Experiment No. | Determination of alkalinity of a given water sample Apparatus Required: 1) Pipette: 2) Conical flask; 3) Burette: 4) Beaker; 5) Funnel, und 6) Stand Chemicals Required: 1) Methyl orange 2) Phenolphthalein, 3) Standard HCL Theory: Phe alkalinity of water is due to the presence of soluble a. hydroxides, b. carbonates, and ec. bicarbonates of alkali and alkaline earth metals. With respect to the constituents causing alkalinity in natural waters, the following situation may arisc. I. hydroxides only, 2. carbonates only, 3. bicarbonates only. hydroxide and carbonates, ae carbonates and bicarbonates. Note: The possibility of hydroxides and bicarbonates existing together is ruled out owing to the fact that they combine with each other forming the respective carbonates: OH + ~~ HCO, ~ co," + -+H0 Chemistry Lab Manualaas 5The type and extent of alkalinity present in the water sample is conveniently determined by titrating an aliquot of the sample with acid using phenolphthalein to detect end-point, (P), and then continuing the titration with methyl orange to another end-point, (M). The reaction-taking place may be represented by the following equations: OH + HY OHO CO, + Ht 3 HCO. ...... ) uco, + HW > «-ELCO, > H,0 +0, ..3) The volume of acid run down upto phcnolphthalein” end pint, (P) corresponds to the completion of reactions (1) and (2) given above while the volume of acid cun down after (P) corresponds to the completion of reaction (3). The total amount of acid used from the beginning of the experiment Lo the end, ic. (M) corresponds lo the total alkalinity and represents the completion of re: s shown by equation (1), (2) and (3). The results may be summarized in the followmg Table (1), from which the amount of hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates present in the water sample may be computed. Results of iteation — to] Hydroxide | Carbonate | Bicarbonate Phenolplthalein end point, (P) and Methyl orange end point, (M) or cos HOOy (P) = 0 Nil Nil (My (ry = (MD (My Nil Nil (P) = 1/2 (M) Ni 2(P) Nil (PB) > 1/2 (M) 2cP)-(M) | 2/(M)-(P)] | Nil (P) < 12M) Nil 2(Py (My 2(P) Alkalinity is generally expressed as parts per million (ppm) in terms of CaCO, or on degrees Clark, 6... Chernistry Lab ManualProcedure: Transfer 160 ml of the water sample into a conical flask, add | to 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, and titrate the sample with the standard HC! until the pink colour just persisted. Note the titre value as the phenolphthalein end-point, (P). Then add 2 to 3 drops of . methyl! orange indicator to the same solution and continue the titration until a sharp color change from yellow to red takes place. Note the total titer value from the beginning of the experiment as methyl orange end-point, (M) Sample Observation: S.No. Volume of the Volume of HCI, Vol. of HCI, methyl wale! pheaolphihalcin end- [ orange cud point (M), | point, (P), il nl i 10p 20 4A? 2 100 1k 4l 3 100, IB 4] Calculation: 1 Now, (P) = 18 ml (M)=41 ml and 5 M = 21 ml | Since (P) < 2 (M), the sample should contain only CO. and HCO yand it does not contain OH (vide Table 1). Further, 2(P) should correspond with the volume of HCL with respect to CO,~ and (M) -2(P) should correspond with volune of HCt with respect to HCO, Thus, volume of N/SO HCI equivalent to CO,~ =2(P)=2X 18 ml. = 36 ml and Volume of N/50 HCI equivalent HCO,” = (M)-2(P) = 41 — (2 X 18) =5 ml. Chemistry Lab Manuals. 7Now, Normality of the water sample with respect to CO,7> (N>) =? since, VjN, = VoN> N we a VN _ 20830 2 Va * 100 = 72x 107N Since, Strength = Normality X Equivalent weight (ig) Strength of CO 57.2 x 10" NX 30 =0.216 g/l Strength of CO,~ in terms of CaCO, Byuivatent weight of CaCO, = strength of COv xX Uquivalent weight of CO; = 0.216 0 git 30 © = 0.36 gil {. Fg = 1000 mg| = 360 my/l II my/l= 1 ppm| = 360 ppm [14.3 ppm = | Clark] = 25.17 Clark Similarly, Normality of water sample with respect to HCO, , (No) =? since, V; N; = VaN2 8... Chemistry Lab Manual5xN N _VN, | 2*50 2 =v, ~ 100 = 10°N Strength of HCO, = 10°61 =0.061 g/l (Strength = Normality X Eq. Wt. of HCO,” ) Strength of HCO,” in terms of CaCO, Equivalent weight of CaCO; Equivalent weight of HCO; = strength of HCOy X = 0.061 x2! = 0.001 Xj = 0.05 g/l = 50 mg/l = 50 ppm Results: Alkalinity with respect to CO,” in terms of CaCO, = 360ppm = 25.17 Clark Alkalinity with respect to HCO, in terms of CaCO3= SOppm = 3.5 Clark Total alkalinity in terms of CaCO, = 410ppm = 28.67 Clark Chemistry Lab Manualsees 9