, Whighter = Reflection is the phenomenon where light rays bounce back into the same medium after striking a surface —— Lawsof Reflection 1.The First Law of Reflection: All the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. 2.The Second Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. In other words, the angle between the incident ray and the normal is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the normal. 1.A plane mirror forms an image that is virtual and erect. 2.The image appears laterally inverted. 3.The distance of the image from the mirror is the same as the distance of the object from the mirror, but behind the mirror. 4.The size of the image is equal to the size of the object (magnification factor, m, equals 1). Mirrors with spherical reflecting surfaces are part of hollow glass spheres. A concave mirror has a curved reflective surface on its inner side, while a convex mirror has a reflective surface that bulges outward, away from the light source.1.0 concave mirror, characterized by its inwardly curved reflecting surface, is known as a concave mirror. 2.Conversely, a conver mirror, distinguished by its outwardly curved reflecting surface, is referred to as a convex mirror, Pole: Denoted by "P," the pole of 4 spherical mirror is the center of its reflecting surface, coinciding with the mirror's surface itself. Centre of curvature: The center of the sphere from which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is derived is called the center of curvature, For concave mirrors, it lies in front, while for convex mirrors, it lies behind the mirror. The radius of curvature: Represented by "R,” it is the radius of the sphere from which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is derived. Principal axis: The principal axis of a spherical mirror is a straight line passing through the mirror's pole and its center of curvature. It is perpendicular to the mirror's surface at its pole. Principal focus: Denoted by “F," for a concave mirror, parallel rays converge at the principal focus, while for a convex mirror, they appear to diverge from it. The distance between the mirror's pole and the principal focus is the focal length. Aperture: The diameter of the reflecting surface in a spherical mirror is referred to as the aperture. When the aperture is significantly smaller than the radius of curvature, an approximation of R = 2f can be used. concanc ae axte a mes Bee ge fore = fat Se crt cca SY pate Pid =" ary te “suPnet pall a xiG “aie CHE ony Centre BY pate B85 t- = AG BE ~ellect wat ces SO oan Brae7 ae voy es ots pole ara Seg “1 a weet aie ee Plane mieor OS Kafi impt diagram hai 3-4 baar practice kaar lena yaad se! tmoge FPontonol the Object ‘Postion thelmage _Sizeol the image (2) potoatthe mmr lira wenn Oirraneh — Concave Mirror Po Po n of object jon of image | Nature of image 1. Atinfinity At the pnncipal focus | Real. inverted, orn the focal plane | extremely diminished in size 2. Beyond the centre of curvature Between the pnncipal| Real. inverted and focus and centre of | diminished curvature =) 58) eo $5 oi Res ieted aod Ly) curvature curvature equal to object Beyond centre of, Real, inverted and curvature bigger than object. 4, Between focus and centre of curvature5 Atthe principal Atinfinity Extent focus F magnified ot 6 Between the ple and 2 Virtua, erect and tenn bow oy Behind the minor | Male 6th number wala cache se practice kaar lena ~ Concave (Converging) = (-ve) Concave mirrors are used in torches, headlights, shaving mirrors, dental examinations, and solar furnaces for heat. “a O © Torches Shaving Mirror Dental Examination ~~ Convex Diverging f= (ve) Convex mirrors are used in vehicles's rear-view mirrors to provide smaller but upright images and a wider field of view, enhancing driver visibility “SQ Y Rear-view Mirror magnify Glass Street View mirror 1, Object on the left, light comes from the left. 2. Start measuring from the mirror’s pole. 3. Left is negative, right is positive. 4, Above the principal axis is positive. 5. Below the principal axis is negative.Isko [kdum ‘ratte’ may [ena “ image di Us object distance F + Focal length Height of the te esa ave signe fae fev ma Hayat of the tmape sored ia . Height the object TO ie om Tee evel 5 moh a ¥ ROO ior ae) Pe 1. (u) (object distance) is always negative. 2. (u) (image distance) is positive behind a concave mirror, negative in front of a concave mirror, and always positive for a convex mirror. 3. The focal length ( f) of a concave mirror is always negative, and that of a convex mirror is always positive 4. The height of an object is always positive 5. If the image is erect, the height is taken as positive; if inverted, the height is negative. The bending of light at the boundary between two mediums is called refraction. Examples include a spoon dipped in water and the appearance of the bottom of a glass tumbler filled with water. Light bends when moving between different mediums because of speed differences. Light travels at varied velocities in materials, accelerating or decelerating upon entry into a new medium. This change alters the direction of light, known as refraction. The degree of bending depends on the extent of the speed change. Refraction is governed by the refractive index, indicating the ratio of light speed in vacuum to its speed in the medium. + Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the surface of two media at a point of incidence are coplanar. * Snell's law: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for a given color and pair of media.2. Bat the speed of the light change Normal + Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence (Zi)=(Ze) When a ray of light is incident perpendicularly ona plane glass slab, it passes through undeviated. In this case, the angle of incidence (Zi) is 0°, and therefore, the angle of refraction (Zr) is also 0°. ranspavent media, the one that has the higher refractive inder is called the optically denser medium of fa pas the tro, wh the one that has the lower refractwe inde d the optically rarer med He Racer—Denser optically denser does not mean greater mast density (mast per « [it Float on water! but if hav a higher refractive indes, that is, it i optically 1 example. kerosene is lighte denser than waterRefractive index measures light bending when moving between materials, indicating speed variation. Crucial for understanding light behavior and optical phenomena in diverse substances. Refractive index of Meum 2 with espect to Medlivm 1 Convex lens: Thicker in the middle, converges light to a real focus. Concave lens: Thicker at edges, diverges light to a virtual focus. Both are transparent materials with curved surfaces, forming lenses. loht on Medium Cooke f te werahe Cate qed gop gal fear * Center of Curvature: Point on the principal axis equidistant from the lens center, defining its curvature. Principal Axis: Imaginary line through lens centers of curvature. Principal Focus: Point where parallel rays converge (convex) or diverge (concave), two per lens. Aperture: Effective diameter of spherical lens. Optical Center (0): Point where light passes without bending, Focal Length: Distance between principal focus and optical center. Ban fal tent a foeszp * : TAs: : a Pe importantWe use a sign rule like with mirrors. Measure from lens center. Convex lens has a positive focus, concave negative f =-foeal lengty Eis ht af Hu feage Seal ey Lens power Measures light convergence/divergence, inversely proportional to focal length (F) in meters. Expressed in diopters (D), calculated as reciprocal of focal length. Object distance Rtal (mage otistance < tual {mage olrtace