Conduction-heat transfer through direct contact
Convection – heat transfer through molecular movement
Radiation-heat transfer with electromagnetic waves
Heat Exchangers
Types-Shell and tube, plate, spiral type heat exchanger
Current flow- counter current flow
Removable head shell and tube heat exchangers – u tube heat exchanger, floating head heat
exchangers-fixed tube heat exchangers.
Square tube pitch, triangular tube pitch
Horizontal-longitudinal, channel head. Segmental, impingement baffle-segmental baffle-expansion and
contraction
Double tube sheet heat exchanger-to collect leaks,
U-tube –to allow for expansion
Floating head exchanger- to easy cleaning
Kettle type of heat exchanger-reboiler
Affects efficiency in heat exchangers
-temperature difference
-conducting material
-fluid turbulence
-fluid velocity
-Surface area – large surface area increases heat transfer
Problems
Fouling-deposits inside exchanger caused by low velocity and fluid may contain solid particles- corrosion,
organic growth-algie- chemical inhibitors anti foulants –dispersant not let dirt to form solid
High pressure testing of exchanger- with water- leakage will drain
Centrifugal Pumps
Positive displacement (reciprocating-pushing fluid) and centrifugal (uses centrifugal force to
move fluid with use of impeller)
Volute design
Vertical split- axial split
Diffuser to avoid cavitation-volatile fluids
Parallel- high flow rate – same pressure
Series-same amount of fluid flow rate-high pressure
Pressure-potential energy
Kinetic energy-velocity
Total head- how much work needed to move fluid
Flowrate, friction loss, horse power
Centrifugal must be filled with fluid before start or it will cause cavitation
Vacuum ejector used to fill pump
Check valve in suction line to prevent back flow
Lubrication has to be checked before starting pump
Water cooling system checked and opened before start pump
Warm up valve open needed if fluid is in high temperature-to warm the pump
Process variables-temperature,flow,pressure,liquid level
Heat is total kinetic energy
Temperature is average kinetic energy
Gate valve for on and off application-min. pressure loss-tight sealing-laminar flow-
dis-no quick flow, leakages
Globe valve-control valve-liquid steam-2-3 way angle-needle valve,high
temperature-ads –quick operation-good seating, positive shut-off,dis-high
pressure drop
Diaphragm for liquid, shut off or control,-ads-easy maintenance-leak proof seal,
isolated valve components-non suitable for high temp, pressure
Butterfly-on off-control, gas liquid slurry, large flows, ads- light, quick response-
lover resistance to flow- poor sealing, leakages,
Ball valves
Strainer valve-filter
Feedback output is continuously compared with input
Feedforward disturbance sent to controller before reaching process
Cascade-feedback + feedforward
Ratio-Ratio control is a special type of feedforward control that has. had widespread application in
the process industries. The. objective is to maintain the ratio of two process variables as a. specified
value.
Ratio control is applied to keep up certain ratio between two or more flow rates in process industries.
Specific gravity will show whether something will float or sink. Solids and liquids are measured against
water, so if the specific gravity is less than one it will float, if it is higher than one it will sink
equation of continuity
A1v1=A1v2
opening pressure, closing pressure, and relieving capacity) are directly affected by changes of the back
pressure on the Valve
A conventional pressure relief valve is not used when the built-up backpressure is greater than 10% of
the set pressure at 10% overpressure. A higher maximum allowable built-up backpressure may be used
for overpressure greater than 10%.
A balanced safety Relief Valve is a pressure Relief Valve which incorporates means of minimizing the
effect of back pressure on the operational characteristics (opening pressure, closing pressure, and
relieving capacity).
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