No Experiments Ciena. SMa 6 expenmentNo.t Experiment, Classifiestion of materials {i Object To classify about 20 given specimen uf meterislalparts ti) Metal materials and non-metallic materials (Gi) Motale and alloys it) Perrous and non-ferrous metals (i) Materials and Equipment. 25 specimens of diferent eaters consisting of (@ Cast iran block (Gi Wooden block. Gd) Mi ste rod (io) srase piace (0) Copper tube (oi) Glass strip (ui) Thermocole block cil) Rubber sheet (42) Leather piece ( Rakalite shoot (Gi) Mica sheet (if) Aluminium sheet aif) Wrought-iron sheet (iu) Tin plece ‘x Cark sheet (Gi) High speed steel tol bit oi) Brooze bush (ef) Asbestos sheet (xis) Plywood shoot (en) Porcelain cleat (oxi) Zine sheet (ext) Stainless steel knife (ci) Poly-vinylehlorde (PVC) tude (cxio) Bbonite roi (xv) Casbon rd. ‘Aine emery paper pice, clare dre alongwith bull and wire rvnnetions and a cart of congestion of various engineering alleys. } Beporimonte 429 i) Theory? (a) Metallic Materials, Those materials which possess fstre (on poushingh rng, strength and hardnest, and good cletial and (oo erred eivly are generally known as metalic materials Tost ‘permilc materials alse poses ductility and malleability 1b) Nonmetallic Materials. Those materials which mosty shave pe retro oe low value of laste, rng, strength, poor electric a ity and low thermal eonduciviy are generally own 2320 ‘rwtalic materials. (e) Metal. An element with properties of metallic materia own 9 8 etal ‘Uh Alloy, At alloy is an intimate mixture of « metalic element sith Sther metalic or notemetallie elements or compound j but rat thing metalic properties of ute ing, strength nd gpa cn cet ie known a an alloy \) Ferrous Metal. Basically ron (Fe) element is the fro mot Bit, as a mit-autation, ll lain ieon-earbon alloys ‘Jain carbon steel, wrought itn, pain cast irs 5 are alba als) Ele ferrous metal. i) Non-ferrous Metal. A tal oth Se rmnen ax nn ferrous met T) Ferrous Alloys. All los possessing iron a8 mor com oe in seis sempositon ara orm a ferrous alo {h) Non-ferrous Alloys. All alleys possessing an element other han eae ager component ince position ar ermal ae nan ferrous alloys, “According to another clasifcation of metas, a! metals ca: be vided into two large groups ferrous and non-ferrous metals 1. Ferrous Metals. These are dark grey in colour, have 8 bgt eos exeet for alkalicath metal) a high meting point eatvels Hd Redness and many of them have alltropc forme, These ncute He NntGo: Mn, N,V, Cr, Ze, Nb, Mo, Te, HE, Ta, W, Re, Se, Vs Fe paride actinides and alkali earth metals. The must typical metal in the group is iron, °2 Nonferrous Metals. They nest often have a charset celour reds pelow,whitesThcy have a igh plasticity, lw, hardness, ea ake meling point, Iwy show no alltropic forme, Thow sede Cu, Ag, Au, Ro, Rb, Rd, Os, I, Rt, Zn, Cd. He, Ga, To. T, Ge sae te eee peg Al. The ant pica meta in the eroup is than that offer490 Materials ond Metallurgy Diagrams. (To be drawn on the left-hand unruled pages ofthe racial notebook), eeu leer poet Fig 16 Fig 142 (2) Procedure. © Metallic and Non-metallic Materials. Chock the lustre of ach specimen by polishing with an emery paper and electrical con- ‘eta with the help of dry-ell and bulb arrangement as shown in Figs. 14.1 and 142. Leaving carbo, all non-metal materials in tho ven specimens show nl/poor electrical conductivity asthe bulb does ‘ot glow with dry-ell test apparatus. Als the nan-etallic specimens ‘how so lustre aa attempt to polish them witha fe emery paper. ‘Thus, onthe basis ofthese cbeervations the specimens are classed as rmetaize ane non-metalie as given in te tote below 1 Catia 1 Woed Pe 2. Mild sel 2 Glas 3 Rrane A Thermal (plpeyrene) 4 Copper 4 Rubber eee © Leallne & Wrought iron 6. Bahete 1 Tw 1 Mica 8 High peed stool 8 Cork 8 Bronze 9. Abstr 10. tine 10. Plywond 1 Staines steel Ye Ponsa 18. Ehorite 14. Carbon ed Experiments 431 i) Metals and Alloys. On the basis of