YFMUALOL Environmentsf Ueifazur Unf (Ecology) : € wach saden safes 3 Sie aeatar watt cater dade soft areas aie star HTT wees are Test oeeaferht ea. m 1968 Hea Rex aT rag Helve aT ata aI Her. ‘SitareRUT (Biosphere) : © fafay vera aist wag sss yal VaaIeA ora FeO sare ea. wearer RTE Ba TITER 11,000 wee wer & aaR wactaER 9000 sx Seek A we sfarerora wm : (1) sft@ract (Lithosphere) (2) STAM (Hydrosphere) (3). Arar (Atmosphere) we ara wer eatton umeTa 100 Feree etetraT e we sore FOS gaTaes oar IT a. Fa: HRIETN, FER, FE, F. STATE : STATE FRET ea saw a, areeUTeATA THR AT Ei ATRTRATANGTE HTT (96) | AATF STATIN (56) ArBISA (N,) 78.09 75.54 FRAT (0,) 20.93 23.14 wre (A) 0.93 1.27 ards SaaS 0.032 0.46 Ea 0.02 0.02 we arava Wea: Talay, FRING, emia, suaaiat iT area aS rags aTaTST Aa, (1) Talay (Troposphere) : © aalfte Gem oe : co sgarareg 13 fh, eek ee ae. 9 Fagaqaraaas arch rel arene: 16 fat, ore ae gare a 8-10 fa, eae Teh sre. -arey ae afraid war 90% area. oar ea area it aro ae’. © 164 af Seftor 1° ansToTa aIaTATA we TEAR A. Pre ee)(2) feraat (Stratosphere) : © areata a ex sre, Ca © aren geardren arma (20 faeh. wis) areas fee raat, Taree ATTA TA —— snes \ @ Racimren arerea sere aia ata ex oT. Ls) Preven Re © meat atgtiacaa attra a, a gah fits sof Fah evil Ray) I eT, i (3) HeaTax (Mesosphere) : 3 wi @ © Rtacrincar er, KY wt © attra 50-80 Fant, zor area “a PA © ar gud ater Shader at wed, 80 ef. Stax amar - 100°C via treat. (4) STERTAR (lonosphere) : Se a a @ meajaron ustedes BAT HTT. © yediarag aa 80 3 500 feet. gaan seeta en area. or aug Rat wat yoda Teeia (Radio Waves Reflects) #raa. (5) erat (Exophoria) : © sradiaren afte eR. © Fd Saghe ERG Fos a Hew. ‘SBTER (Hydrosphere) : m geratio Wars HT. Fe: TRAP, Fe, BUA, feral, are, 7S, ¥. wm gettatios meat ard are Welt 97.25% aie a NS ah 2.75% ane. aT Asar eee - few a fearerney 74.5% Ih ame ae ee 24.79% of Te. wm oroareht afarees : 1) weft & sare seat, (2) Jersey (Boiling Point) 100°C (3) ‘Wranifaq (Freezing Point) 0°C (4) 4°C 3 0°C at Seat TO es Bie eet A sTHAA (Contract) Wavartastt WA (Expand) Waa. ATT TOA STITT SAT TENT. ‘fereTaRUT (Lithosphere) : wm ofirttorgg 100 fash, ateteioar arr reer sfferact aa. RES seca (1) afta (Habitat) : Sr art ate carer aoa 3 Abeta tar vies pt aco 7 fear res oftare. General Studies 247S SANKET. (2) saree anfir dtr ahora (Ecotone and Edge Effect) : 4 WITT TT Arete sre site gaan Safaaeran set 3) Ecosystem afte: oe waiaerdia Ss (Biotic) on) eos a MIE (Abiotic) TERT anfcaet fteiear Fevraa, fo artes ordre H2e (Abiotic Components) : N&TM, aI, Fal, ary, afta a sega dah =. © SAfrH UzH (Biotic Components) : Wharat HaTaT Sat. Ha - are, wef, Fars, =, ‘Biers ArH (Biotic Components) : (1) SEH (Producer): 4a:9 3a Fa: FR TTA. o sa: afta aren. (2) ‘We (Consumers) : Faved! JoreaiR yee fra ayaeten sadga saad a wea atta ERT. © 3a: ah. (3) PILE (Decomposers) : yh a arerdion yA Hadwid feud set esta, © 3a: G1 sary (Bacteria), Aefl (Fungi) nerata 3 at: (1) srerfites at (Primary Consumer) : SHIM VTA WAST OTL © sq: aa, ee. (2) fgPitas Hate (Secondary Consumer) : Wats aia SOT HiME oT. o 3: GST, TH, §. (3) gates were (Tertiary Consumer) : fadias waster sree sosidter sero Heer Ih © 3a: a, fig, & ‘wat am (Energy Cycle): we atte arent pbs oer es a aR HAA, wo & ar aaa a, Sa TA SCART wear’ BSS ecto BA, Ge eatin yl aa, are aT Gl Sat HereeegA ware Beata avec om, weiter ar ee sere werent aftr: ei ah, 8 a IS ToT TA aT Sha eur. SARNAA (Food Chain) : mh Ue GT Sree Sats eT fafa ceo seat, Pe eS eo)(1) qorvare strereraft (Grazing Food Chain) Sa: aed > cat > wo > co > Te, naa > fem > age > a OH Aragisera fetta (Nitrogen Fixation): w amend wien ardatar TATA (Nitrate) BETA ACSA aaa. #ré shay, rar ARH SHA, rare ATS SA TATA HTT ATTA TAG FRO HA FETA. araeier feria OR aes: (1) yaiatte md : caste (sear) (2) fatten, sreae : siete (3) wrege, A: Aisefta Aare ROOOOOOOOOOCT TTI OOOOOOOOOOOY) (1) Uoers wea /aeraeita TAM (Wetlands) : we sft orf got aromatics aarrorar weer FET aes wee a, wo oeaeh serge Set Tecan seater safedieat daa sear. merece ape eh Tt Prete re wort a seme relat sree. wm aea sf oni ot arergearsa Aafte aa ota. Ufeeatneiie act eeaate : we sree ore (mdi, ait), sere, wrarya gPaer ee atts chet ara sein. wor were arte alee fires varia atkfes ade wea areas aes fat gre 3m. Boo stardia dare a8 A, ater, soft are ante sites. wm qoaila seam arava Tales 3 Hea Ue : (1) sear eremrerec wearer sre, (2) * ache arent afer. (3) Fel We (Saturated) HAA. UHR FAK (Ramsar Convention) : m2 Sgt 1971 doh soi ore 89 a ae Serer. FeO 2 gard inf ae fers FT AAT HoT AA. SI HAL 1975 HEY HM] HUA HCH. A BATA AAT 1982 