DATE

PAGE MAMA ( DATE

PAGE A

HumiaiticATION * dblute at AuniäyAuuaiy Cy

he mes oatis vaheuA pu unit mass

i callad ith humidity

vahorui cknteut
luaats
umidiiatin ti deuoted ted ay y'
he Heueee humidiiatien
many PB MB br- A
Both aMe infaxtant fo industrial apeatior1
cautolled

Let Aolids ete.

the meleu of watus rafpous per
wnit

AbLolute Ramidiky
Malal Aumidity =þA
baturatin. Rumidey
Raatiue Hunmidity Abuelute fuidity
Humidi ty /
Rumid Aeat *Satusatin. kuidity
Aumid otune 4atusahed teu
diakati katusatin emhesatuse Reeomes eQual to tue
ahsupAeuhe that ebe tane

Sat

sat

M8. P- paaM8
 DATE
PAGE MAJA
DATEI
CHp) PAGEA
e_ Point

wnde quu cuditien to tae humedty

1 duo boit i the tempeuatuse
tempuuakuie at uide a
6atuated Lenelition apsuh - gas miste Stuiated
Hue
Ceoted at a enitent puete

&ame.
tenbeiatue.

Relatiue funidiky
(RH))
or Relatue Latusatien
Chndesatien acw aud dable e 9atu abþeas
Humid.eot
to the
Hurnidheat ii the hent Mequiied to aise the
tempesatse unit ms ain witl
the
deqeu
factin tiu deuoted by

RH = A

’9ry &utb Tenbenatuse

&ulb ternheeatuae
the as, Meaued
theumomstus
 8315VH
= tompuatuse yeluine
uelue Volumiumed +
af
le unit
MB
=
totl
mais
MA

duyga
PAGE DATE

MAMA

Qug
Rrle okPal hauliam
Tidau et
Paubiamutty
systu!
&
LokAyukt

Aet
Fndiau
013. eideut
e
PAGEU
DATEIO
te
 80
=
-satiatiru8o
0o
auteue
o56 g.

28

PAGEAA DATE

wi)

foacti¡te T=
6o
'C PT
- o'516 y'e
|066 10 l:249
99.2 bA
o"249 X
z01248
|3:3 (49:2 58 28 A
6-
6 (
86 =
kPa Ls| 29
-0"249
-bA)
86D-Is9:48
|s48
KH
þA=
A
yl= þA
PA
206
ÞA
640s2 PAGE DATE

29

29 autoue
Kus
 tirng
o
PAGE:
DArEL
dilteHLt -ve
or
uLd
byrocedie
diagamo feedbaek ctvis
yaue tucit
e stakilityditeiled
þneumatio with Rotuceu
trcustea &etusm
ag
Transtoxtatitn
Qug Lentalle
Routle He locu
oot
tue
tn Qen
the
ue the Qusihenutiate
ah gnumate
Stakilikynote Ausest aiw
CascadeBeine.
BusShoxt Er
Bug Qug
Quy Qus
MAKA
213)
tt, Ylo&
06:6
illk
DATE PAGE PE 333
y! MA 6o8897
t
MB1
-MA F[SOS
t
M8 yt
29 1884
16
VH
83
Lid
LN)Huu
8315
s=
VH
.
VH
 DATE
PAGE MAMA DATE IOT
PAGE MAMA

degined tue
Saie qualiy hudget
meu
htLeen Alt- point cnd moued

ueuat do
Aeiue ùdos quaity ating. oi denoted

eie omal dis tubution exbak t y

e zet peut- meawred yasitablo

li cess the ceutuo last for vauiable aud its

isthe estiseen. tu tmean inþut

Weite He mpo rtauce Oud iuitatiou
inad tuat input

TrunshodatiÝn Cernmon iuduso'al

Q8 deodtlme":
99

wnstable.