distinguishing definitions sneer betundr theory, td salable compostions ofthe engineering ‘Toye fom the provided chart the given metallic materials can be further lastifed an given i the table below tale He 1 Comper 1, Cast on (ain roncarbon alloy, ving fie carbo sso) 2 Aluminium 2, Mild ste ron-arbon alloy) 3 Ts 8. Bras (coppersinc alloy) Tine 44 Wrought ron rowembon alloy with slag fietbation) 5. gh ped steel Bere ate ase SS pa tmp Sect ee \ 6, Bronze (copper-tin alloy) Sanit torent allay wid Bi rams alg cae) i) Perron and Nonferrous Metals. On the basis of the tatinguishing definitions of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, the foetal alreedy listed ean be farther classified as given inthe table ‘low Nil 1 Copper (Bvt oa the basis of popular mis-| 2 Aluminium tation pain east rn, plein abn | 3, tin tel end wrought ron are als fers | fretalewhich are in fat iron-carbon ails . (io) Ferrous and Non ferrous Alloys. On the isu te i tinguishing definitions of ferrous and nonferrous alloys desribed Unser thee and the available char f the compotion of the aloe,cS v aa Merits and Méaltgy Se ale leaned canbe further ssid a gen in sea ase ven in th table Ta Feredliwet onto nage eae 1 Cast Iron 1. Brass aa 2 Md Set 2 arate 8. Wrought kn 4 High sp Ste 5, Stainless Steet (©) Precautions. 1. Surfaces ofall specimens shouldbe properly eared with an abrasive belie performing electric onducton tet, cause any scaling present on the metalic material may hinder the pacing of electric and glowing o the test bulb inthe eeu. (st) Taference. Carbon rod, of course a non-metalic mater sows pod electncal condusivity. But it das nt possess other metal ropeties of ring, strength, and good thermal conductivity, It doesnot jensen ductility and maileabity. Hence, taken a9 non-metal expenimeyyx0.2 C £xp-%) ‘\pxperiment tay of «heat tretnent furnace and ther ance pro ese =s : ~—t ae Fig. 143. An Electric Heat Treatment Furnace. Bsperiments an 1, Object. To understand the construction and working of the heat treatment furnace avalsblein the labortary and. thermocouple 2, Equipment. An eletrially heated muffle type heat trest- ment furnace avaiable in the lab and a thermocouple promoter. serams. (To be drawn on LHS. unruled pages of the ‘practica’s note bot ee mine Teaos 210 awenow Fig 144.4 Thermus Dyrometer 4 Theory and Description structed that i provides a chamber, knowa as mule, separate from tata pice to be heated is placed, ig. 14.9 shows a view of eleccically heated, mule typ, hoat treatment furnace Itisa smal laboratory purpose, furnace. Te outer ‘dimeneione ofthe furnace are: length ~ 86 m, breadth = 28cm, crud height = 47 em. The mull, made of fire-lay bricks i 19.5 em 1.5 ‘mn erom-trton and 33 em in length. It has been provided with a ‘dor at the front opening, The door ean be operated by means of @ ‘ranked steel rod provided with «heavy handle. The hoizontal end of the rod carrying the doris supported in ro angle iro bars at the front, The door can be opened ty turning the cranked rod trom its ‘handie and the jabs to be heated canbe loaded into the fle ofthe furnace. Then the door canbe turned back to it se putin. In the ‘tre ofthe door, there a peep Bole covered by a swing type li By farming avay the li the inside ofthe furaace can be viewed. The Furnace lia asbestos sheet ning between its outer sec xalag and the fre brick walls soa to minimiee the loss of eet fram the furnaceco Materials and Metallurgy tite surroundings. Tho temperature ofthe inside of the furnace is indicated by a thermacouple pyrometor "The temperature can he read on the indicating dal ofthis pyrometer Sted on the top ofthe ear of the furnace. It can read temperatures upto 1200°C, when the frnace 's working ALU font, naar etm, the farnace i provided with a nob of tempersture controlling device. The pointer on the knob moves on 2 circular seal when tho knob i tured. The temperature required to ‘be attained hy the furnace, for particular