as a movement within

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper
“A theory of human Motivation” in psychological Review.
TYPES OF MOTIVATORS

INSTRINSIC

 Autonomy

 Belonging

 Curiosity

 Love

 Learning
 Mastery
 Meaning

EXTRINSIC

 Badges
 Competition
 Fear of failure
 Fear of punishment
 Gold stars
 Money
 Points
 Rewards

Demography- study of human populations.

Geography- study of the processes that shape the earth surface, the animals and plants that inhabit
it, and the spatial patterns they exhibit.

3 MAIN TOPICS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
 URBAN GEOGRAPHY
 AGRICLTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Human Geograpy is important it is about the relations between people and places.