STA Caren Seth. woye a sted : (1) Yearer oftrare terg arees often dads ach, (2) wrerrs seerran cof are wee. we ornfte ea area gorges seach cee ard eT AT HUTA HeaTAT HPT TR m= geardol BW FT Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially Waterfowl Habitat 21 snarl sitar ong. sera AeA 2491 THEE A, wm aaifire mR aa: (1) a (2) Rfaaat General Studies 249Ss SANKET. arate TARR a: 1m aata afgcaig aaaiirs 84 (1981) : (1) Sawa Usa sa (ATA), (2)freaT wax (afar) 1m STEM Bata HIS TTR Ba: SeaTSHIG (ats) mo omen wala wert THR aa : yar (fears weer) mae Una 75 THE BA HRA. a FenTE (1) Figeretiva Carga Prove, FS. arte) er werent after cera qa Te wTETeS weet SATE (2) AR wilat (Geen, FETE) (3) ort art mise: (1) Seigg Rar (2) fara dicen fisted (3) aime a aq: (1) zara (2) wt aa (3) 44m (Saman) (4) waaay (5) aigt (6) aeegaTat (7) Re ate me samrels : (1) Smee areas eT, wm fagr : (1) satcte /barare wlan, wife a4 (Montreux Record) : sia ARATE SFT TART Bara AA ReTATTS gH fre ea rege cate ona eeu wee greae sm Baton ste wae add Bae arava. an attics were aa : (1) ace Tt Te, (CTSA), (2) Hew aA (HET). wf wees |e | | | cme m | 1 | aera es 2002 14 [aa ated reat 2002 2 |r wae 2002 1s [soma | sat wet 2005 (fare 4a) 3 [Renate | sitar 1981 16 [genwtee | eater 1990 4 |g were wart 2002, 17 | Raeraootar Afgan 2002 arg 5 [aaa Seater | 2005 18 [Reaver fearaa ee | 2005 6 | aise ae 2002, 19 | aie ae ra 2002 7_| ates wat aw xe 2002 20 | eh we 1990 8 | aig Siete aarstia | anftresare 2002 21 | Sacra ote fe 1981 aft gait sere ser ical aa 2002 22 [armen woe [ang 1990 10 [ave Be 2005 23 [rwwtac vat [queer 2012 aera 1 [arn ata | Pree 2005 2a [air ewer ata | Rear weer 2002 12 [aime wae wer 1990 25_|weemrarer wile _| aes 2002 13 [atecamacata|aeq—aiten | 2005 26 faane—ata [aw 2002 Pre ee)S SANKET. wep FA (Mangroves) : war PSO aR, AS aA sufhy sella weet eral aera BB aTEGUNA w sHrawATA. a adie arpa saith 3% A RATA ae. mane GTepal sara aa : vida are > ys > sigue anf Pala. 2006 a ie serena a alae gearerdh sea ora sre AMT waar afta (Habitat) Zara. wm oda arpa a3 saeita dates %z (National Mangrove Ganetic Resource Center) : 3tfeat (Aracehrat) il a. | sean erga a3 sareardter erepatat | ron egenfira weet 1 | gee wate 9 [garg, dare artes 2 | fracatran site 10 | seer EE, 3 |e sie 11 [renfrd, tang, aac, wey ain, shaky, eles, aa 4 [rend fag 3a sifearr 12_|aerars ew s |fraram, qa, wars, canfrasarg, 13. | pen wre, se wie Te eat 6 [sige fereht airore, 14 |Ataratt fogs weet aig eT 7_ |e sitet 15 [aut sigur a Petar sigar a Prater 8 8 [aoa area aT vara fufiten (Coral Reefs) : we Weararett faftre aitrdinet aroma feet (Phylum Coelenterata) a1 @tfdte (Class Anthozoa) SEA STENT Bier TeTeciaT wares Firfera reer. mova a asta aren dyel charac Hera alae fife Pater aed. wares Pitre acen adie sof fra me area adie wef ya sreaTa. wm vara Paftidterdt oregae offert : (CL) aint arene arena 21°C a saa, areTETT 23-25°C aalfirs siTRS. (2) SPRaerest aa FAVA (32 4 40 PSU/Practical Salinity Units) s7aTa. (3) Wh eres otare, cae es, ares APA SAT afi Tea. (4) Sarasin treats Gace yaST aTaTaT, (5) wares fiftter 200 Sax (70 Het) Gidiedos sresar, aR sate ardtardt qlsaret TT area. anf ates agra gavera Stet aT. we unarttes carafe : (1) sigan a fata a2, (2) wardty ae (3) Ware sera (4) =08 sere wm somrtes wate att wars oReen : He aan fee (siefeat) are firftren fata (Coral Bleaching) : wm sates fiftemine wares Sf Zooxanthella (SATS) Td WEN Ae Fay SAAT. Zooxanthelle Fes WATT fafa in sme alata. aret fre sTeTIGa Zooxanthelle Hareardtes War HOMO ew we Aaa. ware vara faferetar 1 arétar Sis 4 iat yeara ares waresfiferan fas TeTTATA (Coral Bleaching) General Studies 251S SANKET. wm sare fertsrareht (Coral Bleaching) STG : (1) aegerer deast (2) Tara squit (3) om arrdtvare (4) agifisdiart (Eutrophication) (ame wreke dworgexid yar avait) ‘aEnrite Fara aa (CRZ - Coastal Regulation Zone) : 8 fn valawr 9 aenfia dare vale ae Fra] 1986 sila gant 1991 Ae ww safer oT SA ara sen errs wakes seam suf data se a eter. aT safe a 2001 a 2011 Fey UROT aware TA. 2011 war siftrgeeige ORZ Ba HER we Woes ay, ae, Se alee! x. on Prareadlatle 500 Het vwiran aria aa aa ved tr a ahaa ea aa aa. 2011 wa aREAaqaR CRza wife: (Q) cra: oPiagem dente da. a walegem tenis da va ord wi, wate fifa, Shara wdta Ba, Is Mee ¥. Mm BHTag eel. Inter-tidal Zone Wie we TES edie setéiear arniis sem, Q) cRZ-1: wet sents fearaatie 88, ner afer Bele Ba. (3) CRZ-I1 : ardtm armdte aa, ad “a fer Bara’ (No Development Zone) Mm BHTaa ela No Development Zone 44 Yéies avatar wards Fel. (1) sefioa 500 afer wee AERA a. (2) uedrent sesatararadia 100 afer. wea Ba, (4) CRZ-1V: sitet FAT 12 Nautical Miles Tre Arne MOAT AT, BF ara AAT Sat. IT. A ‘area (Desertification) : mw sftittoa afe aertan ere dan water eerie Se arescera eid Mt FeO ated, aaa are, aah seca, ae done yg, adore safer Gara aaa aware amt, Gtaeerare a are areseidtewen arevarett apical Bie. sigs apptaran araetdterr fear ar (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) ma A 1996 Bey OM] SWAT STS. mH 14 aiaelax 1996 UI FARTS HEH ae. we advan arascidteneer ar Paeerat 1977 Fe teh 2 arden Haw TET araddrats sewes (United Nations Conference on Desertification) Fat xara sire. ‘aafafaen (Biodiversity) : mw actainettes waren sre, ofteieen, area fran qol gectattes fatter reord Safa Be. w Safafauen game sacs saa. 38 sos fear Ragageta sree Safe safes ae wetter TA A ooih arcesd. wag, uurdtora Ju Aeerer ae Agron Gidtadlen Fafa esa Regs Aa. ‘netfafaern &2 (Mega Diverse Centres in Work w vefafaen rer water tara Cadet tafafaea eta. woe sera 17 werfafaruar a3 area. PLM eo)S SANKET. Safafaen apg FA (Biodiversity Hotspots) : md sera ef. aida Had aif 1988 He High. wt Siete EITAS (Conservation Inter National) 1 sriaeUMBT Haga dren Salata daa wee rend Safataea gizeiize a wm Safafran gieetiz 2 carter ares Berd TESS HG HTT. frea: (1) eanfatire dae arerdiett wordt (Vascular Plants as Endemic) Gen fH 1500 stare, ats Havent aaa a1 Smit walle sear. (2) Stassrdia Prater srdear eae aratedt Degree of Threat) Foe FET ATA Fh 30% fran carter eft fig ser. meer wna Fa 36 Safafauen gieeiice area. marca TAT 4 Biodiversity Hotspots (1) fee, (2) afer are, (3) (4) $8}earere HTT, ASSIA feria water : feafeaa 2 tga carafe ures wea fe4 (World Wetland Day) 28 aan ata fart fera (National Science Day) 21 ard artfttes a4 fea (World Forest Day) 225d arrfees wet fa (World Water Day) 23 ard artic eaTHrt fe4 (World Meteorological Day) 7 fie srferas sata fe (World Health Day) 14 Ute agit wet £4 (National Water Day) 18 ufte “arf; area (8a (World Heritage Day) 22 wf aria agua fa (World Earth Day) 32 artftres az fet (World Solar Day) 24 rife Safafaua fa (World Biodiversity Day) Sg srifias yafaer fet (World Environment Day) 8 artis Berar £24 (World Ocean Day) uae srtfies cieheen fA (World Population Day) 29% arrfas ara feaH (Global Tiger Day) 16 weet wicgta sits 14 (International Ozone Day) 3 sited “ates Freel fa (World Nature Day) 4 stata srtferes seit fe (World Animal Day) 16 sifaetat ‘sartfe 31a {4 (World Food Day) 12 area mgt vaft £24 (National Bird Day) 25 aeeaR arifies yafawr datha 24 (World Environmental Conservation Day) 11 fetax arrferes Yea f84 (World Mountain Day) General Studies 253wet m ge Ade srondios ed stag oar asin) wea arta Reeser, aga arte grape area. ward srovatiiian erie gftmar sah sreariat onftareh Geer Hetes aS alga cash mea are freaara aya aaa da we aA. arora ge Att ee eaTATA, aid satan (Bare) 34 (Thumy/Slash and Bum Cultivation) paral snfeare urea) ara (Bogma) HIMTER ah wen re adh me aerr Sonnet meena : ws ther are arate Prearstat eee sraTceTTd walt STA are. TT TCT FCT Ted STOTT Sarre aad shee fed art, sibve tacked sre Ack woh earearyed Freer a oitve ond. ange frrersret ga Peer (Kidney Failure) él ai7éa. aryed 2006 wet sare recites a ohh eh eTevvaTA aT oT. Wm frersaten aaeareter eharn wane 2016 7 rer gaven areA (Gyps Vulture Reintroduced Programme) THVT FTA. ‘arasita dash (Wildlife Conservation) : m fafa deren mead oh are aot Steer arg fide cae sfaera yee fide carat ores ACT Sige waren ania are Tera, wm aeasita Stern Bray 1972 : ers TET Te seht wo att Tend, faraee onftr faser ataawarerét 1972 acl ar afafram arta award sre. = aanis dadrad adie em vadiar arn Sor art. (1) F-fq (Gee) (Insitti Conservation) (2) War-fag, (APRATATATEZ) (ex-Situ Conservation) (1) Apert aaeha (Insitu Conservation) : ea daha Sn feat on arent a woh cece fats carl seat a dada aot ra. _apoeenrht atiarem ates wath outa: (a) apa srARTy (Wildlife Sanctuaries) : FT TTS Ber Waren Fae wef sre are sardia dada poh at aa. 88 ard) are a eed Reif stadt. (b) WE FEF (National Parks) : aa Gere aed sia wards daa SS ora. ah eevee sett wand sel. erat ayaTe sree ae eeaaaia a Bara ware aaa. (©) Stara relta Ba (Biosphere Reserve): PRAT Aa & Saran AER apt eS daria, deem aewmardt wa 1975 we G dace YR wea aT. ame aan, aH a dae feaTT sreATT. Pee ee)(a) Bion da pied ais a tatite da oe, 82 store art eran war amd. fh sreatatige echelon orRa, (@) ae rar a ston Reem wheats wea see. Alter anh ge aw ATS aaa Sah a Serer see iar ar Pe ea re (Rie ar a1 tara ares Reser wae car wer oe, aT eT eenficg aieined wis weard ora’, 39 ae, ater, A A, Hy, aH TE aaa. (2) qeeuraet Gath (Ex-Situ Conservation) : Ferd @ yeh ait aren qe fesonaes GT ‘fearh daa arse fod ce dada sO} aes Ex-Situ Conservation era. ae arERA sara, wTof ™ wiazae east arena rarer wea 1 | 38% a sae fafte sem eran tpl video darlara sez Hatlarar 3231. (seq. arasdtes eft) dalaren seat 2 | anit Riech area aa [air aren’ Aiea ea ae. | aiaidd Aa eae a, 3 [eae ware dear ware ama wear wear wea 4 |e areoare aa For aruda area mba aT 7 sarah Rett a wa, S| frat ated es ar ‘Frame cities srél aT ATE -- ae (creer ea: a) matt atts 3g : ae wm are sara a wee : arr (Rigg) w fronts fae amie dames arafavrerdt wid carta nema gat saree aware venta are. tk fe wer 1972 we ITAA Ee TT HT. serie gh wie sigeeert Hie Tay (IUCN : International Union For Conservation of Nature) : mame: 5 sited 1948 — asda aq Ase ET. § yore : is ers. MRE TI To TaN (UAE) (FEteT) w fet a janie darion dahaard aria adel saidls watch dae. UNE IUCN @ Petia FOR aH TEA, m AA 1948-90 afer 2008-12 a sTeTadl WE IUCN sreaTE ANTS aT. m IUCN at duals Gara alae 6 vat He srt. W IUCN Sit aad art (Red List) : UCN? 1963 HA afecaiar arty gwar AMAT (Risk of Extinction) aden waata sarditt oract ard wire Set. ares dearer eter tases santa wardiar aATaer ‘aiasen area ent ara. General Studies 255S SANKET. BL TUCN fh re WB (Pink Listy :a1a Hazes Nardin waa AA. (Critically Endangered) WIUCN Sh afta GB (Green List) : 314 Pl AereTa STMT Endangered) Ww aaebaraS ay haar aR eden aera ward Bt. ‘Staffer Fa (Convention on Biodiversity) : we dig USA 5 Fe 1992 Ta Peat RB GAA (Rio De Janerio) 38 Roh a ata wea, aT ASRS afta; a8. “sig agsareh wate a feepra afewe’ (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) a Fitager feat sfteg feat ageTT Gesq (Earth Summit) Hae aS BTA. mS 3H 1992 4 4 yx 1993 areca 168 Sarat aT ae He ea. mw 29 fear 1993 tof ERK siHOTT HTT. mw coriat aera 22 1994 Brel wae UE vie ahene saris eATA aT. 1_| wie ot a7 5 | wiage ae 2_| ageruet ait 6 | wae ata 3. | aeta sotta soft rite siehia 7 | wiaaa Et 4 | ate aren sro wt Bi Rice RGil 1 |wrswh = |stee (atabar Giant Squirrel)] | 4 | WHEE. |SITE (Largestroemia Speciosa) Rata Indica 2 | usaf ‘Bitar (Yellow Feeted Green 5 | aeaqat | Sta (Mangipera India) Pigeon) Treron Phonepicoptera 3 |e ‘ay ALAA CPipilio Polymnetor) 6 |x | STAT (Mangipera India) rare Reait aftag/aeera aftag 1992 : wm arlics Heit ftail-< Pera OUR ace MI ail alee ar afewes ites dare ug dart vataen a farare afer a8 ei 2) Prdviiced fad ger RA, dais, send yqeben sere wir seca woh, 3) Weare erga aT afafeem aanra yéie Bae area: (1) Safafaeds sa aac. (2) Safafear setter mead art we. 3) sapere densi’ ay a ae ares He aja aferén gies 5 water aera at : ) fait eivor4A (Rio Declaration) (2) ada aq |AIM (Agreement on Forest Principal) (3) Safefaear sftetf (Biodiversity Convention) (4) SST 21 (Agenda 21) PE eee)S SANKET. (5) Fae age yatact agora afi hme (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) Wafafaem aansints 2 aera aenaahe Eleva are aed F ysterATTt : (1) Sayre deh wrzfdar aut (The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety) )Avitar @Ux (Nagoya Protocol) (1) Stagger aris aa (The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety) : mR 29 STATA 2000 Th fereren Hon Te AAT 2003 Ta sea sTeT. sTafts Sada Prater ‘Aden ses aaitfert satar (Genetically Modified Organisms) 37a anf cate year eet aT Fream a aaTTEn Fe STA. (2) Anita GR (The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing) : m 29 aiaerer 2010 Uh gTdem Saw TE AeA 10 oA Asche eI AN SrA SATE. matin aaosivia sacha dere an sat Safefeatear array eersn waa AA ares area waa area. qa) seamen ree tn se iy ‘Trade in Endangred Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) (CITI . ee eee QQ) Bei SUIT wa ware Hatha FI (Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals) : © arora ata FAM (Bonn Convention) Hat ES TH, Lrwtatta ware (Migratory Species) ® ual Ut ae. are sqe shee: ofr, and aa gad exsiata wanda caton sandara a ee © a aousints east Soran cardia afrarais tate daly HS ora. 2014-2024 | wafarét aneaa Sat ae. 2011-2020 | tafafaean am. 2010-2020 | arade 4 arasadracrfente dent ar. 2021-2030. | arrét fasrara aaa. 2018-2028 | xmead facmreresftar areft (sie) safle geht aarkasH ees (Intemational Decade for Action Water for Sustainable Development) 6 |2021-2030 [aide yiaaaa. 