heat treatment operation, can be set by moving the knob pointer to Une parislar nating on the circular scala. Near the temperature contol knob there ae to Indian ligsone on each sde ofthe nab. One f this lights is seen and the other i red. The green light is meant to indicate the orning of electric supply. The red light glows when the et tempers ture has actually been attained inside the muffle of the furnace. W Thermocouple Pyrometer. I is a temperature measuring Instrument that is being widely used these daye for dlermining cemyperatures in many moderafernnee, Fig. 144 illustrates the schematic arrangement ofits construc: sion and working. This instrument makes use ofthe principe of ther: sno-elecirie effect. Two wies af dssiae metals are twisted together Stone end and a creat is completed by connecting the other ends 10 4 sensitive voltmeter. Then, due to thermoelectric effect, an em is ‘produce ire rwistea ends Neate, Ine voltmeter sealeisealibeated ia terms of temperature ofthe heatod end. The twisted end i called ‘ela at Yoon temperature, are known as cold junction. The anount cf eurront flowing inthe crit depends of the diflerenceoflempetar ture between these janetins andthe type of metal wires used. i variatinns in the cldjunction temperature are ot of much impor tance when the instrument ie used for measurement ofthe tempera tue of farnaces, The hat junction is enclosed in n prtertive shen, ‘hich sa porcelain ube. The two metal wires are insulated fem each other for ret ofthe length except forthe points, The ot junction alongwith ts protective sheath is placed inside the furnace though @ hole for the measurement of the tomperature while the temperatore Indicating unit (ald junction) i securely placed on the outside of the Some useful wie combination fr tha inatrument are Bxperiments 435, Ta Thermocouple (Copper—Censtantan (Cu=85:Ni = 45) Tron—Contantan Chrome Alama 60; in 9455, 2, Meas ret) Si=Ds Platinuny Redan Platinum upto sore »: a Pmnirs0.3 me 15°” raxperiment. Hest treatment of plain carbon std C/V Obicet. To perform flowing hent-treatment process on & plain carbon steel @ Hardening (Annealing (ii) Norman (00) Tempertog 2. Materials and Equipment. Electrically bested rue for ace Somplte nth cnperbipecantil sha therBocupe procter three specimen fearon ste ros of bat 25mm i ay of ecw hardness a pi fogs ub pari ‘gram. (Tobe drawn on LHLS, pages ofthe preci’ note teat! rons 145. Method of immersing specimen fr quenching.ae Materials and Metallurgy 8. Theory. Heat-treatmentof steel may be defined ws an opere on or combination of operations involving the heating end colng of § steel piece to some specified temperatures and rates init oid state ‘onthe purporo of ebtsiningecriain required as uctres und properites ‘2 fr particular ap Hardening. It is that heat Lrestment process which inreases ‘he hardness ofa stel piece by heating it to a cerain high tempers ‘ore and then cooling itrapily room tempetatutee Annealing. It is that heat-treatment process which softens an sievady hardened tee piece by lusting i to a certain high tempers. ‘ure and then cooling it very slowly to roam temperature. This proses ‘fines grain structure, coftens the sec, improves its maehinabilty nd restores its ductility Taleo removes internal stress, Normolising. It is that heatteatment process which mainly removes internal stresses and refines grain structure by Beating ardened or cold worked stecl ta certain high temperature an Chen cooling it in ail air to room temperature, Ie doesnot soften the steel ‘the extent it is dane hy annealing and alee it doce not restore dee ss much as is done by enneaing. Tempering. It isthe proce of imparting toughness at che cost iss tardiness to an already hardened plece of tel by reheating it to 2 ceftin tamperatsna and thn meting apily The topes ot eatieg depends on the toughess ta be imparted and hardness to be reduced, 2 4 Procedure, File a 4 mim wide flat along soe length ofthe