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Objectives
FOUNDATION OF METHEMATICS LECTURE 7 Definition Angles
TRIGONOMETRIC - Part 1 Theories

Objectives
Angle
Relationships
Dr. Sanjaya Thilakarathne
Department of Engineering Technology

Triangles Trigonometric
Trigonometric Theories
Ratios

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Trigonometry is a subject that involves the

measurement of sides and angles of triangles
and their relationship to each other.
Angle Theories
Side

Angle

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Basic Terms
Basic Terms continued
• Two distinct points determine a line called
line AB. • Angle-formed by rotating
A B
a ray around its endpoint.

• Line segment AB—a portion of the line • The ray in its initial
position is called the
between A and B, including points A and B. initial side of the angle.
A B
• The ray in its location
• Ray AB—portion of line AB that starts at A after the rotation is the
and continues through B, and on past B. terminal side of the
angle.
A B

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Naming Angles Basic Terms continued

• Unless it is ambiguous as to the meaning, angles may
be named only by a single letter (English or Greek)
displayed at vertex or in area of rotation between initial • Positive angle: The • Negative angle: The
and terminal sides rotation of the terminal rotation of the terminal
• Angles may also be named by three letters, one side of an angle side is clockwise.
representing a point on the initial side, one representing counterclockwise.
the vertex and one representing a point on the terminal
side (vertex letter in the middle, others first or last)

B Acceptable Names :
angle A
angle
 angleCAB
c angleBAC
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Angle Measures and Types of Angles Complementary and Supplementary

• The most common unit for measuring angles
Angles
is the degree. (One rotation = 360o)
• ¼ rotation = 90o, ½ rotation = 180o,1 360 rotation  1
0
• Two positive angles are called complementary
• Angle and measure of angle not the same, if the sum of their measures is 90o
o
but it is common to say that an angle = its • The angle that is complementary to 43o = 47
measure • Two positive angles are called supplementary if
• Types of angles named on basis of measure: the sum of their measures is 180o
o
• The angle that is supplementary to 68o = 112

0o    90o   90o 90o    180o   180o

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Example: Complementary Angles Example: Supplementary Angles

• Find the measure of each angle.
• Find the measure of each angle.
k +20

k  16 6x + 7 3x + 2

Since the two angles form a right angle, they are Since the two angles form a straight angle, they
complementary angles. Thus, are supplementary angles. Thus,
k  20  k 16  90 6x  7  3x  2  180 These angle measures are:
2k  4  90 The two angles have measures of: 9x  9  180 6(19) + 7 = 121 and 3(19) + 2 = 59

2k  86 43 + 20 = 63 and 43  16 = 27 9x  171

k  43 x  19
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Standard Position Quadrantal Angles

• Angles in standard position having their
• An angle is in standard position if its terminal sides along the x-axis or y-axis,
vertex is at the origin and its initial side is such as angles with measures 90, 180,
along the positive x-axis. 270, and so on, are called quadrantal
angles.



Measure :  3600

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Coterminal Angles Example: Coterminal Angles

• A complete rotation of a ray results in an
• Find the angles of smallest possible positive
angle measuring 360. Given angle A, and measure coterminal with each angle.
continuing the rotation by a multiple of 360
• a) 1115 b) 187
will result in a different angle, A + n360,with
the same terminal side: coterminal angles.
Add or subtract 360 as may times as needed to
obtain an angle with measure greater than 0 but
less than 360.
1115 360  755 187  360  173
• a) b)
755  360  395
395 360  35 1730
350
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Vertical Angles
• When lines intersect, angles opposite each other are
called vertical angles

