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INDEX
S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
01. INTRODUCTION 1
02. 2
OBJECTIVE & APPARATUS
REQUIRED
03. 4
THEORY
04. 8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
05. 9
PROCEDURE
04. OBSERVATION & APPLICATIONS 10
05, 11
RESULT & PRECAUTIONS
06, 12
SOURCES OF ERROR &
BIBILIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION :
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according
to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may
be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a stepup
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
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OBJECTIVE :
To investigate the relation between the ratio of : 1.Output and
Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary coil of
a self designed transformer .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
▪ Iron Rod
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▪ Copper Wire
▪ Voltmeter
▪ Ammeter
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THEORY :
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the number of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the
coil at this instant,
we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
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Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K , Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
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IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence,whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current.
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IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at
the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and Output power at the same
instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then:
Input power = output power Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
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Es / Ep = Ip / Is
=K
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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PROCEDURE :
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
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OBSERVATIONS :
• No. of turns in primary , NP = 60
• No. of turns in secondary , NS = 20
S. No. Input Voltage Output Voltage ES/EP
EP [volt] ES [volt]
1. 12 V 240 V 1/20
2. 240 V 12 V 20
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations:
➢ In voltage regulator for Televisions , refrigerator ,
computer , air conditioner , etc.
➢ A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
➢ A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
➢ A step-up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisements.
➢ Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c
over long distances.
➢ Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones , loud speakers, and electric bells, etc.
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RESULT:
1. Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error .
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends on the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of
a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS :
• Keep yourself safe from voltage .
• While taking the readings of the current and voltage of
the a.c. should remain constant.
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SOURCES OF ERROR :
• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect .
• Eddy current can changed the readings.
BIBILIOGRAPHY:
❖www.google.com/
❖www.wikipedia.com/
❖NCERT Physics Text Book Class XII
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