Astable system jeeducis a bQLndad pud

Quthut a gueu beuded iagut'!
 hld
tue
achue to pnuwmatic
value A
manibitiad
vastabl Pneunatic
value yakiabla 0ft
uidto
means
the
deuioty
that
neu
fem
te
daugedaud Hue i coutaled
t-
Cenditiew
hatê
aoiatoly
adlshd eeuttal
ysten bout PAGE DATE

duice
tiat
bALAR LLD

he buiugig to A
fred ouutsethe

buloted
manieabl
Hu
-bout
utelled
Systum centuet
inhutne time
G6 Vasuable ba
ts ck me
listb
cleteeance touicks PAGEMAMA
Value DATEIO
tu
back cOUtEt Rerpoux boíntSet
adwded to tuau
teads sespede
tosyste
t vaue Aete.
,
 PAGEMAMA
DATE TDO
PAGEA
Set peiut
-Repose

tme
AOs tusbance

Hagulabus loutuel
ke
2
1t
AR
 DATE

PAGE MA
20lQelO22 PASE
Peocess DNAMISANA
CoNTROL atlae trannkam of th 7olauing fnationu
LLf)]or fls)
Bhost Qustion nswui

Aeine lalace suansjom

+
nsahlae transkom à an inteoal txah17axm S2
thot cnl eHte a kunetin a Heal yaxiabt, n!
Cuuallyie the ime domais )to a gnt!
equeny dema e-at
S- donaiu) Sta
e at
S-a
te-t
the timne to domaiu (sta)

manihult he alqebuaio equatiamu to form a salutin

to tine
denaiue
Lajlace trans Bom a funtiom Btime is defned al.
dt
Hnd the fuuctien tite Cf
Athicakims of kajlae Sxanjam
Aslue diyunartial aquatim Chath ondinaby haxtia) SCS+1)(S+5)

abblicatien to RLc ixuit

aualyi
 6At
C=D
58+
5A+ AB+C=0
t/5Btc
GA SCstID(St 5)
t4C -A
=0 1: 1=i=
58t i=
S (A6 A(S2+5s
5C
As-+6A)St
B= B= ACStI)(st5)
=0 t)s²
20
+s
20 5A
+5) (St)(S)
+Bt A
tC6A
C=L C=A 5A
1
A= tBs+ tBls
tBCS5s)
20 t58+
5
58S t5)s
C) PAGEA
20 S+ t t (St5)
tcst)s
cs²+s)
CS2t
5A
cs

Busnal
ng vaue Ausmtial
vaLue
heont Ausa
Conditi
oy: fs) =
t’o Lim aplae
eine
5S
5
hrd Suanakn L-e-t
vaiabl
Outputie Lahlaatrana
theorm form
Yaxiable i functin
inghutem 20
insut (St5)20
-5t

deuiotitn
deuistin
+orm formm DAIE
uit PAGE
degiued
Juith
Condution
uitial theas
ZeNO

uit
 Calso
kuocu Extend Ensee
sakty to Sakoxtane
lag
ynonyma dus Juoductin
Qecneae
laheua Secnease
JMaxifiait qualty
heeae
nuiye bodut Ued
and dilrenti manyatAruinoductg ato
ystem enuikonmeut
ballutm Centuot
ingl to al
fut -ayten
dejinad i
bonential -d equatiIranix úsheu the
om thatae
to
inhut
sytema kuncion) themethode
stag -
output PAGE
enu'onmentaud
axe i
qikt- latiomship MAMA

du
Oa
’Conbolled
the YOHnblL
Outbut PAOCeSS
Canto eally
AARHe Lemtels
suns 'kotal Bheij tautAme
des cens tount
cens
ine
Manikulatd
Buo yaxiablu
the elne
uu ibe
þaxamdu and denotedtheby time
hack YOHables the
final
to she censtant
the that change d OR
ebut it the measUe

buujoman
quantity
tu the hue uith
deuiHed i quality
he haw Aymbet 4
adjukd aue cshich
manihulatd faut'
set th
nudd
timethu PACEJA
DATEUO
to yaxeable the
baint axiabl
fuoáuck,
final inhutunisti
vasiable thin
e
menuted
quickly
the
wehice
ib
i
 PAGEMAMA DATE

PAGE

Qus eine Suanapoxtatnn tag

deuatien the
a sustained
Offset
YOxiable uom the et ont þxocay m t the delay Btueen. the tine input
Rignak yctm and thu tie

for exambla;
tHhe ystum Heacte to
Hnai inut ignal
ythe cntuol Aystem hld the puocs uid at
though the tt i also knoen au ded tëne "diu tance ylocty
oo'C then an aft of 0:5C eiste".
aHe comMen e industal abhlicatins