7_| 2005-2015 | stingy gel care (sirarraral am) 8 | 2006-2016 — | aiiferes aeaarariaca frat zr (Decade of Recovery and Sustainable Development of Attended Regions) ov fa fos foo fos | at General Studies 257Ss SANKET. arate Safafien eam anit aaa : (1) wafer sear sefRaH, 1986, 2) Ral weNe wfeate a fans sifehray, 1981. (3) ae (agyr wftete a fama) sifeRiem, 1974 (4) Safar sefuPem, 2002 (5) Tia afta ware sifefian, 2010. ‘uate afta ware aiffsftert 2010 (National Green Tribunal 2010) : Ra: 1) wafaerferrae: are ercravaretin caries falas sre er Bai, (2) wafer sider 218 arad® Rrarcra sre’, (3) arate are alt a, m ware’ genes fg 28 ont ade iors, ga, wow, Saf a fat Gattd omka, maf ate sacar aftrendan ad valamfasas sraien sivas ont ag wea valaeret ti gata : sare Tear GUT wes AAT weer aro aes al ema ee aT we ala aah urea sraort seh oaaeer reo ae gata at. m 2008 Tet UNEP at ofesea sie gqrait ar aera TTT TAR BATT SITET, m fst +20 uRue 2012 Hele wa gra et UH Hecaral Wer ela. ‘ha eam Sarena sea : Green GDP: wm saftan ardigd Aafia eile ager rat Gafeoren re We sr =erergs Bla sera ea Te eA TA, aral sigs BeaTeTSt Green GDP HtaTaT BTA, = Qarem GDP @ @ frsfaorerdi tafts alate anf vafaworan St gra en see a yes sreverarSth fora aa Sear aK Ae GDP frac. marta 2011 9 Ha GDP Ata age ar er dies Sorrel oes cra Ye aie stereraTe UH aftr rare oar ar. mafia te GDP a dae Tae silts are stave ara Gere aT hes seat fare Her. ‘anardie usta gar : wm side sande oes Ups Jer SEA 4 SATES AT USAT HA. 1936 HA EAT BH (Hailey) THT Or Fe eee AeA al. eA wear a aalarerd weoae ares Mth. she wie aT Ae Janis afters sored ar serra areet 1957 wea shim side Tea aM a BATT BTS. amanda erat welta aa: wm of? : Saraondte dereaiar ava anf aiead are aaa Staanas = vata whet Gale Urey, m qetrar ‘Ha sis apifesan feed’ (Man and Biosphere) SPAT (1971) HPT HUG Stara Teta aan der ge Hea aT. Pree)(G) SANKET maar nad WET 18 Stara Tata BF ones. cast 11 A Geren ‘a sis ariferon for” erieara wafae area. raft (1986) & anand wala Wes Shara Tels Ba aM’. TRIT 2018 FA SES TeRTT Khong fa HTT es ae a oe a Se © dala diem arena sara aa : (1) Hes (TATA, 12,454 Feal.), (2) Harel srara (1,500 fa.) wm araia ara sreRTa tare Bat: ( 1) Baan ara dame at (cit, fast.) 1_| Frat 1986 5520 aitaag, as a aaice 2_| Fare 1988 5860.69 | sears 3. [arate 1988 820 area (mt earsarar AFT) 4 [are 1989 2837 __| sia 5 | gear 1989 9630 [vam 6 [para sre | 1989 10,500 __|arfiesarg 7_| ie Fretare 1987 885 sigara fret 8 | fermferret 1994 4374 ifs 9 | 4-aalat 1997 765 ara 10_ | feer—feser 1998 S111.50__| sreoraenes (Rear g featn eecftat HT) Li [art 1999 4926 Heat 12_ AT 2000 2619.92 | feet, 13. | smrecameng 2001 1828 ae 14. | stare 2005 3835.51 | meamge ofr wedtenre ae 1s [ae 2008 i24s4__ [aaa 16 | sfta aresde 2009 7770 fearae wet (Cold Desert) 17_| ara tte | 2010 4755.997__ | ariw seer (feredie sift arson ferret) 18 | ¥at (Panna) 2011 2998.98 | Hey wee FAH THEI (Project Tige well areich area sraecAt Hee 1970 wa Gaia Hea 1200 wAI GaleK elas. 1972 HA uTaTa af ST BOTTA TS, ATT ANAT THT 1827 ATE Tiles Sa. aria 1972 Hea sels Bea HrAT BUTTS SST. Tare VOTH Tas US 1973 HY Vea STA WHT EE BOAT STS. muna aK aah start arora oh Sara. m aeT URATA 50 (2020 Hex) Tela 4A grea. wm 29 98 a aint ea seer (CSlaS ze 8) FEU ATT er aT, wm ofter sinter watitre dares rat ome wedi Be: aera sissy (sites) (3296.31 hf.) Wm aata eat da oreront : Ad (srraH) 344 Th fa wm dase Sen Tet ater arama uftes 1973 Tea eae dats eI WHET AE BOAT SST. Cee ESS OCSs SANKET. mw fafae ona ueia dane arene aah aot er ar secret We sea oT. & aratd soem 1972 Hee ofkem ome TG avast Hem 1827 gah sea aT. wm 1972 He arate Rradtat Genres aa urea aT. 8 Sar am a uifidiat arent eae Teta Bail Patil aware sh. wm 1973-74 He 9 cae BF aT HEAT sre. mala ora Same set orasaeT ars aT, ato (sty eR) wm aata aah Games sraort 7G (srraTA) mR SHE 2011 mea aI ETT TATA STE Ta ROT i AS PAH TAT: 1972 We ufteaiat sewara arch ei. ma 4 ast Sot ore. 2018 =m STeaTORIER, a at, tou, a0, amie, 44, aes, ala aT 6 saReTAE 312 are TaTaA Hea ae. mand walftrs ara measem (526) WA aga aM satzaraT (524) Hai TTA. 2006 2010 2014 2018 ‘BUH SUrTUTAT (2018-19) (Tiger Census) : BURA CHM STATA HT : 2967 (2018 SAMOTAGAR) 2014 Tes ATTA THM avert ear 2226 ere. At ‘area rar 2967 Bret. 2022 wa avait een gue Bears wer ana 4 at neta red. wm arate; arate ear : (1) Heme (526), (2) Ftfew (524), (3) THTES (442). wm aatitre aratem deta are : (1) aeasae (71%), (2) HERTZ (64%), (3) Hales (29%). wm ones (19) anf fig dear araien Hela ue area sel. HerIETI sai GeM 190 (2014) ‘Wea Aaa 312 (2018) gah ash. w nesta ta sift aaatio Man any ude 88 a adhe caaeeres cara Tedia BA Fe BAK aT. maa (star as), Tors (aes) anf Sor (freien) a Uda Sata wae ava ares ATA. ‘ata cam Hatha SuRrERN (National Tiger Conservation Authority) m 2006 wed afta one dala siftancoreh wen aware arch. widRes apraiead aro, aerapR, sehr yareTeh 38 ae. my sifteecd M-STriPES @PiseATa Yea Hot. (M-STriPES : Monitoring System for Tigers Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) 32 : TW Hatarh Sata He aftr were Ted areal. 