Lit CLASS: X CHAPTER: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION ~LI4}_ Light: itis a frm of energy that enables us to see the objects from which is» elected. 4. Speed of light waves in air or vacuum is 3 x 10° mvs. ts speed Is different in different medium. 2, Itdoes not require material medium for its propagation. 3. Ittravels in a straight line. This property is called rectilinear propagation of light, REFLECTION OF LIGHT ‘The phenomenon of sending back of light rays from an opaque surface is known as reflection of ight. Terms : 4, Incident ray (AB) : The light ray which falls iN ‘on the mirror. ! i a t ic 2. Reflected ray (BC) : The light ray which is sent 1 back by the mirror. 1 ie 3, Normal (NB) : A line perpendicular to the surface of mirror. 4. Angle of incidence ( Li) - The angle between incident ray and normal. 5. Angle of reflection ( £1) : The angle between reflected ray and normal. AWS OF REFLECTION : i) First Law : The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal (at the point of “incidence), all ie in the same plane. ii) Second Law : The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle,of incidence. ( gfe ar) ‘Object : Anything which gives out light rays. Eg. Bulb, Candle ete Image : Itis an optical appearance produced when light rays coming from an object are reflected from a mirror. . 4. Real image : The image which can be obtained on screen. 2. Virtual image : The image which cannot be obtained on screen, SPHERICAL MIRROR ‘A mirror whose reflecting surface is the part of @ hollow nor hoe Pe sphere of glass is called Scanned with CamScanner reTypes of spherical micror ror: A spherical miror whose reflesting surface is benc in of curved om : tpn. itis converging mirror. Convex. mior : A spherical mirtor whose reflecting gurtace is, curved outwards, on fTOr : : It is a diverging mirror. Torms associated with spherical mirrors ; 1. Centre of Curvature ( C ) : Itis the centre of the hollow sphere of glass of which “the mirror is a part. Pole (P): The mid-point ofthe spherical mirror is called its pole, 3. Radius of curvature ( R ): Its the radius of the hollow sphere of lass of which the mirror is a part. Principal Axis (PCX) : The straight line passing through the Pole and centre of Curvature, Aperture (MM) : The portion of mirror from which the reflection of light actually takes place. 6. Principal focus (F) : The Point on the Parallel to principal axis converge after after reflection (from convex mirror). Focal length (f): The distance between, * Plane mirror has infinite focal length, Principal axis at which all the light rays reflection (from concave mirror) or diverge Pole and principal focus * Focal Length = Radius of Curvature 2 fee Concave mirror ™ CONVEX MIRROR OR DIVERGING MIRROR th Convex mirror It diverges. the parallel beam Of light incident on it, 2 Teas virtual focus, as rays of light appear to diverge from a point called focus.CONCAVE MIRROR AS CONVERGING MIRROR Mt converges the parallel beam of light incident on it, RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS. 1. Aray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, Passes through its focus, after reflection, an A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is reflected back along the same path, a 3. A ray of light passing through the focus of spherical mirror becomes parallel to the principal axis after reflection. — a f e 4. A ray of light which is incident at the pole of spherical mirror, gets reflected back making the same angle with the principle axis, < Ray Diagrarrefor convex mirror Page — 166, 16# Ray diagrams (concave mirror) ee: Table 10.1, 10.2 from NCERT (Page-167) USES OF CONCAVE MIRROR 1. Itis used as sharing mirror to see the large image of the face. Itis used as reflector in torches, headlights and searchlights, Itis used as the head mirror by doctors (dentists) to see the large images. In solar cooker, the food to be cooked is placed at the focus of the concave mirror, 2 a 4. USES OF CONVEX MIRROR Itis used as a rear-view mirror as it forms an erect and highly diminished image of the object due to which it provides a wide field of view. SYMBOLS AND SIGN CONVENTIONS Object distance = u Radius of curvature = R. Image distance = y Height of object = hy Focal length =f Height of image = hi Scanned with CamScanner ‘(Supe twAildistances are measured from the pole. Distances measured in the direct of incident ray are posit Distances measured against the direction of incident ray are ‘wyatiye ., Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis arc Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are sent wage, AA walk, 6 22 eNe — Ba Murocfomua: “t= Atomnatewd : Magnification : - It is defined as the ratio of size of image to the size of object. It has + noun» meh =v m —> Image + —» © Virtual - — Real Give reasons Why : ) Concave mirror is used as shaviing mirror’ ii) Concave mirror is used as reflector in torches, car headlights and search lights ? iif) Concave mirror is used as the head-rmirror by doctors ? iv) "Concave mirror is used in solar cooker ? : Convex mirror is used as rear-vieww mirror in vehicles 7 ns. i) Concave mirror is used as a shaving miro; to see a large image of the face. This is because when the face. This is because’ when the face is held between the focus and pole of the concave mirror then e’n enlarged and erect image of the face is formed in the mirror. cans il) Concave mirror is used as a reflector in torches’ etc. because it can produce on strong parallel beam of light when the source of light is placed at its focus. This helps to see things upto large distances. iil) Concave mirror is used as the head-mirror by doctors (dentists) to see the large images, This is because the tooth is within the focus of the concave mirror and an enlarged image Is formed. jv) In solar cooker, the food to be cooked Is placed at tite focus of the concave mirror used. The concave mirror converges the pztraliel hy2at rays from the sun at its focus and therefore high temperature can be attained in the solar cooker. vy) — Aconvex mirror forms an erect and highly diminished image of the object due to which it provides a wide field of view. Convex rnirror is curv.2d outwards so it provides a wide field of view. Normal Incidence : The situation when incident ray coincides with the normal to the surface, In this case (£i = 0). So, according to the law c f reflection, /_ r= 0.(Li==0)