Quseline Exxox
rnOn i delined the diyeHeNe btueen ig&aid to e
steble i it uthut
the set point and the meosuxed VUuable undeemto 0thuuie it Aid t be
nstable
#i denoted s the ymhol Eand ean de Stable a hounded utut fe
E= ket hoint mens used vaxiable qilen beundd inhut
Pneumatic value.
Auugne Aaplitude Ratio
An A numatic value deuice tuat i wd to
Anahe Hath e< output ambli tude to that
inhut amblitude i aed Anblitude Ratio fnumati aytm
4 bnuumatic value is do kueun Os diyetonal
ejna phaue angle Cq) Comto ales theç to majssuttchjnitim
pnumat Nalue aisloo.
Ans, he þhase angle i the
and Butout bhaxa ditutune sekueen ingut hue vales ae. ahasle to maitain the buessure
thuu values aHe. ategeijed acetding to tau.
tiye, typ., deign kinci hle yh a shatien,
fun cien ge aud cspicatien ete
 DATE

PAGE MAMA DATETIO

P.GEANA
JemA Aed. to des(Hihe an. undlexcd amhed syaten
1Oveshoot

said ito be ndndamhedin<i Ovexshot a meaiuHe B heus muee th Heshone

RxCeeds the ltimot value falouung a tep clauge
and iç xpuued a the atio A
in natute cnal beome allatsry
u
OveHsho: A=

Auy Citically danhed ulhid ecay Ratio

as theatio te
he decay atio i dekiued
Aaid to be xtically dampedi1
C

ROeay atin = C= -27 = Coveshoot)

A

Note i
3Rúetime

sugin "a finuaa hii the tme Mequised fo the ueupomse to

ud t u
Aeacht utimat value
iat
NQamping inicit deuo ted ky tr

ty o
tr incHeases uuith inueaung
 PAGE M¢MA
DATEII
PAGEMAMA
Rubenae ima
open Leep conbunl and cdoaed locp
time
systen 2 witeit aduantageu an
his i the uithiut5 eit ultinat dis aduantage:
vau
Cuud emau tuwe
he dimitt5/: ane axbitxaxy
in ushich thHe fedback
fexiod o Dscill atiom cI) bkavided Àcalled

fexiod e oscillatitn the tme elabaed

etuleen alo called non

f
udhauk entuctytm
emteactm s inkut dou
nat dehend the
authut the
J-42 ckad ltiwe)
4hi ky smble system that nede
Jss mantenane quick opxatien and u
Oscillation

he acwnay s this systen

dehendable:
=
In Contol |Actuaing Plauut or Qutput
Buosning syted
tn
Block duaqxam of the efen Leet
cntiol ystam
 ’
’
’
Calisxaten Nedsdeohuotectim
Aleeds tiiw
cheah makefea Hemote
TV
i Ä omusitm, Hod Automatic
uaahng
easiusAimble

maintehance to
thiu and
incaenaie cemstuet
stable
sjstam
due
machen
iu camblu.
to
dilhut it
PAGE DATE

atet
MAMA

Jayeut

fdback
entel cmtol
syctemthe
Block nd fudhack
tertel
ystum
iaguam omhaxot
signat teble dujnde
agtm þath
theen
ps
af Comblex the ent
outut thHe
uehicin
cas backfeed cent
edl- i
Centxal
Adicn nuds
looh o aaton called PAGE ADATE
the
centbel mee a
Caled a yetm clesed JO
maintenance
yetem utput inkut
loh
aud
 DAIE
PAGEA
DATE IU
PAGEMA
the onom examplu
CUHe Aus itane betuteun,
’doate AC Reigurat
Aystem
fuubixatin HumaL Aubiaatehy <ysterm iu
Rader tacking kytem
alsoknon as men fudback
fudback centusk aystun certuel. systent
Misile iaunihingaytan. the ludback mechanikm he ludback meehanim
Aduantagui 3 tn thi dystm, contuel n thii kystenn, cenbel
actitm 04 insut i actim inßt
Heiable indehandent the sutput dep nds output
the the

ti
iaduantagu 6

Aeus
inaccuat
maintenance. Moue maintehanee
’ Neude mee maintenance uneliable
stable.
Conatut t i aiis to (tnstuc t i diH t to CAnstAd