2011 ER Seta aA a aero arora aI ETE TATA STE THEA EOE AS marrage Ta are ETE BAT FEAT. PL eee). SANKET. aa wea 8, wide, cost afer aa, aa aiken, wreak, ager face FASS, AoE, Age, Bore HATS 6 [wom [are aivang, var, arager,| | 15 [ftom Sa xo gat 7 | ares Ter 16 | Sauer gual, fareoftia 8 | sa Ae, FIFE, TAG, SHTT 17 [res Réan, wearer 9 | aate aay, 1a, as, sieht tet | [18 | ster famciiane, amen ie fate sened : wm onftrng faere maa eam sass sear Ga Ta HEA Ae AA a, mse aor fare eeradl 1972 we Genie atsrrar wears Sac eta. wot srrareara feersh der saree arect a8. caer ea fear erotatia set Feiss aT. m 2015 Wel 2010 wa Teatd 27% are Aiea ae. FEAT WHET (Project Cheetah) : m 2ardis Sacer fae (Acinonyx Jabactus) Bva1S UST 1947 STS ART Tet, APiae 1952 are at UIT THT (Extinct) RO ata seve sre. wt sees walter Arar ay aeraefics (Mammal) sah sre. m aen Urardte fam or Fe sre. mosey fam sila, sete a Toa Tsar adie feat free qinder ach Paifirr are. (1) Aree Grease) (2) ai Creeg weaTeT) (3) emerge (cs2ATA) we treat (MP) 88 ge Rarer sTOaTa Pritt aa aitiatie seed (Project Crocodile) : woo sacciate atten afters adam award ta srraned @ apla sar afta wea Ta sear aT SUT aS ame. weeds Teta sas sewed 11 sare wom aeerera Sila wT srt area. scare Teta Rrerdtat 1972 Fea sat area sare mde sand ara area : (1) aftare (Gravilis Gangeticus) (2) war create a1 (Crocodylus Porosus) (3) qeaetta FAR (C. Palustris) General Studies 261wade stern Ges rrr Sher sere) 1975 BTC El FHT YE HOA HT. 1975 & 1982 aTeREAT HIET BTHRA 16 Fe Gad ag on 5 He orATVA Ben Ew eH. Si. wa. an, weed ater anise a aren BE SAT SST. Bit WHET (Project Elephant) : mada ren tafe sftarara dhiareta sredica cerarerdt aaa aeta eid ear aerated et eT 1992 HEA ee wT SAT. 16 THAT RT wae Tava Ie AT. & CITES Sita SHAT 2004 FEY MIKE (Monotoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants) @1 PH Wafer STS. wae Gained ond edit ode fren teraratter wt arin ER BOT SST. wa area cfr snftrrs 2003 4 Ge BATA ST. = stftrng eden malfea sadn aftaterth arte savas a um wee ore, cae data aT wacasints artes 9a aaifite aration ae oT. ante sitet: wears ide cesta sarerd) fara gar prorat wat aa eT GET Sat RII HUI Ser, an saint Steor=n org ren aah aittete Hera. afafeeren arate er aie EE See ste. ais dada: moanaty dt aresea sordid wh: earaiet a wEcTsichd Ho SIA se. we toate fire att arf sacar ait Bram oft ora. 620 oT waar Gearon ww 200 wad dem ett ft oro Ra sai Aes ate Tercuitis saommes 3345 vadt area aie. = aston usta sari a warden 70% Vaden se. ‘Siem err eis, 2020: M2005 Tet GE SWAG ATS SI FHT SAAT Test 2020 waa sre We waif Heatet Hen 3000 ent sre arefaA et aA. Project Dolphin : wm Sicdta satiarardt Project Tiger om effet wafoara aa one. = fedex 2019 Hee ‘usta im vReter vigen aadta ward Ge avaTE Area Beara Tet. acti] siefa dah acre ae aca sider a sir Sha wt, vatact ont eam ace arorarargs wafer STM Sz. wi ada srrecsor Tate Stohr’ ar Ma Tela aK Sh ae. 2009 HEA BT aut oar STAT BT. § faeenio “Ramis tide siete arena” 2 ar ogta sera soars Ua STANTS 3. mw aeT ana siesrret 2500-3000 aT STATA HT. warn Hard Ter 89 ata siehes Bae Sy TINS FOTN aT. aania daft den: (1) Aredia aeqsita eeM (Wildlife Institute of India) e @ dem 1982 9a warm ae. Fe 1986 FA A alae dare ead Gem aah PLY Meee)fee: (1) aeastte dgierrardt erecta a fare erect aeharaiar sfrerr aah, (2) aaptta deter arf acerca agi et. (2) ‘aredta stafafaern Fea (Indian Institute of Biodiversity) : ot care dear rau area award Prehfira ares aa pene germ aD sAle, © data ye See Safataeteh defers deter Het aT Me, (3) Sta soft angrea afer (Central Zoo Authority) : © & duifie deen on. aera (deem) sree 1972 FAR 1992 wed See wotenares af ear HVAT SATA. © sar: tarde tafafaats aaa eared sander set, fea: mead aa wh ameter smeaiarandia fear are axel. © often ws sree ofr 10 weet steaaTa. © arena Tia et, afeed wardiendt reared ware arfact. (4) ada soft wea Hem (Animal Welfare Board of India) : ( Ss) SANKET. © eA: 1962 oooh gear eiteie safe 1960 ar eH 4 GAR Asse ee aevATA SATA. © Sd Sram See Heart ear sO HT fee BT SST, ora 28 wee say Hisar’ Gores Sad (Afar) Bom’. aeeaiar artes 3 aster sre. 0 tach efatufiedt se8e aren Hnfgsrarct Hsardt enon sata site. (5) Wéta aarsiia Es (National Board for Wildlife) : © by Wana sasha HAM HI] 1972 SAT HoH SA TAK 2003 HA Ear Fett Ti. e unas sapfariquia dio afore a date aoa) wats agri erh GET se. eam aaa Tau aed RK sae waar sara. (6) wWs4 aarsita Hiss (State Board for Wildlife) : © sania Gear Fra, 1972 an Pathe. © 0s went tart erm St ar. © 0298 Gorhh Heard ore