specimens ind trnch mere there maabis' Shaed 8 oat” Measure the rockwell cone hardness number of each speciaen ad ‘peord it inthe observation chart. drawn on the lft hen side unrated age ofthe practical ote bak Take at leat three hardness readings ‘each specimen to facilitate calculation of satisfactory average vale i) Hardening. Consult the ron- mines abot 3 minaes fr each rim of schon tic Wa AR of section to sutaide). Theale, ake cut the apace by means ea par of ry tongs an bury tina beap of ashes that als down ata very Slow rate. Aer the specien has reached room temperature tis ‘leaned of aig on it Its hardness fs measured at three places 00 elength and recorded inthe eervation hart. Calculate the averoge value of ths ards Gi) Normalising For normalising the specimen marked 2; pat ‘tint the furnace t 800°C and let it ats that trperstre There ‘Mor allow itt rain at that tempersare fr shove anther 10 fRinutea, Te he ove yas wel f ey bong on plo iti till over aire brick ron dry oor. Aerts coing dor, reve Sealing on is sure wis a Wave pape, ree at ae erent placer alng its length and record the value the observa ton chart. Uaelate te average value ote hares 0 wen (io) Tempering. For tempering at 300°C the hardened stl specimen marked firly pols the surface ofthe specimen with the help ofan emery paper. Set the farnace st 00°C and stati. Aer the frnace reaches hs ampertur load the specinn init. Observe ‘he colour ofthe specimen surfs. As ova as blue sou ofthe oxide sealing appears the specimen sree Gndeting a temperature of Shout S00"), move rom the force with the bel of tongs and ‘tueach tin the brine bath, Takeout the specien fom the brine te texted, wipe te srfne dry with th ad coun ft Then deat it hardoes a thee diferent places and rear it the Shucrvaton chert. Caleuate the tive by the reading 3: Obwervtions 6.Caleul the prac note bo).8 Materials and Metallurgy ‘Rockooll g | cone chal oe ard 3 | stares al tutaass 8] oe |e i ¥ er Read- | Read- | Read- | Ave- La pe tg | oe | ae | soe 1 Warden | 2 ca > ar Tree ao Aan ne Hard for Rockwell aes cca tas | es Sia 2 Bei tnt | | Re | de par | ae aa ee t tue — 7% | ag ; > eae 5 = Tega = ee 1. Preenuions (@ Avoid overheating of the specimens. 4) Abways use dry pair of tong while taking out or losding ) soos Shady ofa metalurgeal micosope wn wp vel ing machine Yhject. () To understand the construction and working of 8 smetalurical microscope (i) To understand the construction and working of @ specimen polishing machine ‘2 Bquipment. An optics! metallurgical miroscope and a specimen piling machine available inthe aborstory. 5 Diagrams, (To be drawn on the LHS. unruled peges of the practical ate boo Sieve rece 7 aetsernee sowsace stack = Ge ‘ig. 146, Opteal Metallurg Moscone 4. Theory wad Deseription ()AMetallurgical Microscope. A metallurgical microscope is ‘use to reveal dete of a metalic matecal hat ars too omall to be ‘ormaly seen with the unaided ee, Since te sible radiation cannot Ponelrae even a ery thin metal apecimen, the sty of siretire fhith this leoncoe i carried out by using reflected Light. Tig. 146 shows the eoustructonsl fxteroe of «einple optical imotllergial miroacope avalable for study inthe laboratory To Uinod for sboorving. lerostructare of properly prepared metalic specimen Tensiots of a Body tube which cain an ohjeties turret blow and an eyepiece above, with plane glass vertis! laminator abovewo Materials and Metallurgy objective. The incident light from a soure enced inthe illuminator tube attached tothe body tube nt right angle tit tec the plane sss at an angle of 45", Part of this light i rected down on to the ‘specimen through one ofthe cbjetive arranged inline with the dy tube. The rays are returned by reflection passing tothe eye again ‘hrough the objective, plane glass and eyepiece, The arm supporting ‘he bay tube caries atthe Upper portion a care adjustment, care ‘sting ofa rack and pinion device, and a fine adjustment to fucitate ‘Saal feussng ofthe object. These adjustments operate on the body tube which contains draw-tube by means of which distance between, the eyepiece and ubject ean be varied. ‘The mast important parts ofthe metallurial microscope are the jcc fr realvng the structure ofthe metal, the eyepiece for en largirg the image formed by the objectives, and illuminator 10 Sette study ofthe opecnen under reflect light Objective. It is the combination of lenses nearest to the sumvinen, Tt has @ number of separate lens elements which function 15 positive and converging type of lens system. The objective makes ‘rita real image of theobject. Ja the microeape under #tudy four jective lens of magnifying power as SX, 10K, 48X and 100X are attache toan phactive loa turct. The farce can be rotated wo et ‘he oketive lens combination with desired magnieation can be used Byeplece Ile so name bouause Is ate 10 KDE ee. A removable eye iece is ited to an adjustable draw tube, By ap- ‘vepiece, the primary image can be further magaified by an amount related fo the masnifying meer af the eyoinee. The te ezepleces svaiable are marked with magnifications 10X and 15% uminator. Its fanction fo to light up the surface of the specinen under examination. Tt has a light source, an operator iaphrsem Irs) and aplane glass relator Aherizotel boa oflight ffom thetight our is reflacted downward by the plane reflector and through thecbective pice ento the surface f th specimen. Arrtain amoust of this incident light is reflected from the specimen varface which passes through the objective and the eyepiece, A magnified ‘age of the specimen is seen through the eyepiece, The aperture diaphragm (ris) contrls the angular apetare ef the cone of light rays ‘hich if sed to uluminate the specimen and form the image. The ptimam openingof the diaisagm depends onthe cbjective lens being ‘stodTw large an opening introduces rays of ore arge an angle that ‘an be used by the optics! eyetem and this remulte in gave, On the ‘ther hand, too amall an opening reduces tle resolving power of the ‘objective and blur the image. soctenn “ osetia tin 7a tere nari sree ge vaetaseseeni ie oncom Con or tw Tndret Te spicata ofthe micoope io Ue ei cae Focussing Procedure oa re gee dat oh pret rayon oe Polite ts pace eee ee eee cea a catia Seeeemente ss Sern oes i etettbicershmatie Seat ‘Srtches ay be pradoed onthe en darn it permanent jane Glee aoe ae ig 147, Specimen Polishing Machinea2 Moterials and Metallurgy i) Specimen Polishing Machine. Fig. 147 shows the schematic rongmet ofthe set ys sie sale ieee. Ts prowl al er engh lin ft Saimin mor natty por: Pliny sesh eee Frey ncurses witty sean A ining rr ke uric reed ft plang he sens ite proper mares Tis machine oman fc ito din mont the ond of vera shat The sai deen yan else trough pa ip nd te eangenent Th rm af th drone Foe dh ced oe op ste of tee nd SEES Zeston with help of rng amp, When in workin ears ove cspened'n vai al to thc nthe ag Ee he Gah lapsed with spe tom agin cle i teh de Alternat aie pe mayo frequently spied to the ch on the dn wl uply of ater may Siseieel fos ein er wine die APT tae Sngslgud fom th ein oman reputed yah he ‘mtec ate dn Wl pling species ey ‘Md'rith gue pressor apt te lho he eeng dis ‘isis maintnet oor pated owl permis o ‘hemi he pcan Thera, the pce acd wih Elie Sut wth gna ater ger ps maybe podued Stereo ren EXPERIMENT NO. 5 gat iment. Microstructural examination ofhest-teate stel spstimens (of experiment No.2, 1. Object. To prepare specimens of heat-treated steel for tnleroanalysis end study thir microetructre 2, Materials and Eaulpment. 1. Specimens of steal heat- treated duriag experiment No 3, 6c, (@ Annoaied ste pacimen @ Normalis stee epicimen (Gi) Hardevnd and tempered stel specimen. 