unitable wutem Rsberse thiü

Gptimiyatin ouible
posble

Catibatien thiu ayt Calibkotin a< tii syutun

 DATE
PAGEI MAMA

DATET
LOS&A PAGEAA
OPEN n etHOH Cutectos
dete ctor
nat bunt JEESBACK. ConTROL SysTEM
tedb ack in the
Examlu
Toastei,ACy Kgeaates as
uay entotystm degined
uoui ding atput Bar to
Asto nmatic usashing the inbut
machine TV Aemate Radartaackng ystem, OR
Miaae lunhng
Aomatic txaiedihts Heman ytm.
Centol systm
Tea makes et ten he p0cLss o samþling and Hetsning the sutput
to the
inhut end s the sytem Rnoun as
tdsack
2he tudbak snal may be a voltage cuHent
dupending the opsatien.
3:|t mut Hememb that the
fudback
whidineetionalþuous i:e: the samaled fudback
sgnal aluays Aau fem sutput to input side
he udback cyatem maky it a
clesed leop systen
5
huefoe, the tudsaek þlaya gniticaut
ntuot syitem
Gthe sytem "ptommane and makes the iysten
to Buoduce accuate au d Heli able oLtput
ttedbaek es exteniively wed the suaces
cented s s t , 0Allaters amplijes,
taatie central systu ete
 DATE

PAGE
DATE IO
PAGE ANMA

udback uued in the she negtue fudback also kheutn as

he degunakaktve kudbask.
Negatueludback
3: he trans7s kunien o/ a cénkuet system hauing.
fottive kudback negatie judback i quieu
1+ 6H

4:
Lshune bt open agh gaia
HE baij fudback þatt

4 da n the negative fudback, the eHON

hutor, the
t pairt Contolled the ontus Aytem wit the negatie
vasiable hudbask
Tm 5: he negatie udback çA Wed in the cmjlieu
and many athr lomtl systems ike motor

&she Hability a systn hauing negatue fudhack

Block diagam of ntgatiue udback high
the measuHed vaule the contalled
Aubtacke d um the yalue
YostriesA BACK
Aet point at the comhauato, hen the measu4 ed 'valuçe the cnteled yaiable
4 the at the
ngqative udback centnol
Aystern i called neqatve ceT added to the value o< Aet paut
syutm i callud
then the ayctn
boatie udback sental' utm
E= Tkt Tm
 DAI
PACE 1AMA
DATE|
PAGE wA

he in e the contot Aience Betueen keuo centuel and Hegulatoy

he qain e the cente yetem ui te negatie Cent
systum wuith bosttik fudbakçlow
Ludback Centuot theue ii enly clange de
4et heint and the dis tush ance does nat
Senitve i less to change. wshile in Hegulatos shxatien, enly
the change aytun the ois tuabance changes Und the tt paint
to the change paxameti
iystem paamt s doe nst hange
his the main dience betueen scuuo centHe
and conto

trntut aystem hauuing negatue fudback Beuo Centoe

kautine fdáaik
A 8 e o centuels 6ne ushic Hespondi to a
Tf=
change'in sethoint he hetpaint may be
1- H
1tH
changedCenttolled qunction e time and theuyox
the vaiable ut felloue the

ttoint
in Giillator iuit. ambli<ihn eLik, he study ef the rati atiam e< sdthebaunt
itl.
mator cmtd sytm et otume the Lemstant value e load vaiable

Hene,du =0
dt

chauged and the

3he it boint aiqnal
mani þulakd vaiable
the
ebeatien condition
to achiue
 6 5

the change (ONTRO,KaG

in uATORY oibeddu he
n
ntHalled Hqulato Aegulatodi y othun
than boint t
tacking change"
twbance
omawtaJle
ystemi
Lonte

Hablem, a
voaKiable
bxOblem,
and the
time mislu
thestB
"bauk the chemitalAuuty. and
Átt bount
huomechanumDATEJO PAGE
to aikiKa;e
foint Resp
ose
ts betpolut
ixed ae

5
chng dt
Mast indu eblemthisis"oad
ehumial tay
aue knnaltoas
tubance u et
fo
Bt cue fudin.
Sranha
indiutuiu
pottadeun
bxoue
enthot

itwbance
change" DATEUI
PAGEAA
time
chemeathe w
 DATE
PACE DATE I
PAGE MAMA

hetoxe the tranu jx kuuctom e4 Pemtrstlu.