Angle Relationships Q
R

N
P

• Vertical angles in this picture: QMN and :RMP

NMP and : RMQ
• How do measures of vertical angles compare?
Vertical Angles have equal measures.
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Parallel Lines Angles and Relationships

q
• Parallel lines are lines that lie in the same A transver sal intersecting parallel Exterior
m
plane and do not intersect. lines forms eight angles with the Interior
• When a line q intersects two parallel lines, q, following names and relationships : n
Exterior
is called a transversal.
Name Angles Rule
Transversal q
Alternate interior angles 4 and 5 Angles measures are equal.
3 and 6
m Alternate exterior angles 1 and 8 Angle measures are equal.
parallel lines 2 and 7
Interior angles on the same 4 and 6 Angle measures add to 180.
n side of the transversal 3 and 5
Corresponding angles 2 & 6, 1 & 5, Angle measures are equal.
3 & 7, 4 & 8
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Example: Finding Angle

Measures
Equation?
• Find the measure of each • 6 x  4  10 x  80
marked angle, given that lines
m and n are parallel. 84  4 x
Triangles
(6x + 4)
m
21  x
• Measure of each angle?
n
(10x  80) • One angle has measure
6x + 4 = 6(21) + 4 = 130
• What is the relationship
between these angles? • and the other has measure
10x  80 = 10(21)  80 =
Alternate exterior with equal
measures 130
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Angle Sum of a Triangle

Types of Triangles: Named Based on
The sum of the measures of the angles of any Angles
triangle is 180.
• The measures of two of • Solution?
the angles of a triangle
52  65  x  180
are 52 and 65. Find the
measure of the third 117  x  180
angle, x.
x  63
65

x
• The third angle of the
triangle measures 63.
52

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Parts of a Right Triangle

Types of Triangles: Named Based on
B Sides
Hypotenuse
Opposite Side

A
C Adjacent Side
Imagine that you are at Angle A looking into the triangle.
The hypotenuse will always be the longest side, and
opposite from the right angle. The opposite side is the
The adjacent side is the side that is on the opposite
side next to Angle A. side of the triangle from
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Similar and Congruent Triangles Conditions for Similar Triangles

• Triangles that have exactly the same
A
shape, but not necessarily the same D
size are similar triangles E F
A B C
D
• Corresponding angles must have the
C E F
B same measure. A  D, B  E , C  F
• Triangles that have exactly the same
shape and the same size are called
• Corresponding sides must be proportional.
congruent triangles
G L (That is, their ratios must be equal.)
AB BC AC
 
H K M N DE EF DF
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Example: Finding Side Lengths on Similar

Example: Finding Angle Measures on
Triangles
Similar Triangles
Write a proportion involving corresponding sides with one unknown :

• Triangles ABC and DEF • Since the triangles are • Triangles ABC and DEF • To find side DE:
are similar. Find the 32 64
are similar. Find the similar, corresponding 
measures of angles D angles have the same lengths of the unknown 16 x
and E. measure. sides in triangle DEF. 32 x  1024
D
• Angle D corresponds to D
x  32
angle: A 32
A o
A
16 • To find side FE:
• Measure of D: 35 35 112 32 48
112
35
F E • Angle E corresponds to
64 F E

32 24 16 x
angle: B
112 33 o 112 33 32 x  768
C B • Measure of E: 33 C B

x  24
48

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Example: Application of Similar Triangles

• A lighthouse casts a • The two triangles are

shadow 64 m long. At the similar, so corresponding
same time, the shadow sides are in proportion,
cast by a mailbox 3 m
high is 4 m long. Find the
so: 3 x

Trigonometric Theories
height of the lighthouse. 4 64
4 x  192
3 x  48
4

x
• The lighthouse is 48 m
high.
64

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The theorem of Pythagoras Example : Find the length of BC

The theorem of Pythagoras states:
In any right-angled triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the other two sides.

b2 = a2 + c2

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Example :
Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One
travels due north at an average speed of 300km/h
and the other due west at an average speed of 220
km/h. Calculate their distance apart after 4hours. Trigonometric Ratios
After 4 hours, the first aircraft has travelled 4×300 = 1200km due north Sines, Cosines and Tangents
and the second aircraft has travelled 4×220 = 880km due west,
The distance apart after 4hours = BC

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With reference to angle θ in the right-angled triangle

ABC Opp
Sin 
Hyp
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
opposite
opposite
Adj
Cos  
Hyp

Opp adjacent
Tan  
Adj

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S OH C AH T OA

Exercise : Point A lies at co-ordinate (2, 3) and point B at (8, 7).