2. Specimen vutting machine, 3. A set of fine emery papers, eg. No. 280, 920, 400, 600 ; slongwith fra. with fl nes or wooden surfaces to suport these papers. sperimente i 4. Fae pling powder o paste of cnmond dst, elamina, ares ce megsion clan ader-3 Non 6: Marie or anyother sale fang ement 1 Paha (Nita 2% nto coe in alte meio ey all sorathngamanel tod nord sea yh nlatonofhydreclrcadin eho etehng hardened 6: rai ih fr thant“ Ne. 2: ed water bet eat 0 co} {o-Bayt er wating 0 2.Theory Mires examin niconnai) i te dy ccvenrurt of atc des mice age agree ei ected cet mara ae Aes ae tytn ea x tren the sre of = l/ nimany cases microanalysis shows tat the variations alloy proper {an onuratacpntn sun Pe re a atte peenlereetntins ot Sosy Ten oto” 3000 Tos woh magnesn however, «st cel S00 cae i atom Wi ach amex sinus des lament fa scar nt ee han 2 enn wo hag post ese sufcent determination fhe a SESS eset el Sm, metnoa topca sro tan be wed wih sz fr servant sare oStytesate er: ‘CPolishing of specimen surface for microscopic study is done to repute Strato Son fe urns ng « ‘dear two-dimensional view of the microstructures presen) But, the she sarc oe uniform specmen appears gh won 57 Satunder the metallurgical miseope To make te ewtare tyret ender the mirnep ts scmnary Yo impart ali 9. Ne hare aere Teka Ree Inno etching the pled wre “, biegrsseOFe bo crea oc Un yop tps ta vei. Fredo peSparten of fpecconn So Resi“a Materials ond Metallurgy ie Fe us arash specie tobe examined reueseaboata preparation. This includes = 2 Spimen Cuting. Speinen of sce which can boa ‘andledisfint ebay eng Tis operation stesso pegs ‘hth halotan abrasive whofe specimen cling saan ie Cutting oad proceed at sucha soued ne wih meee ese Sina! ccitin ofthe alr at changed ah all Zemin Polshing Wh hn hit rininry pia deformation caused hy grinding while cutting the specien has tz compe remored Fern parane tenons aso 2 olsen proprosvel finer dar wet ay Papers erage i nd ia ard gas lt The pasha eee ovement a the pein onthe emery paper incon ‘changing tothe next for pap, the eon of lang he sf sight anges wie provous oe polishing sated oe tne ‘est whe sh sh into he popper ut dap “he oecimen cn cloned wae and late cad st ‘siven final polishing, =n {Pal Polishing he spin is ven foal pls onthe revolving dt of polishing machine. The disc revolving at high apoed i covered with spe brad Seth tion set ort ot ee Soldng in sspension in water ne grde pling pod ese ers oft ont a lg a revolving cath, The oecnen sar asm teres de Shoal be fe tos ah secs ane bre shoul fom all sts and thoul psa opens Riserimenta as i Btching.‘Th filly polished spaciman ix thoroghly washed with water and dried with aloha The specimen, with its polished urface upwards, i immersed in etching sation contained i small yoreclain dish. The specimen surface thould be natced from time to line and the specimen is removed from the etchant when it gran rte is just visible tothe unaided eye, of cours, it requires some practice. Then the etched specimen is thoroughly washed with water 6. Microscopic Examination. Fix the specimen ona gas slide sith Plasticine, Then place ton the microscope stage. Level the etched ortace with the help of a levelling device. Then focus the specimen Sod note down the microstructure ofthe diferent specimens one by 17. Observations. (Draw in pencil the observed micrographs of ‘he various specimens on the LH.S, uaruled pages of the practicals ete book, Fig 149 reeautions. 1, wale eutung the specimen tor microscopic study, the speed of euttng and coolant supply shouldbe suchas to 2. For preliminary polishing, the emery paper shouldbe placed ona fat boar or glass plate 3. For preliminary polishing, direction of polishing of the pccamien i kept stright ales tothe previous one. The palishing is carried out to the next paper when polish marks introduced by the 4. Never touch the poised surface to avoid appearing of finger prints on i, otherwise repalishing will be required, 5. While polishing, hald the specimen Girmly in the hand and do ot allow i to revolve in the hand 6. While performing fine polishing on the apesimenepply pls ing paste suspension frequeatly ts theeloth on the revolving dis Keep the cet wet Uzvugh wontroled supply of water to it when usus Materials and Metallurgy 1. Make use of clean distilled water for various operations snvolved inthe experiment, Cana sarang ease rsipaimef fam orasmoopeestence oa oot ToPmnEmTNO.S Cb 4) GF Dp ao iy 1. Object. To prepare specimens for mioretructural examina tion ogiven metals and allys and study their micrstructore. 