ae. ° @ cede aenha datarerd aaa cori stot seo’ gale Agr Hew ae. (7) asta areritaretier FIA (National Botanical Garden) : © yore: usr, feat © dammed seden arena APRIATATE (Ex-Situ) Fa Be. General Studies 263Ss SANKET. (8) wa sere feet eter: @ 15 wdax 1983 Ts fr wreha Ge TaN eA cA. « Safafaen dada anf deter ard ar. © ard genes dag 28 sys aA aufae Great Hombill He. (9) arate tp Pedanr age : © eae : SH 2007 © dw aarte deen see feet caren santa dear sifeae 1972 stevia seh. © ayia yora ah es 8A. © suraftre arated: fg}, stoarm, dad, wae, Gad daft ana 18 me aftr qa feet sThorser ase ade Ske ida aa, ( eee ear: oie ist ad: dechioen wena reiteeh semen wea ofr we sa afar & aisfrs aa ame. m stigters Ge FET (Save Kurma) : asia we Pea HraaTaaera @ afar aa. wm alomrat dasha da: arraed Uarestiatia EIT, BOFay are ay Aaa a FoMTETeT Tes FoIMES Hy Araa fest. werTETA WEN 225 aris Goat ses. Bards 15% POMS AeMEM Area, hada aay ure aaa yd aRareat Parra seal. © TRAFFIC : @ side Bald te aasia aan tate arisen aT. ‘aaa saci : m Qandie ofee aa ator 1894 aey or] HVAT se APA 1952 He ada aor oP] gs tear Saris 33% yar sareerted gten. wala Had 1988 Het saat srerar Sa 39 Fam or] Bw Be. © 1988 Sar ator Se ore, Teta aa ST 2018 SAT AEM Sat ane. at AP 2018 Wel wee ea are Ba. wordy reo Bar wewron Stiefel swreeisian oe Boma sare one. andra aa wat, 1927: wa aida sires wart sere sera ea. wa semrerian arava dome ame a a Sear aera an Pawo ae a apr Ble ar daria afta, 1980 : moar wittien ark far oe errand eee er sifefran fates ae Ted a ca WaT wea ira frm gated. cared aa eter eee: w @ den 1p 1981 tf em aon oret oe ft creado aaa Grates BOATS aM Hed. m d2l8 ome Reage (Saree) 39 sre weft arate! fiero, sere, are snr arate BB suka. PL eee)wo deeb & a ashe aa aan rears waits er Sat. weer sreaTET 1987 are warfra gre. m 2019 HE 16 aT sreares vefA aT. ‘arate aa eer HEAT 2021 : (1) anand a4 areas @ SRarea UE Abies Sapo 21.71% Fe HT. (2) anand wa aa Ba (aq HreeTeA + Ge HreaTeH) 2 8,07,276 fh. qa 4 ere VET sittfeea area 24.62% sa% ome. Ol ARASYAR 2017-2019 ea walls sAreares sraOTe sa : me. ™ wa areorea (ifs) | |. a aa area (i.e) 1 [pears 77,493 | [4 [piteen 51,156 2_ | sreoras weet 66,431 | [s_ [rere 50,798 3. [erttars 55,717 | araran wa shite: Gardeh aaaara walters sero sed aed Pirar Seyi waz : | wa/tamfta ste | aa dart vat am. | wate a | a dart a 1 lear 90.33% 4 | sreCTa wee 79.33% 2_| fete 84.53% 5. Pare 76.00% 3__| sigur Petar 81.75% TERT + m sreaTorgan enced a sreardla 8a 8 Weare Abies Aare 16.51% 3Te. Tenens walttrs aa arearaa ater Free : we. facet aaTeored Sha at, 1_|refatteAt 9917 =. farah, PS 4213 oA.feaf, 3 | SRR 4054 =. farmh, TERTETE TEM Hitiferss arareeh aA atreanfea dare wafers wer sreroT Fare’: we Facet wi areata (%) | | ‘free A atreareare (%) 1_|refattett 68.81% 4 {wens 41.10% 2_ | fragt 54.31% §_| rife 37.04% 3. [aout 51.33% ‘afages afte Fie (Compensatory Afforestation Fund) : a ae ade wiaie aa en are wa eran, steifite aaa fare yectiat aes oa. agra Sk SaeaTs SAK GIS VTA Saws se aaa ata fags adie sea. wm sfaqen ateer et srr 2016 Fea EVATA SATA. wo fret 90% fret Usa TEE oe 10% fae ag aca Svar Fo ae. General Studies 265‘arate artaet (Social Forestry) : we aedyery &i iat 1976 93 cha ge seeder arora art Se ren acon ene ACTA arrarafan aaa area a oa, antatie ofictar Tame orgs, Tar, SRT sear aware seaes eegerarntba are Be ae marae atecnmed ordantt ta mantis at a8 crear sein Ta RS TA. sar mercer Har (Gran), seentenics wake ora A se agra sai ata Hala BSS fee a. Hatha a (Conservation Reserve) : Ut Bean Ua Sar & srraTea atom thndie a dans aa wen aes He TT. m dat Qa 24 fie dela Asia mdse steara. waist sae Bq Atte aentta aoe cia sare ae HCH aT eT. m aon Hara 86 wala 83 sifercara ak ent feat 2019 wa Tae werETA wer dake BI saa. ara wears aren frend (Reeygt) Gas Ga rem aif Ger se. we aermeries satis BA: (1) taAG, (2) ewsT (siteTS), (3) dems, (4) HrorTat (TEP), (5) HaENE, (6) Beers wari, (7) farcre (feae. area (were ad) fara aye aa sistas wart (1958) wire | aga ("ar far Fea) @ Aetar wH sre sre. ava, BI (1997) a facore afar, aieet, cist, ‘farnrsiast (1985) Pasa fweRngra usw sae aT aI sree. ehtaret I Herrera Tsay Bete BA sree). ‘aritvat (1985) ame [2 saare pint arafafia sears ome. eer. ‘plat Sar (1985) wrart ava, tiie, seat, farwern, Yaron ech, arse efter (Mouse deer) aware - Vad seer | ar srarvaraed ser wrardic (snes) sea. aerate SOT (1980) cradle vet sera | ener | aracle veh, aradte, alee, ais, aa, TTR (1979) araet (1969) vema | ect, fawern, frame, rata steaer, Seon GR (Flying Squirrel) Tharen stterrare, vena 3 |Afierma, fran, ely, sreara, dark afr, sive, fae (1986) aterare, Figg