Communication

- is a process of exchanging – Information, ideas, Thoughts, Feelings, Emotions through- Speech,

Signals, Writing, Behavior.
- the process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feelings.

Context
- Is the circumstance or environment in which communication styles take place.
- May include the physical or actual setting, the value positions of a speaker /listener, and the
relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed.

Communication may be classified according to:

1. Communication mode
2. Context
3. Purpose and style

Types of Communication According to Mode:

 Verbal
- Spoken rather than written. Relating to words or using words. Relating to a verb.
- Refers to the form of communication in which message transmitted verbally. Communication
is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. In verbal communication remember the
acronym "KISS" (keep it short and simple).
- Verbal Communication is divided into: Oral Communication, and Written Communication.
 Oral Communication
- In oral communication, Spoken words are used.
- It includes face -to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video,
radio, television, voice over internet.
- Communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.
Advantages - It brings quick feedback. In a face-to-face conversation, by reading
 facial expression and body language one can guess whether he/she should trust
what's being said or not.
Disadvantages - In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to deeply think about
what he is delivering, so this can be counted as a fault.
 Written Communication
- In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate.
- In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report,
memo etc.
- Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in
business.
Advantages - Messages can be edited and revised written communication provide
record and backup. A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and
send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages - Written communication doesn't bring instant feedback. It take
more time in composing a written message as compared to word -of - mouth and
number of people struggles for writing ability.
 Non-verbal
- Is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. Such as gesture, body language posture,
tone of voice or facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication.
- Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of speaker.

Nonverbal communication have the following three elements

* Appearance Speaker - clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics.
*Surrounding - room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings.
*Body Language - facial expressions, gestures, postures.
*Sounds - Voice Tone, Volume, Speech rate.
 Visual
- Type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/ or messages.
- Examples are signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos,
drawings or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication.

Types of Communication According to Context

1. Intrapersonal - is communication that occurs in your own mind. It is the basis of your feelings,
biases, prejudices, and beliefs.
Examples are when you make any kind of decision – what to eat or wear. When you think about
something – what you want to do on the weekend or when you think about another person.
2. Interpersonal – is the communication between two people but can involve more in informal
conversations.
Examples when you are talking to your friends, A teacher and student discussing an assignment,
A patient and a doctor discussing a treatment, a manager and a potential employee during an
interview.
 3. Extended – involves the use of electronic media. includes tele, audio, or phone conferencing,
Video-conferencing, Skype calls, other technological means.
4. Organization – The focus is on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts. For
an organization to be successful, a system of communication should be put in place.
Two types of organizational structure
1. Formal – allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow
between positions in the organization.
Four Approaches:
 Downward - is the type that flows from upper to lower positions, i.e., president to a
manager or supervisor, a manager to an ordinary staff. The flow of communication
is top- down or from a superior to a subordinate, usually asking certain individuals
to perform a certain task.
 Upward Communication - message transmission is bottom-up in which
subordinates send communication to their superiors/bosses bearing their
views/feedback on organizational policies, and issues related to their jobs.
 Horizontal Communication - is lateral in approach as it take place among people
belonging to the same level but coming from different departments or units to
facilitate performance or tasks through proper coordination.
 Crosswise Communication - is diagonal in nature as employees from different units
or departments working at various levels communicate with each other.
2. Informal – comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as "grapevine",
messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted. This occurs
due to the dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors
playing regulations.

Organizational culture - dictate the kind of behavior that employees should possess as well
as the extent of commitment expected from them by the organization. They share all in the
value, practices, vision, and mission of the organization.

5. Intercultural – it is communication between or among people having different linguistic,

religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds.

Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style:

 Formal Communication - Employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. Lectures,
public talks /speeches, research and project proposals, reports, and business letters, among
others.
 Informal Communication - Does not employ formal language. Involves personal and ordinary
conversation with friends, family members, or acquaintances about anything under the sun. The
mode may be oral as in face-to-face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or written as in
the case of e -mail messages, personal notes, letters, or text messages. The purpose it simply to
socialize and enhance relationships.
Phoneme – smallest unit of meaningful sound.
teach- er = teacher
joy- ful = joyful

Suprasegmental – unit of sounds without letter representation.

Three Features of Suprasegmental:
1. Stress - refers to the emphasis of a syllable or word in a sentence.
Kinds of stress
 word stress
Rules on Word Stress:
1. Stress the first syllable of disyllabic words.
content, present, practice, paper, Sunday
2. Stress the first syllable of compound nouns.
bankbook, baseball bat, swimming pool, drug store, classroom
3. Stress the first syllable if it is a noun.
protest, record, project, present, rebel
4. Stress the second syllable if it is a verb
increase, refund, repeat, record, rebel
5. For number words ending in teen and teenth, stress the last syllable. For
number words ending in ty or tieth, stress on the first syllable.
- thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, seventeenth, eighteenth (last syllable)
- seventy, eighty, ninety,seventieth, eightieth (1st)
 Sentence Stress
Rules on Sentence Stress
6. Stress the second word if it is a compound verb.
understand, outrun,
workout, call off, run over
7. Stress the content words such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
Noun: The lady moves fast. The lawyer is my friend.
Adjective: The baby is beautiful. Jane is ambitious.
Verb: Mom cooks dinner. Shane studies everyday.
Adverb: That was too quick! She seldom recites in class.
8. Function words namely pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions are not to
be given emphasis. he, they, and, yet, in, into

shift – is a straight vertical line that shifts from one tone to another and is used for
stressed or accented syllable/s. Collegue, bamboo, urine

Glide/ inflection- is a diagonally-curved line which is used for one syllable word.
join, come, nice

Pitch- is the lowness or highness of a sound.

 Four kinds of pitch
1. low – is used to end statements.
2. medium – is used at the beginning of a sentence.
3. high – is used in a stressed syllable.
4. very high – is used for strong feelings or emotions.

Intonation – is the rise and fall of our speech or the melody of our voice.
Three Basic Intonation Patterns
1. Rising Intonation - Yes/No Questions (Categorical). Are you ready?
2. Falling Intonation – 1. Counting-off Numbers. One, two, three, four, five
2. one-word imperative. come, focus, believe, study, survive
3. Rising-falling Intonation – 1. Imperative sentence. Open the door. Close the faucet.
2. Declarative sentence. It was fantastic! That sounds amazing
3. WH Questions. Why are you sad? Where are they going?

Juncture – is the slight pause or delay in a continuous flow of speech.

Two kinds of juncture:
Open – there is a slight pause/delay
Close – there is no slight delay

Open Close
night rate nitrate
a void avoid
be leaving believing

10 Steps To Effective Listening

Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact.
Step 2: Be attentive, but relaxed.
Step 3: Keep an open mind.
Step 4: Listen to the words and try to picture what the speaker is saying.
Step 5: Don't interrupt and don't impose your "solutions."
Step 6: Wait for the speaker to pause to ask clarifying questions.
Step 7: Ask questions only to ensure understanding.
Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is feeling.
Step 9: Give the speaker regular feedback.
Step 10: Pay attention to what isn't said—to nonverbal cues.

Etymology of Commination comes from the latin words

Commúnis – Common
Communico – to confer with others