MoQES Of (oNTROLLSR
af a contnel syutn shauei 0S)= Output signal
oed, Rubonse
ushee
vayable,
ctna tantknon

Contel actin
None kest gueata than 2
n p- centrole, kp_ shold de kept
Pr-sntt
Ckp >1)
4: PIA- tomtel the vaue o kp ç qHeateh than t, en
it wil the Aisnal aud
thu signal can e
the ambijied
detected

4 l2

RLS) tts)
P- ontollus

the Pr cortotles BAoduu

ushicl asosctional to
utput signal
BAock diasam
alamg uth P-comtsle
4 R- centHles cannet handle the steady -stat
Apbly alau trunkorm Bn botth the and pALde eaet A
uCs) =
lhs) = UCs) t has maximum elset Beeuse the maxinu
deui atin e< the emtusled yasiable
 DAT

PAGE
DATE IO
PAGEA
Renouing xapoctanality ign
AdVANTAGES UC) =
t
ect) dtt kp e Ct)
Cencuptually imple
to tune
on both the aids +
liaduantage
UG)= p kp Es) t kp Ecs)
cannst Hemaie kt (ateady -ktat. er).

Abhlicatitns. UCS) =
Ets)
Used
to. Hequlat.
mang Liquid uel.
É(s)

PI Contrilleh
Cs)
PI- centueller standa fer huaoktional etequal
tertrotler.

I-tontale and sxoducu

Whiceu the eutput ignal Biock dingean niqatue tadaack
cenbinaHen the atht uith PI- contHel
4bxahoionat and intqxak contnoles
3 PI- ContHBler elininates the
elt) dt + ect) steady -tat ehei
witet aeting the stakility tthe
Ayctun
 3 5
2Reakmae
in, he beaae
e Aduontangea uhe AppliatimA deuiatin: t
he
tunngtuningi
bad mthhaxder teady
ued PIeliminatu
inu stat industiu.
hos cantrotles
can
to 4unatabilizingnha
enmes beelset he
een shendad ta
can demget t
lit
uad up d
PAGEA
to
sllatoy wteliminated
th med Habiigaim has
lity
riet
integva tme
to

3:

ewhic Centele.
he P&- comtelePa-
BJock Dlt) UCt) Aopo pa- certslla
A. U(S) =
b(s)= = ==KHonal entt
gxam kpkpelt) the
srPo- kp elt) stehds
KpClttos) ke Es) LeTnbinatitn
aud the. of
ue t t bHedus
(it + kp:e
fot
kpta p:
kdeiuatue
Po
os)| n
e
Es)s dleCt)] poxional
elt) MAJAPAGE DATE

Cemtollu.
outhnautailg
ack. G(s) t
deivative

ces)
 DATE

PAGE
DATE

PAGEAUA
AmhHoue the
Ltbility
P- omtHots sytem uitóut PIA- Centele

the' PIQ- Contsllen sanda tor Puahaxtonal nteqa

deiuative entlen

he PIA -ortrolleepoduu CUn output aignal

t (annst edininaes
stat 'eas ushie the cmbinatitn #he outkucs
tro puabontional, inteqxal aud deiyatie
and suoduu ollaut Centels

AlicatiirL ect) dt t
dt
mostly cued to Lenta saboua
industu
t
en both idu :

UCS) = kp e s) t ke ecs) t kp: to es)S

ecs)
1 +
st

RCS) s) CCS)
la.st bcs)

Blnck diagxam
 PAGE MAMA
DATE TIO
fasts ibonse PAGEMAMA
antnollis a
bxodues aud- COMtollua -actiu
his to p ontler
du
Biuaduaraqu
he pIA- contole
y'wed to lot bptimal fer the ueblema
tabiliky ef a contnel system aud lan wnls tuned
fuapesy
the Senivatie nase anliicatin.
Hemore te steady- stat
Steads -Atat naku the PIs-onta
th ese contolu QusEzþlan Kouth skability caitria and. juocadwne
uith example, aduantage aud kimitatonu .
Akhlication1 KouTH STABiuiTy CgiteR0A
i to
he ROutth test method
voiably ike buKe, ikemheKaure,
aud dkud i induituial abblicatik foa detmining mant the
chaxactexistic. equatim haue positiye Heal
tuist can also Be dtnmiued
Hor tenhuatse ushethuK the table
thuue. ae
auto mation mylad cheieal
the sytem stable

he test Limted to ttuat tue

Puocs indthundeut olynemial. claractestc equaktnk

te his mea tuat t cauAt Be whed to test

fnexhuniiue the skability

trauspoxdatn Jag
.

Aeasonable Joutin wehen tuned e

mot situations.