Determine (a) the distance AB and (b) the gradient of the straight
line AB.

Points A and B are shown in the above Figure

The horizontal and vertical lines AC and BC are constructed. Since ABC is
a right-angled triangle, and AC = (8−2) = 6 and BC = (7−3) = 4, by
Pythagoras’ theorem,

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Applications Involving Right Triangles Most Common Application:

A surveyor is standing 115 feet from the base of the
Washington Monument. The surveyor measures the angle of
elevation to the top of the monument as 78.3. How tall is the
Washington Monument? r  x2  y 2
x  r cos 
Solution:

r
y  r sin 
y
θ
where x = 115 and y is the height of the
x
monument. So, the height of the Washington
 y
Monument is
  tan 1  
y = x tan 78.3
 115(4.82882)  555 feet.  x
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Reciprocal Functions
sin  = 1/csc  csc  = 1/sin 
hyp cos  = 1/sec  sec  = 1/cos 
opp
tan  = 1/cot  cot  = 1/tan 
θ
adj
The trigonometric functions are:
sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent.
opp
sin = cos = adj tan = opp
hyp hyp adj
hyp
csc = sec = hyp cot = adj
opp adj opp

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Example: Given sec  = 4, find the values of the other five Evaluating trigonometric ratios of acute angles
trigonometric functions of  .
The easiest way to evaluate trigonometric ratios of any angle is to use a
Solution: 4 calculator. The other way is to refer the trigonometric tables.
15
Draw a right triangle with an angle  such
θ
4
that 4 = sec  = hyp = . 1
adj 1
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve
for the third side of the triangle.
4
sin  = 15 csc  = 1 =
4 sin  15
1 1
cos  = sec  = =4
4 cos 
1
tan  = 15 = 15 cot  =
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Inverse Function Portions of Degree: Minutes, Seconds

The value of a trigonometric ratio and need to find the angle we
use the inverse of trigonometric ratio (inverse function on
our calculators). • One minute, 1’, is 1/60 of a degree.
Example: We know the sine of an angle is 0.5 then the value of the angle is 1
given by 1'  or 60'  1
60

• One second, 1”, is 1/60 of a minute.

1' 10
1"   or 60" 1' or 3600" 10
60 3600

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Converting Between Degrees, Minutes and

Example: Calculations Seconds and Decimal Degrees

• Perform the calculation. • Perform the calculation. • Convert 74 12' 18" • Convert 34.624
27 34' 26 52'
72  15 18'
Write minutes and seconds Change fractional degrees
as fractions of a degree : to minutes and fractional
27 34'
minutes to seconds :
• Hint write: 72 as 71 60'
 26 52' 74 12' 18"  74 
12

18 34.624  34  .624
60 3600  34  .624(60')
53 86' 71 60  74  .2  .005
 34  37.44'
• Since 86 = 60 + 26, the
sum is written: 53
15 18'  74.205
 34  37 ' .44'
56 42'  34  37 ' .44(60")
 1 26'
 34  37 ' 26.4"
54 26'  34 37 ' 26.4"
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Radians and degrees

One radian is defined as the angle subtended at the
centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.
With reference to following Figure, for arc length s

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To ‘solve the triangle ABC’

means ‘to find the length AC
and angles B and C’.

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A surveyor measures the angle of elevation of the top of a

perpendicular building as 19°. He moves 120m nearer to the
building and finds the angle of elevation is now 47°. Determine
the height of the building.

