€ Botany Reshare yy © Document Style Biological classification| [@ vr |<] Upload =O Tag * Earlier classification were based on - use of organisms the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification was given by > Aristotle * Aristotle used > simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided animals into two groups, those which had red blood ( Enaima ) and those that did not.(Anaima ) * Linnaeus ¥ * give Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdom * but this system did not distinguish between ~ the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms * besides gross morphology, other characteristics like > cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction, evolutionary relationships, etc. © RH. Whittaker(1969) J + proposed a Five Kingdom Classification. The kingdoms defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.* The main criteria for classification used by him include > cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships * fungi were placed in a separate kingdom - Kingdom Fungi because fungi had chitin in their cellwall * All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom Monera * unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom Protista and also include Chlamydomonas, Chiorella (earlier placed in Algae within Plants and both having cell walls) with Paramoecium and ‘Amoeba (which were earlier placed in the animal kingdom which lack cell wall . * Drawback of earlier classification or two kingdom classification V * unicellular organisms and the multicellular ones, say, for example, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae * The classification did not differentiate between the heterotrophic group ~ fungi, and the autotrophic green plants * Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera * they are the most abudant micro organsims * Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape: 4 * spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci), * the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacillius, * the comma-shaped Vibrium (pl. vibrio) * the spiral Spirillum (pL: spirilla)Spore Bacilli ‘Figure 2.1 Hacteria of different shapes * they are very complex in behaviour and bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity * Nutrition v * some bacteria are autotrophic they may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic. © The vast majority of bacteria > are heterotrophs, * Archaebacteria \ * they live in some of the most harsh habitats such as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens). * Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having > a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions * Methanogens are present in the > gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals. * Eubacteria J * There are thousands of different eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’ * They are characterised by the presence of > a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum* cyanobacteria Y * (also referred to as > blue-green algae * they have pigment chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs * cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae * The colonies are generally surrounded by > gelatinous sheath * . They often form blooms in polluted water bodies * Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called > heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena. * Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria ¥ * they oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production. * They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur * Heterotrophic bacteria V * Heterotrophic bacteria are the ¢ most abundant bacteria in nature * The majority are > important decomposers * Many of them have a significant impact on human affairs * They are helpful in > making curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc. * Some are pathogens causing damage to > human beings, crops, farm animals and pets. Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker (in plants by xanthomonas citri ) * Reproduction ¥ * Bacteria reproduce mainly by > fission . Sometimes, under unfavourable conditions, they produce spores.* Binary fission > during binary fission first of all DNA replicate or Genetic material duplicate then division of mesosomes occur and finally cytoplasm divide by cross wall formation * Parasexualism 4 * Congugation 4 * given by > Liderberg and Tatum * in this genetic recomination donor E.coli transfer their genetic material to accepter E.coli with the help of sex pillus and congucation tube * Transformation + * given by > Griffith * in this case when we mix heat killed S tpye and R type bacteria then exchange of genetic material occur and DNA of S type enter in R type due to enter of DNA R type bacteria transform into S type and this is called Transformaiton * Transduction > Transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to other bacteria with the help or induction of bacteriophage virus is called transduction . * Mycoplasma completely lack a > cell wall hence may be available in different shapes and this property is called Picomorhic also known as PPLO ( pleuro phenuomina like organism ) The size of PPLO is > 0.1 micrometer they are knowns as > Jocker of Plant kingdom can survive without oxygen hence called fecaltative aerobes organisms* pathogenic in * animals > pneumonia in cattle * plants > witches bloom in potato and little leaf of bringal * Economic importance of MONERA 1 * Acetobacteraceti « produce acetic acid which involve in formation of vinger * invovie in formaiton of curd > lactobacillus or LAB * petrolium pollution can be controlled by microbes > pseudomonas putida © Biofertisizers ~ like Rhizobium and ligumes , Frankia and Alnus , azotobater , Axolla and anabaena paddy field * curing of tea leaves to improve flavoure by > micrococcus canidida * KINGDOM PROTESTIA ¥ * All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista ‘* Members of Protista are primarily aquatic * Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation * Chrysophytes J * This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids).. * found in both marine and fresh water * They are microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton * pigment > chlorophyll a , chlorophyll c , xynthopyte * food reserve material ~ oil + carbohydrate (levosine)* cell wall v * overlapping cell wall like soap box or match box * cell wall contain Si02 silica after the death of diatom cell wall realease silica and deposited over million years this accumulation over billions of years is referred as diatomaceous earth * use of diatomaceous earth soil > Being gritty this soll is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups. Diatoms are -> the chief ‘producers’ in the oceans. * Reproduction 4