Tere Te sare amd, epfaa, THe, rea (1986) (1986) asia FAL HET (1986) ae waort eho, aa wa, aresiet, Fra, wife fered arama FAR (1994) aie an water weft (1968) wars | tats, rem stent atten, Peat Stara tae, ead PL eee)Ravare (=a) smd a, aa ga, aa ao, semne UR, aA, Rimes ‘eraon—srasaHT (1985) am (1997) (Praca sma | ata, wala sac, 3 FA, TagTRT FARA), ‘wregat (1988) anfia, satan | erect, frermy, TH, TT TA Peat (1997) waaurs _ [aradtz, wat, Rass, aa, aK, areae, Ae trim (1986) aaare, Tes [terra ate, ST, wrasse, RT ‘aimee (2000) same | wera: arecte are whee, AHTET (1986) Tefatet |favaaia afta, eta aa wns (1997) aefatet [sent ae surét (1986) ad emt GR, ara ‘att (1970) aut anf | sear, tema aT samfga (1970) ritfean, vista | Pera, farms, at aise, 1a Pat ee ST me srgar Gar, ooh afr toon at, eae feat Aes Areainltes afte aecigs wottaten serra wget: vatacoren aire Be MrT CATON MeN SHA ARTETA. mo orrfas site date (WHO) vata srearera 38 fags ad sre Ht aft Tet 249 smh at yi 26% Frye wataconyS alana. cath ate wale saaemcrrait whale ao oT wea. Wet ataonyd aff dora an sarin afta, THRE det, tHe gor anf Aah ze area. w sqaorer sereoiyd HeprT Wer Sa Tea. wet Fea, “caloraTA aa, ga fear aye yard se sare so a, Ht yalaeren afters se wad feat tq at.” EE ape ara ewes caresses ota: 1. aaftqgr an : arf, ug, sia far qos anf wert we. 2, frat arg: are Fraiaags, aegis, stiaeTsga (NOx), FOR HieAgS (SOx), FSSA (FN, sift suf areitsia) a caf da agi. or: fra, se, ate orf wife otren firs sam : afr, sen, oifafew offs, armies aaa god. get raw : Giese, corer, aeatarerds anh cara; wa, widihfias wqas : sigh, aah aisengs (NOx), afesersga, sfacia, Brerefies ys orf cient iftie aaz (PAN) @ AEH STTRATETE (SOx). General Studies 267Ss SANKET. ary, sae saree srearag dt aRROT vatecorer gore aftoret wont siaayge [raw Ren, a a Grn aM, an [awtOfee, aenion edt gh (60) a ara, caifaergs | etach State az (PAN) Wa a, EAT faa, | eee, Reid sare (wo) area sero arereare Fae. anf aa. 4S, of @ uh | Gopaion ary amaaniien amea orewa. war oRafia Sea FMT (Aerosol) after =. am uae pM, = | raerdeare fern, am, gupta ce, pope a fafaeaar farrtia afore PM,, 3PM, | srdarran Fgrect, ecafeenrar gear, eters faa, | Sel. Tara are eR Sea aeTsTaT sabi, os urge dit fatter. wa at, ardy ahaizergs | cert sifteos aera aah ea, aaa a cae | omits ooarare feet a az (coy Heda fran, vara are, met caiat area rer are, sista (0,) Tails sigiays were fren sar. arena fata afer dara. a mere ara, a, GopaTa fran, wrdta gat, | eae eee are aan awa Ra (Pb ‘efter @ waren ROT, aeien ays ararawnrdia ‘frat sa arat. Grier (NH) |Sieatdt sass, a, wer, Gens Se sama, [aeraiae vO adeforain wert aiuea, opaE TT, WL waren fdaia : weer Rida Pate Passe war ww ash eater, whe mo et sate vara ara an feat see Soon art. wea at Rigas are, ae erect aherar tat are. 0-50 aire 51 - 100 eT 101 - 200 ae sgfia 201 ~ 300 rare 301 - 400 argh Te 401 = S00 tar sgh Fa NGM (Air Pollution) : we arg (aye afte @ Fiz) afaPeam 1981 gee AP Ke Fe area ere ee, at Par aT vrata fee aren weno sri, 3 mraTen, woAiay, arena RMT Ze A, we srcara wea afar afte (Air Quality) #t@ (NEERI) at dear ett Te, PL eee)aL sqaUra Gita = Bary squad HeRG ala ais @ ATA aa. (1) Fafte ata: sarge af, Sf frues, eu, arederdie os, TOTEM, §. (2) stifere Praroat Aid wees: arEMeR wECTE SO, CO Faget Aft AA. oF segues age & Rete waa area wef eriNeA ea are az SANKET. ane ws (Acid Rain) : wm ome ite & den were aad fore ai 1872 Tet ate ‘Uo sive tH aT Gara aise. wm arara ated aT SO, NO,, CO, CO 8 ary were aTveTe faeraseeree TOE pH a eta = TO Acidic #4 Aera 3s WI tO. Sql. AeeieH sits, aaes sift, arate sea ara aT vuftora =, WRI, witstaaTaR aia. ‘APITGUT (Water Pollution) : serra tone : (1) Sree ore’ ret fare, sAelfteftasen a arnttenen ar ate Halfre aT arcaTeaer wee, ards, aicr, freasa, §. (2) are wartier age sa siftes grea sea Regen ar sree Stat. aged wartiet fetveiferet ofiiea daa tafedvenfas can ee St carder sifsase weve set wer eet arifsaarst arcem Prater ae, (3) Rererer tn were ar oer Sarre PerareTer TEU AEE. Pret aera aT LAE BETA atgcear wigaara feng wag sireegs aa. ange Aelter steered Meera roan erect wedi’ Sadaat we. a Amie aa ROG aM Sent Adie eats steel geal Pear wet. (4) yer garg 4 (Itai Itai Disease) ; IAM dare viata 1912 arch a an sea sen. eho fareandhys a ain aia ares ara we BAS sara a FAH (Kidneys) Frew Sava (5) srardte oritre wqurenas sia Ge tt eta. (6) serch qarr Fh aaa gail, erste are he 3 at sa wetegEg TAAS squat. ‘ta tiem at aR sur: = eam: 20 Sgart 2009 m2 fae set dare, aa fara anit vi error darernsieria Ba. A: ORT 23 ASE. 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