2. Materials and Equipment, 1, Gpecimens of fllowing materials © Draws (i) Grey cast (©) Low carbon see}, (ei) High speed ates 2. Specimen cutting machine 2) Brome (Go) Malleable eas iron (Gi) High carbon stee! (oii) Bearing metal Beit, 4. Aca of fine emery papers of increasing fineness, «No. 20, 20,400, 600 along with fat supporting boards or plain gas plats ide or magnesia, ee 3: meal push pack eg, s310). 6 Parafin—50 ec 1. Specimen polishing macs 6. Echants ) For brass —- 254 squeous solution of ammonium hydroxide sith few drops of hydrogen poroxida {Gi For bronze — Ferrie chloride 10 gm hydrochloric acid 30, Waterar 50.50 mater aleshol mixture 200 ce, or 10 gaammouiunn per sulphate in 90 ml wator fir brass and bronze iy Poe clon stce 2% nr eld i abenute methyl ethyl sleohol (tw) For 55. — mixed aids in glycerol containing ve acid Wee, rdrhloric acid 20ce. Cgemel Dee Hydrogen aero 10ee Espriments “ar (©) For babbit..2% nitric acid in alcoho 9, Poreelain dish for otchants..8 Nos 10. Glass slides....8 Nos 1, Distilled water...2 bottles containing 400 ce. each. 12, Plasticine or anyother esitable fixing coment. 18, Abeoute ethyl or methyl aleabo.. bottle. 14. simple metallurgical microeope. 8. Theory. (Same as for experiment No.8) 4, Procedure. Same as for expriment No 5. ‘But during preliminary polishing f eft matallie matorial such as brass, brona, habbit; paraffin shouldbe used on strips of emery taper ta prevent embedding of emery particles in the surface. ‘Also during final polishing add the description. Ifthe specimen contains inshuian, «graphite in att ron, tomper carbon In Jeable cat iron ete these inlusiong wil bo revealed by virtue of thei og sft and wearing out during polishing. The final polishing of retalic materials i oe earred ost by means of metal polish Shiv) on selyt or on chara leather 5. Observations, (Draw in peril the observed micrograpl ‘ha varia sperimens on the LES. unruled pages of the practical rote-boa, ree Micrograph 5 for Experiment No.5)fe terial and Metal 1a Motels and Metallurgy EXPERIMENT NO.7 (_ixp~ ) Experiment. Simple identification tests fr metals and alloys 1. Object. Tu learn o identi a given set of engineering metals and alloys with help of simple teeta which can be performed with ‘iuipment coally available ia shop. 2. Materials and Equipment. 1 A set of metals and alloys © Copper G Alusiium i Brass (Go) Gun Metat (0) Stainless Steel (austenitic) (oi) Cast roa (oi) Md seek (ei) High sped sce! (Ge) Derakinin (2) Nika 2. Ahand hammer 8. Aline emery paper 4 enepecsstal gander 6. A measuring sale 1. st of inside and outside calipers 9. Abonch vce ‘5. Aalance 8 Ae magnet, 10, smooth le 29, Thewny. i emus cena tothe ue sap en 1 the metal being wed. The test may be to eifretite one metal ‘Whilst tectinilan may not have acces oelaborat testing machines this deporal gains useful insight into many ef the properties ofthe otal. Some of such ientification testa which ae tefl ta tech: ein are appearance sound, spark, weight (ens), magnetic bend and fling tests 4. Procedure. Perform the fllowing tests onthe specimens and record the shanreations inthe observation chart. (@yAmnCEanTes ott heh cor nd sorisGfline and arson the surtce of mca. Incas te arace ‘Sot clean ands overed with a sealing, then sealing maybe cleared with pies emery pape fore noting appearence. 