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The angle of depression of a ship viewed at a particular instant

from the top of a 75m vertical cliffis 30°. Find the distance of
the ship from the base of the cliff at this instant. The ship is
sailing away from the cliff at constant speed and 1 minute later
its angle of depression from the top of the cliff is 20◦. Determine
the speed of the ship in km/h

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Evaluating trigonometric ratios of acute angles

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Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal Identities
sin  = 1/csc  cos  = 1/sec  tan  = 1/cot 
cot  = 1/tan  sec  = 1/cos  csc  = 1/sin 
Co function Identities
sin  = cos(90   ) cos  = sin(90   )
sin  = cos (π/2  ) cos  = sin (π/2  )
tan  = cot(90   ) cot  = tan(90   )
tan  = cot (π/2  ) cot  = tan (π/2  )
sec  = csc(90   ) csc  = sec(90   )
sec  = csc (π/2  ) csc  = sec (π/2  )

Quotient Identities
tan  = sin  /cos  cot  = cos  /sin 
Pythagorean Identities
sin2  + cos2  = 1 tan2  + 1 = sec2  cot2  + 1 = csc2 
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Fundamental Trigonometric Trigonometry (Compound Angles)

Values of angles 30, 45, 60, 90, 180 & etc… “Compound” angles are simply the sum of, or the difference
between, two other angles

This angle is an
example of a
compound angle

P (x ; 0)

Easy to calculate trig

ratios of angles α and
β … but what about
trig ratios of
(α – β) or (α + β)?
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Some formulae regarding compound angles Essential Compound Angle Formulae – YOU MUST KNOW
THESE BY HEART!
An angle made up of the sum or differences of two or more
angles is called a compound angle. The basic results in this
* Also known as the Addition Formulae
direction are called trigonometric identies as given below:
cos (α – β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β …… think “cos cos sin
sin” 
Note the opposite signs

cos (α + β) = cos α cos β – sin α sin β

-------------------------------------------------------

sin (α – β) = sin α cos β – cos α sin β …… think “sin cos cos

sin” 
Note the same signs

sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

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sin 2α
cos 2α
Double Angle Formulae (just special cases of the previous cos 2α = cos (α + α)
Compound Angle Formulae) cos 2α = cos α cos α – sin α sin α
cos 2α = cos2α – sin2α
sin 2α = sin (α + α)
sin 2α = sin α cos α + cos α sin α cos 2α = (1 – sin2α) – sin2α OR cos 2α = cos2α – (1 – cos2α)
sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α
= 2 (sin α)(cos α) … (note that sin α and cos α are numbers, or cos 2α = 1 – 2 sin2α cos 2α = 2 cos2α – 1
factors in this case)

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Applications of Compound and Double Angle Formulae Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations

1. Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations

2. Simplifying expressions / algebraic manipulations
3. Proving identities
4. Solving trig. equations
5. Graphs
6. Anything else of a miscellaneous nature e.g. combinations of the
above!
ALWAYS BEAR IN MIND THE “REVERSIBILITY” OF THE
FORMULAE
e.g. cos (α – β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

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Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations

Simplifying expressions / algebraic manipulations

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Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations

Simplifying expressions / algebraic manipulations Proving identities

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Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations

Proving identities Solving trig. equations

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Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations Miscellaneous manipulations and calculations

Find the solutions for
Find the solutions for
sin 3α = 3sin(α) - 4sin^3(α)
I am going to use the three identities stated above to prove your identity cos 3α
LHS = sin(3α)
= sin( 2α + α)
= sin(2α)cos(α) + cos(2α)sin(α) .........using sin( A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

= [ 2sin(α)cos(α)]cos(α) + [ 1 - 2sin^2(α)]sin(α)
= 2sin(α)cos^2(α) + sin(α) - 2sin^3(α)
= 2sin(α)[ 1 - sin^2(α) + sin(α) - 2sin^3(α) tan 3α
= 2sin(α) - 2sin^3(α) + sin(α) - 2sin^3(α)
= 3sin( α) - 4sin^3(α)
= RHS

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Homework
Practice Exercise 82 Theorem of Pythagoras (answers on
page 350)
Practice Exercise 83 Trigonometric ratios (answers on page
349)
Practice Exercise 102 Radians and degrees (answers on
page 351)

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