In the United States, the manufacturing industries account for about 15% of gross domestic
product.: Birleşik Krallık'ta Devletler, imalat sanayileri yaklaşık Gayri safi yurtiçi hasılanın
%15'i.
Certainly one significant discovery was the principle of division of labor—dividing the total
work into tasks and having individual workers each become a specialist at performing only
one task.
. Because its origins were in the United States, interchangeable parts production came to be
known as the American System of manufacture.
. Technologically, manufacturing is the application of physical and chemical processes to
alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a given starting material to make parts
or products; manufacturing also includes assembly of multiple parts to make products.
. Economically, manufacturing is the transformation of materials into items of greater value
by means of one or more processing and/or assembly operations. The key point is that
manufacturing adds value to the material by changing its shape or properties, or by
combining it with other materials that have been similarly altered.
The words manufacturing and production are often used interchangeably. The author’s view
is that production has a broader meaning than manufacturing.
Industry consists of enterprises and organizations that produce or supply goods and
services.
. Secondary industries take the outputs of the primary industries and convert them into
consumer and capital goods. Manufacturing is the principal activity in this category, but
construction and power utilities are also included.
In this book, manufacturing means production of hardware, which ranges from nuts and bolts
to digital computers and military weapons.
Consumer goods are products purchased directly by consumers, such as cars, personal
computers, TVs, tires, and tennis rackets. Capital goods are those purchased by companies
to produce goods and/or provide services. Examples of capital goods include aircraft,
computers, communication equipment, medical apparatus, trucks and buses, railroad
locomotives, machine tools, and construction equipment. Most of these capital goods are
purchased by the service industries.
other manufactured items include the materials, components(bileşen), and supplies(sarf
malzemeleri) used by the companies that make the final products.
Annual production quantities can be classified into three ranges: (1) low production,
quantities in the range 1 to 100 units per year; (2) medium production, from 100 to 10,000
units annually; and (3) high production, 10,000 to millions of units
. When the number of product types made in the factory is high, this indicates high product
variety.
there is an inverse correlation between product variety and production quantity in terms of
factory operations.
Soft product variety occurs when there are only small differences among products, such as
the differences among car models made on the same production line. In an assembled
product, soft variety is characterized by a high proportion of common parts among the
models. Hard product variety occurs when the products differ substantially, and there are
few common parts, if any. The difference between a car and a truck exemplifies hard variety
These three building blocks—materials, processes, and systems—
Manufacturing capability refers to the technical and physical limitations of a manufacturing
firm and each of its plants. Several dimensions of this capability can be identified: (1)
technological processing capability, (2) physical size and weight of product, and (3)
production capacity
The technological processing capability of a plant (or company) is its available set of
manufacturing processes. C
This quantity limitation is commonly called plant capacity, or production capacity, defined as
the maximum rate of production that a plant can achieve under assumed operating
conditions.
The operating conditions refer to the number of shifts per week, hours per shift, direct labor
manning levels in the plant, and so on. These factors represent inputs to the manufacturing
plant
most engineering materials can be classified into one of three basic categories:(1) metals,
(2) ceramics, and (3) polymers.Their chemistries are different, their mechanical and physical
properties are different, and these differences affect the manufacturing processes that can
be used to produce products from them.
composites—non homogeneous mixtures of the other three basic types rather than a unique
category.
metals used in manufacturing are usually alloys, which are composed of two or more
elements, with at least one being a metallic element. Metals and alloys can be divided into
two basic groups: (1) ferrous and (2) nonferrous.
Ferrous metals are based on iron; the group includes steel and cast iron. These metals
constitute the most important group commercially
Pure iron has limited commercial use, but when alloyed with carbon, iron has more uses
and greater commercial value than any other metal. Alloys of iron and carbon form steel and
cast iron.