1) Sound Test. nth et, trike gently the metal pace with 4 saa Hand hammer none hand ile oling tha metal pce Another hand, or the meal piece tay be droped on har oor Diferene ctl prnce rons ips of ound er Hg whieh help to ent thom Reverimente us 'Spatk Tet. In thie txt hod the metal piace gantly again 1 running grinding wheel. This may produce a peculiar patern of Sarking which is observed for dentifieation of tha metal Nonfoene metals and alloys, except nickel, usually donot produce Say mparking thir way, —— ight (or Density) Test. For this tet, specimens of some ‘regular solid shape are preferable whose dimensions are measured with the help ofeallipers and measuring scale ee. to find out their ‘olumes. Then the weights ofthe specimens are found out with the help ofa balance. From these values calculate density (welght pe unt volume) ofthe specimens. Diferent metals and alloys possees their ‘pete values of density whic hep to identify them. ) etic TesteIn this test, touch the metallic specimen with 1 poo of magnet and observe whether it attracts or not a given ‘specimen. This test helps to difrentiate magnetie materials Uke an, eke, cobalt and thet magnetic aloe from non-magaetie metal and ley (P Bend Test. In this test, hold one end of @ metallic specimen ina bench vice with rest of the length of the specimen projecting Upwards. Thon the fea end ofthe specimen i struck with 8 Nn hmm time and again to observe the extent of bending tales before slewing gas of actre or stony facturing. The dierent eta td alloys differ inthis property ‘Huang est. n th tet, extumate roughly the nardness pos sessed by the metallic specimen by trying to mark it with a small Sta ley erie enncane ag a nd, the epee tion of he fled powder ao produced is alan eometimes helpful to iden- Uy something about the sompbstion of the alley. 5. Diagrams, (To be drawa onthe let hand side unruled!pogee ot practical not- book 6, Mainly sketch the spark stream for cast iron, mild stel stainless steel, HSS, and nickel. Precautions, 1. Before cbeerving appearance, lean the surface of the specimen and remove sealing f any, with: an emery pape. 2. A very small specimen when struck with a hammer may not sve clear idea about is peculiar sous, A better iden about its sound ‘nay be obtained by dropping ton 4 flor from some height. ‘3, For sark tt, old gently ce specimen aguint a rotating trinding wheel. Do not prese it to hard, Bstor idea of the spark ‘ream is obtained when viewed again a block back ground.Bsperimente Materials and Metallurgy i fal lane io suptor| sping] -=iy|_ 6 eel “so args) zee] one cat arg ig) sptag| m3 on a esa sca evan wen] or rena] 6 ou) ines _ ean sovou] | op 8 | ° cc pee spo] | sum + a ue se a ‘oa) oe] ot wir] sores] ee) mo] es * sien] 03 “ | 00) 7a es ping| matey | ne | pumas. | woo | wounds | ws A mina FN | i a a is A (oroe om Raed on SoBe PAI ST {FT wo op wy OL) MED wORTEAIIEGOss Moterats ana aterauuray «4 Regula solid shapes of specimens are preferable to make easy ‘the caution of thir volumes for woightensty test. '3. While performing bend test ona piece of metal by holding i ina ven sbe sure thatthe metal piece hat been gripped firmly i the Jive hammer is not lowe on its handle, and nobody 8 standing in ‘onto he specimen in the hammering directo. 6 For file test, a small oath fein good working condition is referable 7. Observation Chart, Table 14.1 indieates observation chart. Question-Bank (Examination Questions) (CHAPTER 1 — Introduction to Engineering Materials and Their Propertics 1 Distinguish between: (@) Metals and non-metals (0) Perron rental and non frzuna metal 2. (a) Define and explain the flowing physical properties of © Tastee Colour way versity (uo) aterang pout (©) Write short notes on any two ofthe following: (@) Bleetricl conductivity j (i) Thermal eanductivty it) Corrosion, 3, Defing and explain the following propertiew usta (Toughness Gi) Mallesbility ii) Ratigue (io) Hardness (©) Thermal and electrical conductivity. 4, Define and exjlein any 5 of the following properties of material ) Blaotety (Gb Plasticity ! (uy suse to) Creep (©) Dielectric strength (ot) Supereonductivty (cil) Specifies (ci) Thermal ditusiviy